砂浆模拟裂隙岩体在动静组合荷载下的SHPB试验研究

通过预制裂隙砂浆试件模拟工程实际裂隙岩体,以研究在不同裂隙情况下及有围压作用时裂隙岩体的动力学响应问题。在模具中安装预设裂隙塑料片模拟实际岩层的裂隙倾角及裂隙贯通率,在试验中围压简化为正常金属环固定。基于正交试验方法,利用分离式霍普金森压杆试验装置(split Hopkinson pressure bar, SHPB)研究了不同倾角(0°、30°、45°、60°、90°)、不同贯通率(100%、 75%、 50%、 25%、 0%)的砂浆试件在不同围压下的动力学响应。试验结果表明:当倾角小于45°时,试件稳定性随裂隙倾角增大而降低,当倾角大于45°时,稳定性随裂隙倾角增大而提高,倾角45°为稳定性临界点,稳定性与倾角并非线性关系;试件贯通率的增大明显降低动力学强度;施加围压后砂浆试件产生了伪塑性变形,能有效提高动力稳定性,对于高贯通率试件表现尤为明显。该结果为进行地下工程裂隙岩体的强度分析提供参考。     

基于UDEC节理岩体抗压强度的数值研究

通过对江西某矿区岩样进行岩石力学试验,得到岩石试件的力学参数,利用Hoek-Brown法估算岩体力学参数。基于分形理论,结合Monte Carlo方法生成节理岩体平面网络图,以岩体网络图中心为基点,选取节理岩体模拟试件,采用离散元软件UDEC开展节理岩体抗压强度的数值实验。结果表明：选取角度、围压相同时,随着岩体尺寸的增大,节理岩体各向异性减弱,抗压强度呈非线性减小趋势,并趋向于某一定值,可拟合为负指数变化关系;围压、尺寸相同时,随着选取角度的增大,节理岩体抗压强度呈微幅波动趋势,这应与节理分布的分形特性有关。取样角度（所截取的岩体试件与水平方向的夹角）为60°时,抗压强度值略高,节理岩体尺寸效应与围压效应也较为明显;选取角度、尺寸相同时,随着围压的增大,岩体各向异性减弱,抗压强度呈线性增大趋势。     

冲击荷载下的新浇混凝土损伤特性及强度试验研究

以新浇混凝土养护过程会受到各类工程振动的作用与影响为工程背景,结合静载试验与冲击动载试验,得出冲击荷载影响下新浇混凝土的强度随龄期的变化规律。通过基于Weibull分布的统计损伤模型得出混凝土关于龄期的动态损伤本构模型。采用SHPB压杆装置进行混凝土试件破坏试验,得出在混凝土不同龄期的冲击动载下,混凝土抗压强度与静载下抗压强度的比值均为2:1左右;随着龄期的增长,混凝土试件受冲击破坏的破碎程度越来越小。采用SHPB压杆装置对不同龄期的混凝土做加载损伤试验,得出了冲击荷载下混凝土最薄弱龄期区段及其强度降低率达到峰值的龄期。     

Experimental investigation and numerical simulation on the effect of fissure water pressure in vertical sliding surface

1 Introduction Rock slopes usually contain many structural surfaces in geological engineering. However, the mechanism of rock slope failure has not been profoundly understood. Therefore, it is important to deeply analyze the failure mechanism and stability of such rock slopes through experimental investigation and numerical simulation. Previous site investigations show that water is one of the key factors to induce landslide[1―5]. “No landslide without water” vividly points out the importa…     

Fractured rock mass hydraulic fracturing under hydrodynamic and hydrostatic pressure joint action

According to the stress state of the crack surface, crack rock mass can be divided into complex composite tensile-shear fracture and composite compression-shear fracture from the perspective of fracture mechanics. By studying the hydraulic fracturing effect of groundwater on rock fracture, the tangential friction force equation of hydrodynamic pressure to rock fracture is deduced. The hydraulic fracturing of hydrostatic and hydrodynamic pressure to rock fracture is investigated to derive the equation of critical pressure when the hydraulic fracturing effect occurs in the rock fracture. Then, the crack angle that is most prone to hydraulic fracturing is determined. The relationships between crack direction and both lateral pressure coefficient and friction angle of the fracture surface are analyzed. Results show that considering the joint effect of hydrodynamic and hydrostatic pressure, the critical pressure does not vary with the direction of the crack when the surrounding rock stationary lateral pressure coefficient is equal to 1.0. Under composite tensile-shear fracture, the crack parallel to the direction of the main stress is the most prone to hydraulic fracturing. Under compression-shear fracture, the hydrodynamic pressure resulting in the most dangerous crack angle varies at different lateral pressure coefficients; this pressure decreases when the friction angle of the fracture surface increases. By referring to the subway tunnel collapse case, the impact of fractured rock mass hydraulic fracturing generated by hydrostatic and hydrodynamic pressure joint action is calculated and analyzed.     

裂隙及卸荷对岩体边坡的影响

应用弹塑性力学及断裂力学的相关理论,分析讨论了裂纹的分形特性及裂隙面的压剪起裂破坏机理;分析了静载、动载和不同类型裂隙的相互作用对边坡稳定性的影响规律。结合工程实际问题,研究了边坡开挖前后其应力应变的分布规律,提出了由于开挖卸荷而引起裂纹扩展的作用机理。     

岩质高边坡岩体力学参数确定及稳定性研究

以云南某露天矿采场岩质高边坡工程为研究对象,阐述了岩体力学参数在边坡稳定性分析中的重要性,因原位试验对于坚硬岩体或极软岩体的不适用性,对坚硬岩体,以室内试验得出的岩石物理力学参数和岩体质量评价RMR评分值为依据,并综合考虑岩体中节理裂隙、岩体结构、地下水的影响,运用霍克-布朗(Hoek-Brown)强度准则将岩石力学参数进行折减修正后换算成岩体力学参数,并与现场原位试验所得软弱岩体力学参数结果相结合得到最终岩体力学参数.在上述调查、研究基础上,采用有限差分法(FLAC数值分析软件)对现状边坡进行静态的稳定性分析,提出合理的最终边坡角及总台阶高度,保证矿山正常生产和经济效益的提高.     

High strain rate compressive strength behavior of cemented paste backfill using split Hopkinson pressure bar

The stability of cemented paste backfill(CPB) is threatened by dynamic disturbance, but the conventional low strain rate laboratory pressure test has difficulty achieving this research purpose. Therefore, a split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB) was utilized to investigate the high strain rate compressive behavior of CPB with dynamic loads of 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 MPa. And the failure modes were determined by macro and micro analysis. CPB with different cement-to-tailings ratios, solid mass concentrations, and curing ages was prepared to conduct the SHPB test. The results showed that increasing the cement content, tailings content, and curing age can improve the dynamic compressive strength and elastic modulus. Under an impact load, a higher strain rate can lead to larger increasing times of the dynamic compressive strength when compared with static loading. And the dynamic compressive strength of CPB has an exponential correlation with the strain rate. The macroscopic failure modes indicated that CPB is more seriously damaged under dynamic loading. The local damage was enhanced, and fine cracks were formed in the interior of the CPB. This is because the CPB cannot dissipate the energy of the high strain rate stress wave in a short loading period.     

混凝土动态受压力学特性的试验研究与数值分析

采用MTS液压伺服系统对C30、C40两种混凝土进行了不同应变速率下的单轴抗压试验,系统研究了应变速率对混凝土抗压强度、弹性模量及应力应变曲线的影响,给出了描述混凝土在应变速率影响下的抗压强度变化的表达式;并应用有限元法,对简支梁进行了结构动力响应分析,结果表明:两种强度混凝土的抗压强度、弹性模量随着应变速率的增加呈明显增加的趋势,混凝土在动态荷载作用下的应力应变曲线与静态荷载下的应力应变曲线具有很好的相似性;同时,动态荷载作用下,梁中应力发生重分布,应变速率对混凝土结构的动力响应具有显著的影响,需要在混凝土结构设计中充分重视荷载动力效应的分析.     

Mechanical properties of frozen rock mass with two diagonal intersected fractures

Based on previous research results, this paper investigated the influence of fracture morphology on mechanical properties and failure modes of rock mass with two diagonal intersected fractures. This study carried out a series of triaxial compression tests on rock-like specimens with two crossed fractures under negative temperature, concluded the following conclusions. The strength and failure modes of rock mass are significantly influenced by the dips of two crossed fractures. The strength of rock mass with two fractures cannot simply be estimated using the method that was developed for the rock mass with a single fracture. When the intersecting angle is less than 30°, the failure plane initiates at the tip of ‘‘artificial ruptures" and extends to the upper and lower ends of the specimen. In case of a higher dip and intersecting angle ranging from 30° to 60°, the failure plane propagates along one of these two fractures. The mechanical parameters of rock mass are not only related to the trace length, but also depend on the trace length ratio. One could roughly calculate the strength parameters using the approximation proposed in this paper. For the rock mass with a trace length ratio 0.3(short trace length/long trace length), the failure mode is dependent on the fracture with a longer trace length. When the trace length becomes significant and the trace length ratio approximates to 1, the failure plane propagates along two fractures, where an X-shaped failure pattern is presented. For the rock mass with moderate fractures and a trace length ratio of approximately 1, the failure mode is independent on fractures, which is similar to the damage pattern of intact rock. The strength and elastic modulus of rock mass decrease with the increase of spacing between fractures, while Poisson's ratio is independent on the spacing. The failure mode can be determined by the area of triangle created by two fractures. Damage occurs at the smaller triangle area first,and propagates with the two sides of the larger triangle.     

Statically accelerated experimental simulation on the deterioration of dynamic strength of rock

In order to reveal the strength deterioration law of rock mass under an acidified environment, a series of experiments on strength deterioration and the environmental effect on marble and diabase under the conditions of three kinds of acids （H2SO4, HNO3 and HC1） with three contents （1.0%, 5.0% and 10.0%） in a static fluid surrounding were carried out by single factor simulation. After the stones had been saturated in the above solutions for 90 days, an indoor weathering simulation had been observed for 300 days and its strength characteristics were measured under static/dynamic load and that results were compared with those under the natural condition. It is evident that the strength is emaciated greatly after the stones eroded by the liquids, whether under the static or dynamic load.     

雾化雨作用下的裂隙岩体边坡渗流分析

针对裂隙密度较大的岩体,利用等效连续介质理论,建立了裂隙岩体在雾化雨入渗下的饱和－非饱和渗流数学模型。根据雾化雨模型试验,选定雾化雨的强度。结合自然降雨,对裂隙岩体岸坡进行了雾化雨入渗的数值分析。分析结果显示,相对与薄雾区和自然降雨区,暴雨区的孔隙水压力升高较快,易形成对边坡稳定不利的暂态饱和区。因此,暴雨区的坡面防护和坡内排水应给予重视。     

基于改进Sarma法的倾倒变形体蓄水稳定性评价

库区强倾倒变形体常在蓄水期以特定模式发生失稳破坏。根据现场强倾倒变形体蓄水失稳特征,分析其破坏模式为"上拉下剪"式破坏,破坏面具有明显分段性。在传统Sarma法基础上,考虑饱和岩体强度降低及所受静水压力,通过调整岩层面强度折减系数改进了Sarma法。以Fortran为平台编写强倾倒变形体稳定性分析程序,通过苗尾水电站工程实例边坡对所提力学模型和分析方法进行验证,并与离散元模拟结果进行对比验证其准确性。最后进行参数分析,研究结果表明边坡自然坡角对倾倒变形体稳定性影响比较大,坡角越陡稳定性越低,同时软岩较多的边坡蓄水后稳定性将大大降低,得出的结论和规律符合工程实际。     

裂缝水窜形成的剩余油研究

裂缝水窜在注水开发的火山岩、变质岩类块状裂缝型油藏中相当普遍,位于裂缝发育带附近的高产井,常常就是裂缝水窜最严重的井.裂缝性油田一个显著特点就是少数几口高产井控制着全油田多数的储量和产量,开发效果好坏决定全油田的开发成败.以克拉玛依及内蒙古注水开发的火山岩油田为例,研究发现,国内多个火山岩油田,存在相当数量快速水淹的高产井,当这些高产井水窜水淹以后,只要采取及时的停注强排措施,油井产能大部分就可顺利恢复.分析出现这种生产动态的原因,在于裂缝水窜水流形成连续相以后,运动粘度较低的水流形成"水锁"封闭流道中的可动油.据此提出了裂缝与大孔洞水窜机理以及水窜后的剩余油分布模式.     

裂隙岩体断裂破坏扩展数值模拟研究

为进一步了解复杂裂隙断裂破坏过程,基于断裂力学理论,采用PFC2D软件对不同裂隙数量岩体进行数值试验,分析裂隙倾角、围压等因素对岩体强度及裂纹扩展的影响规律。研究表明：随着裂隙倾角增大,单裂隙峰值应力和起裂应力先减小后增大,当围压由2 MPa增加到8 MPa时,峰值应力约从120 MPa增大到160 MPa,且起裂应力随着围压增大而增大,与理论分析结果一致;双裂隙倾角为30°和45°裂隙扩展以翼型裂纹和次生斜裂纹为主,裂隙倾角为60°和90°时主要为共面次生裂纹;不同围压下,随着预制裂隙数量增多,裂隙岩体试样峰值应力逐渐减小。研究成果为进一步探索裂隙岩体失稳破坏规律提供参考。     

碎裂状顺层岩质边坡地震动力响应与破坏模式

川藏铁路沿线存在大量碎裂状顺层岩质边坡,与一般的边坡相比,碎裂状边坡在岩体强风化区域的结构面更多,把岩体切割的更为碎裂,导致整体的动力响应和破坏模式变得复杂。以川藏铁路拉月隧道进口边坡工程为依托,通过实地调研和参考工程地质资料,对结构面的分布规律进行了详细总结,并通过赤平极射投影对边坡的整体稳定性进行了分析。在此基础上利用离散元UDEC对碎裂状顺层岩质边坡的动力特性以及破坏模式展开研究,并探讨了节理参数对位移和加速度响应的敏感性规律。研究结果表明：(1)不同地震荷载作用下,坡面位移规律均呈现先增大再减小的规律,坡面位移响应最大处位于M4处。在输入地震波幅值相同时,Kobe波的坡面位移响应比EL波的剧烈；(2)边坡模型的PGA放大系数呈现明显的高程放大效应,地震波类型会影响PGA的响应规律；(3)FFT频谱分析表明,FFT幅值随着高程的增加呈先增大后减小再增大的规律,且强风化岩体区域的FFT幅值整体小于弱风化岩体区域。在地震波通过强弱风化交界位置的结构面时,会导致局部FFT幅值降低。(4)加载Kobe波时模型的FFT幅值比加载EL波时的大,在不同地震波作用下FFT幅值的最大位置均位于模型的M3测点处。(5)碎裂状边坡的失稳演化过程主要为：坡表震裂→形成落石→强风化岩体下部节理张开→弱风化岩体节理孕育→裂缝发展→强风化岩体区域形成贯通结构面→强风化岩体区域沿结构面下滑失稳破坏→坡脚形成堆积体。(6)节理参数敏感性分析表明,弱风化岩体区域的层理间距对位移的影响最为明显,而强风化节理间距对加速度放大影响最为明显。     

Numerical simulation for influence of excavation and blasting vibration on stability of mined-out area

Dynamic analysis steps and general flow of fast lagrangian analysis of continua in 3 dimensions （FLAC3D） were discussed. Numerical simulation for influence of excavation and blasting vibration on stability of mined-out area was carried out with FLAC3D. The whole analytical process was divided into two steps, including the static analysis and the dynamic analysis which were used to simulate the influence of excavation process and blasting vibration respectively. The results show that the shape of right upper boundary is extremely irregular after excavation, and stress concentration occurs at many places and higher tensile stress appears. The maximum tensile stress is higher than the tensile strength of rock mass, and surrounding rock of right roof will be damaged with tension fracture. The maximum displacement of surrounding rock is 4.75 mm after excavation. However, the maxi- mum displacement increases to 5.47 mm after the blasting dynamic load is applied. And the covering area of plastic zones expands obviously, especially at the foot of right upper slope. The analytical results are in basic accordance with the observed results on the whole. Damage and disturbance on surrounding rock to some degree are caused by excavation, while blasting dynamic load increases the possibility of occurrence of dynamic instability and destruction further. So the effective supporting and vibration reducing measures should be taken during mining.     

Zonal disintegration mechanism of isotropic rock masses around a deep spherical tunnel

In order to investigate zonal disintegration mechanism of isotropic rock masses around a deep spherical tunnel, a new mechanical model subjected to dynamic unloading under hydrostatic pressure condition is proposed. The total elastic stress-field distributions is determined using the elastodynamic equation. The effects of unloading rate and dynamic mechanical parameters of isotropic deep rock masses on the zonal disintegration phenomenon of the surrounding rock masses around a deep spherical tunnel as well as the total elastic stress field distributions are considered. The number and size of fractured and non-fractured zones are determined by using the Hoek-Brown criterion. Numerical computation is carried out. It is found from numerical results that the number of fractured zones increases with increasing the disturbance coefficient, in-situ stress, unloading time and unloading rate, and it decreases with increasing parameter geological strength index, the strength parameter and the uniaxial compressive strength of intact rock.     

Energy dissipation rate: An indicator of coal deformation and failure under static and dynamic compressive loads

Dynamic disasters in Chinese coal mines pose a significant threat to coal productivity. Thus, a thorough understanding of the deformation and failure processes of coal is necessary. In this study, the energy dissipation rate is proposed as a novel indicator of coal deformation and failure under static and dynamic compressive loads. The relationship between stress-strain, uniaxial compressive strength, displacement rate, loading rate, fractal dimension, and energy dissipation rate was investigated through experiments conducted using the MTS C60 tests(static loads) and split Hopkinson pressure bar system(dynamic loads). The results show that the energy dissipation rate peaks are associated with stress drop during coal deformation, and also positively related to the uniaxial compressive strength. A higher displacement rate of quasi-static loads leads to an initial increase and then a decrease in energy dissipation rate, whereas a higher loading rate of dynamic loads results in larger energy dissipation rate. Theoretical analysis indicates that a sudden increase in energy dissipation rate suggests partial fracture occurring within coal under both quasi-static and dynamic loads. Hence, the energy dissipation rate is an essential indicator of partial fracture and final failure within coal, as well as a prospective precursor for catastrophic failure in coal mine.     

金沙江上游白格滑坡黏土化蚀变岩的灾变力学行为研究

金沙江构造结合带是典型的板块碰撞作用形成的构造混杂岩带,不仅地质结构复杂,而且发育了工程特性极差的特殊岩土体。在金沙江上游白格滑坡成因机理调查与分析过程中,新发现了巨型滑坡体后缘滑壁发育厚度较大、分布较连续的黏土化蚀变岩,是构成滑动带的重要组分。基于相关样品的原位测试和室内系统的物质组成、耐崩解、环形剪切、动三轴等物理力学试验研究,揭示了黏土化蚀变岩的灾变力学特性及其在白格滑坡形成演化中的作用。主要结论如下：（1）白格滑坡黏土化蚀变岩是金沙江构造结合带中蛇绿岩蚀变的产物,蚀变程度高,蚀变系数介于0.64～0.86之间,黏土矿物成分以伊利石为主、伊/蒙混层矿物次之,遇水极易崩解,崩解指数达50%以上;（2）黏土化蚀变岩中工程性质最差的是蚀变黏土,水和振动荷载作用下强度弱化显著,含水率由10%增至20%后剪切强度降幅达34%,动强度远小于其静强度,并随着振动次数的增加不断降低,是促进斜坡岩体结构面贯通、破坏的重要因素;（3）白格滑坡滑动面的形成受节理结构面与黏土化蚀变岩联合控制,整体上可分为2种模式：黏土化蚀变岩厚层软弱夹层型和充填节理裂隙贯通型;（4）金沙江上游发育的不少巨型高位滑坡与黏土化蚀变岩不良工程特性具有密切的关系,岩体结构与特殊岩性的组合是值得关注的区域性易滑地质结构。相关认识对于青藏高原东缘大江大河岸坡稳定性分析和防灾减灾具有较好的启示意义。