四元体系硼酸锂-硼酸钾-硼酸镁-水在308.15 K时固液相平衡研究

采用等温溶解平衡法研究四元体系硼酸锂-硼酸钾-硼酸镁-水在308.15 K时固液相平衡,测定了体系溶解度和平衡液相的密度、折光率和pH。研究发现：该体系308.15 K时的稳定相图中包含一个共饱点（L+Li₂B₄O₇·3H₂O+K₂B₄O₇·4H₂O+Mg₂B₆O₁₁·15H₂O）,其液相组成：w（Li₂B₄O₇）=3.112%、w（K₂B₄O₇）=16.64%、w（Mg₂B₆O₁₁）=0.101 8%;3个固相结晶区：Li₂B₄O₇·3H₂O、K₂B₄O₇·4H₂O、Mg₂B₆O₁₁·15H₂O,体系无复盐或固溶体生成。溶液中硼酸锂、硼酸钾对多水硼镁石有很强的盐析效应,液相的密度、折光率和pH随溶液中硼酸盐浓度的增加呈规律性变化。     

Structural, Dielectric, Pyroelectric and Ferroelectric Properties of Glass Nano Composite: Lithium Borate-Strontium Bismuth Vanadium Niobate

Transparent glasses in the system (100 - x) (Li₂O - 2B₂O₃) - x (SrO - Bi₂O₃ - 0.7 Nb₂O₅ - 0.3 V₂O₅) (10 ≤ x ≤ 60, in molar ratio) were fabricated via the melt quenching technique. The as-quenched samples were X-ray amorphous. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) confirmed the glassy nature of the as-quenched samples. Strontium bismuth vanadium niobate nanorods were grown by controlled heat-treatment of the as-quenched glasses at 783 K for 6 h. The formation of nanorod layered perovskite SrBi₂(Nb_0.7V_0.3)₂O_9-δ (SBVN) phase via an intermediate fluorite phase was confirmed by both X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The dielectric constants of both the as-quenched and heat-treated samples (783 K/6 h) increased while the dielectric loss (D) decreased with increasing x (SBVN content). Interestingly, the dielectric constant of the glass nanocrystal composite (heat-treated at 783 K/6 h) exhibited an anomaly in the vicinity of the crystallization temperature of the host glass (Li₂B₄O₇) reaching a value as high as ≈10⁶ at 800 K. These glass nanocrystal composites were pyroelectric and ferroelectric at 300 K.

Communicated by George W. Taylor     

Ferroelectricity in Li2B4O7 single crystal

It has been found that Li₂B₄O₇ crystal shows ferroelectric activity in the c-direction in the temperature range from room temperature to 100°C. The values of spontaneous polarization and coercive field at 25°C estimated from the shown D-E hysteresis loop are 1.44 μC/cm² and 2.5 kV/cm, respectively. With increasing temperature above 100°C, the ferroelectric hysteresis loop was reduced into a line-shape with high conducting behavior. The reason is believed that a high ionic conductivity of Li₂B₄O₇ make a sample into a leak capacitor.     

四元体系（Li+， Mg2+//Cl-， borate-H2O）308.15 K相平衡与相图研究

采用等温溶解平衡法,开展四元体系Li⁺, Mg²⁺//Cl^-, borate–H₂O固液相平衡与相图研究,测定平衡溶液的液相组成、密度、折射率和pH。该四元体系相图中存在的盐类矿物为：LiCl·H₂O、Li₂B₄O₇·3H₂O、 MgCl₂·6H₂O、Mg₂B₆O₁₁·15H₂O和锂光卤石LiCl·MgCl₂·7H₂O,其中锂光卤石LiCl·MgCl₂·7H₂O是异成分复盐,溶液中MgCl₂存在下章氏硼镁石（MgB₄O₇·9H₂O）不稳定,转化为多水硼镁石（Mg₂B₆O₁₁·15H₂O）。多水硼镁石结晶区最大,表明镁硼酸盐易于结晶析出,而锂光卤石结晶区最小。采用Pitzer热力学模型对该四元体系的溶解度进行理论预测,计算相图与实验相图吻合较好。该四元体系的稳定相平衡与相图研究,可为含锂硼盐湖老卤中锂、镁、硼产品开发及其综合利用提供理论依据。     

Low-temperature sintering of PZT ceramics

The required sintering temperature of Pb(Zr_0·52Ti_0·48)O₃ ceramics (abbreviated as PZT 52/48) can be lowered to about 1000°C by incorporating Li₂CO₃, Na₂CO₃ or Bi₂O₃. A dielectric constant of about 1000 and a planar coupling factor of between 45% and 65% are obtained in PZT 52/48 ceramics sintered at 1025°C, with added Li₂CO₃ and Bi₂O₃. The optimal amount of the additives, which can be deduced from the densification, the dielectric and piezoelectric properties of the sintered PZT 52/48 ceramics, is 0·375 wt% of Li₂CO₃ together with an equal mole fraction of Bi₂O₃. A planar coupling factor of 65% is obtained. This is explained, with the aid of X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, by a maximum c/a ratio and consequently by a large spontaneous polarization. The PZT 52/48 ceramics sintered with Li₂CO₃ and Bi₂O₃ under the optimal conditions can have ε₃₃^T of about 1000, k_p higher than 60%, Q_m around 100 and tan δ less than 2·0%.     

钛酸锌锂微波介质陶瓷研究进展

Li₂ZnTi₃O₈陶瓷因其较低的烧结温度和良好的微波介电性能受到研究者的广泛关注,有望成为低温共烧候选材料之一。本文主要介绍Li₂ZnTi₃O₈陶瓷的几种制备方法及其优缺点,以及离子置换改性、氧化物掺杂改性和低温共烧对微波介质陶瓷综合介电性能的影响,并对下一阶段Li₂ZnTi₃O₈微波介质陶瓷的研究与应用进行了展望。     

Al18B4O33 aluminium borate: A new efficient support for palladium in the high temperature catalytic combustion of methane

Well crystallised aluminium borate Al₁₈B₄O₃₃ has been synthesised from alumina and boric acid with a BET area of 18 m²/g after calcination at 1100 °C. Afterwards, 2 wt.% Pd/Al₁₈B₄O₃₃ was prepared by conventional impregnation of Pd(NO₃)₂ aqueous solution and calcination in air at 500 °C. The catalytic activity of Pd/Al₁₈B₄O₃₃ in the complete oxidation of methane was measured between 300 and 900 °C and compared with that of Pd/Al₂O₃. Pd/Al₁₈B₄O₃₃ exhibited a much lower activity than Pd/Al₂O₃ when treated in hydrogen at 500 °C or aged in O₂/H₂O (90:10) at 800 °C prior to catalytic testing. Surprisingly, a catalytic reaction run up to 900 °C in the reaction mixture induced a steep increase of the catalytic activity of Pd/Al₁₈B₄O₃₃ which became as active as Pd/Al₂O₃. Moreover, the decrease of the catalytic activity observed around 750 °C for Pd/Al₂O₃ and attributed to PdO decomposition into metallic Pd was significantly shifted to higher temperatures (820 °C) in the case of Pd/Al₁₈B₄O₃₃. The existence of two distinct types of PdO species formed on Al₁₈B₄O₃₃ and being, respectively, responsible for the improvement of the activity at low and high temperature was proposed on the basis of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and temperature-programmed desorption of O₂.     

Effect of K2CO3 doping on CO2 sorption performance of silicate lithium-based sorbent prepared from citric acid treated sediment

In this paper, a low-cost and environmental-friendly leaching agent citric acid (C₆H₈O₇) was used to treat the sediment of Dianchi Lake (SDL) to synthesize lithium silicate (Li₄SiO₄) based CO₂ sorbent. The results were compared with that treated with strong acid. Moreover, the effects of preparation conditions, sorption conditions and desorption conditions on the CO₂ sorption performance of prepared Li₄SiO₄ were systematically studied. Under optimal conditions, the Li₄SiO₄ sorbent was successfully synthesized and its CO₂ sorption capacity reached 31.37% (mass), which is much higher than that synthesized from SDL treated with strong acid. It is speculated that the presence of some elements after C₆H₈O₇ treatment may promote the sorption of synthetic Li₄SiO₄ to CO₂. In addition, after doping with K₂CO₃, the CO₂ uptake increases from the original 12.02% and 22.12% to 23.96% and 32.41% (mass) under the 20% and 50% CO₂ partial pressure, respectively. More importantly, after doping K₂CO₃, the synthesized Li₄SiO₄ has a high cyclic stability under the low CO₂ partial pressure.     

三元体系KCl-K2B4O7-H2O在323 K时相平衡研究

采用等温溶解平衡法研究了三元体系KCl-K₂B₄O₇-H₂O在323 K时的稳定相平衡关系及稳定平衡液相的密度,测定了该三元体系稳定平衡溶液溶解度和密度。研究发现：该三元体系为简单共饱和型,无复盐及固溶体形成。根据溶解度数据绘制了相图,相图中有1个三元共饱点、2条单变量曲线、2个结晶相区,即氯化钾（KCl）结晶区和四硼酸钾（K₂B₄O₇·4H₂O）结晶区;平衡固相为KCl和K₂B₄O₇·4H₂O。由相图可以看出,KCl对K₂B₄O₇有较强的盐析作用。     

Electrochemical performance of nanocrystalline Li3V2(PO4)3/carbon composite material synthesized by a novel sol–gel method

A novel sol–gel method based on V₂O₅·nH₂O hydro-gel was developed to synthesize nanocrystalline Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃/carbon composite material. In this route, V₂O₅·nH₂O hydro-gel, NH₄H₂PO₄, Li₂CO₃ and high-surface-area carbon were used as starting materials to prepare precursor, and the Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃/carbon was obtained by sintering precursor at 750 °C for 4 h in flowing argon. The sol–gel synthesis ensures homogeneity of the precursors and improved reactivity. The sample was characterized by XRD, SEM and TEM. X-ray diffraction results show Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ sample is monoclinic structure with the space group of P2₁/n. The TEM image indicates that the Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ particles modified by conductive carbon are about 70 nm in diameter. The Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃/carbon system showed that the discharge capacities in the first and 50th cycle are about 155.3 and 143.6 mAh/g, respectively, in the range of 3.0–4.8 V. The sol–gel method is fit for the preparation of Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃/carbon composite material which may offer some favorable properties for commercial application.     

The catalytic activity and surface characterization of Ln2B2O7 (Ln=Sm, Eu, Gd and Tb; B=Ti or Zr) with pyrochlore structure as novel CH4 combustion catalyst

Ln₂B₂O₇ (Ln=Sm, Eu, Gd and Tb; B=Zr or Ti) with pyrochlore structure was prepared by sol–gel method for the high-temperature catalytic combustion. The crystal structure of Ln₂B₂O₇ was identified by XRD and their surface area was about 4 m²/g after calcinations at 1200 °C. Catalytic activity of methane combustion was observed for Ln₂Zr₂O₇ series and the best catalyst was Sm₂Zr₂O₇. Its relative reaction rate per unit surface area at 600 °C was 2 cm³/m² min, which was twice higher than that of Mn-substituted Sr hexaaluminate. From surface analysis by XPS, the low binding energy of each Ln element of Ln₂Zr₂O₇ compared to that of Ln₂Ti₂O₇, gave the catalytic activity of methane combustion.     

Preparation and dielectric properties of B2O3–Li2O-doped BaZr0.35Ti0.65O3 ceramics sintered at a low temperature

BaZr_0.35Ti_0.65O₃ (BZT) ceramics have been fabricated via a traditional ceramic process at a relatively low sintering temperature using liquid-phase sintering aids B₂O₃ and Li₂O. The dielectric properties of BZT ceramics have been investigated with the emphasis placed on the dielectric properties under an applied dc electric field. The temperature-dependent dielectric constant reveals that the pure BZT and B₂O₃–Li₂O-doped BZT ceramics all have a typical relaxor behavior and diffuse phase transition characteristics. The temperature-dependent dielectric constant under the applied dc electric field shows that the Curie temperature is slightly shifted to higher temperature and the peaks are suppressed and broadened. The dielectric loss is still under 0.005 and tunability is above 20% at an applied dc electric field of 30 kV/cm.     

The phase transition of hBN-cBN in the B-N-H-O system

The physical-chemical processes are responsible for hBN-cBN conversion in the B-N-H-O system were studied in region of pressure 3.5–7.2 GPa and temperature up to 1400°C by means of in situ differential thermal analysis (DTA) and the quenched method. The absence of intermediate solid phases in products of the interaction of hBN with melts of anhydrous ammonium borates has confirmed the supposition about the activating effect of these melts on the kinetic of the conversion. A scheme of the part of T,c phase diagram on the (NH₄)₂O-B₂O₃ line was built at 6 GPa. Three peritectics corresponding to the dissociation of proposed NH₄BO₂, (NH₄)₂B₄O₇ and (NH₄)₄B₁₀O₁₇ were found. The connection of the lower-temperature limits of cBN synthesis regions with the found peritectics in the range of 5.5–7.2 GPa was established. The formal critical composition of the melt was 3(NH₄)₂O:7B₂O₃, because the appearance of cBN was fixed in the product beginning with just this composition. However, the question about critical melt composition activating hBN-cBN conversion has no correct solution without information about short-range order structure and relaxation kinetics of the melts. Two unknown anhydrous ammonium borates were found in HPHT products. One of these compounds was determined to be (NH₄)₄B₁₀O₁₇. It crystallizes in a orthorhombic cell with a=12.82 Å, b=11.30 Å, c=9.52 Å, a measured density of 2.10 g cm⁻³, a calculated density of 2.21 g cm⁻³ at Z=4. At normal conditions (NH₄)₄B₁₀O₁₇ is metastable but it can be preserved a long time in a “dry” atmosphere.     

锂铝硅透明微晶玻璃析晶动力学研究

本文利用经典方程(Johnson-Mehl-Avrami)分析了非化学计量的锂铝硅Li₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂-ZrO₂-P₂O₅透明微晶玻璃的析晶动力学,采用DSC、XRD和SEM研究了晶化温度对玻璃析晶行为的影响。结果表明:在较低的起始析晶温度下Li₂Si₂O₅和Li₂SiO₃析出,随晶化温度的升高,主晶相转变为LiAlSi₄O₁₀,Li₂SiO₃晶相消失,晶体尺寸变小,在550 nm处微晶玻璃透过率由89.3%升高到90.6%;利用Kissinger方法计算出的Li₂Si₂O₅和LiAlSi₄O₁₀的析晶活化能分别为349.5 kJ/mol和184.2 kJ/mol,平均晶体生长指数分别为3.05和1.42。     

Li3VO4修饰富镍LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2正极材料的电化学性能

采用湿法融合技术及高温固相法合成Li₃VO₄包覆的LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂正极材料。通过X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）等方法研究材料的结晶相、形貌、微观结构。研究表明,Li₃VO₄均匀地包覆在LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂表面,未改变原材料的材料结构和形貌,包覆层厚度为1～2 nm。不同含量的Li₃VO₄对LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂正极材料进行修饰研究表明,3%（质量）Li₃VO₄包覆的LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂在1 C下100次循环后容量保持率为94.13%,具有最佳的倍率性能和循环性能。此外,循环伏安（CV）和交流阻抗（EIS）分析表明,Li₃VO₄能提高Li⁺电导率,抑制活性材料与电解液之间的副反应,提高材料的电化学性能。     

混合碱效应对Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2系玻璃结构和热膨胀性能的影响

本文用传统高温熔融法熔制Li₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂系高铝玻璃,改变碱金属氧化物n(Li₂O)/n(Na₂O)的摩尔比,运用阿基米德排水法、热膨胀仪、DSC、傅里叶变换红外光谱和拉曼光谱等测试手段和仪器,探究了混合碱金属效应对Li₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂系玻璃结构和热膨胀性能的影响。结果显示:随着n(Li₂O)/n(Na₂O)比例增大,混合碱金属效应对Li₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂系玻璃的密度和热膨胀系数的影响一致,表现为先增大后减小,当R=0.25(R=n(Li₂O)/[n(Li₂O)+n(Na₂O)],摩尔比)时,出现极值,此时密度达到最大2.447 4 g/cm³,热膨胀系数达到最大7.811 7×10^-6/℃;对玻璃特征温度的影响随着温度的升高而逐渐减弱至消失;对玻璃的析晶能力有一定的提升作用;对玻璃三维骨架结构中的硅氧四面体Qⁿ的影响也各不相同。     

四元体系Li+,K+,Mg2+//B4O72——H2O 273 K相平衡

利用等温溶解平衡法研究了四元体系Li⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺//B₄O₇^2--H₂O 273 K相平衡关系。测定了该体系平衡时各组分的溶解度和平衡液相密度。根据实验数据和固相组成分别绘制了四元体系Li⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺//B₄O₇^2--H₂O 273 K时的稳定相图、水图以及相应的密度-组成图。结果表明：该体系组分之间没有形成复盐和固溶体,属于简单共饱和型体系;体系的稳定相图由1个共饱点,3条单变量曲线,3个固相结晶区组成,结晶区分别对应Li₂B₄O₇·3H₂O、K₂B₄O₇·4H₂O和MgB₄O₇·9H₂O;平衡液相密度在共饱点处达到最大。研究还对该四元体系在273 K、288 K和348 K不同温度时的稳定相图作了对比分析和讨论。     

助剂对4-甲氧基苯酚一步加氢制备4-甲氧基环己酮用Pd/C改性研究

以不同助剂改性自制的Pd/C催化剂,考察催化剂改性对4-甲氧基苯酚加氢性能影响。结果表明,EDTA·2Na改性对催化剂性能影响较小;NaNO_2和ZnCl_2改性后,催化剂活性明显降低,但催化剂选择性提高;Na HCO_3、Na_2CO_3和Na_2B_4O_7改性后,催化剂活性和选择性均显著提高;Na_2B_4O_7-ZnCl_2改性,Pd/C效果最好,4-甲氧基环己酮选择性大于97%,催化剂具有良好稳定性。     

钛酸锂/石墨烯复合负极材料的制备及电化学性能

以Li₂CO₃、锐钛矿TiO₂和石墨烯为原料，采用固相球磨及喷雾干燥相结合的方法制备钛酸锂和钛酸锂/石墨烯复合负极材料。用X射线衍射（XRD）、拉曼光谱、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）表征了样品的晶体结构及形貌。通过恒流充放电测试样品的电化学性能，考察不同石墨烯添加量对钛酸锂材料电化学性能的影响。当石墨烯添加量质量分数为1%时，钛酸锂/石墨烯复合负极材料（LTO-G-2）具有优异的倍率性能及循环稳定性。在0.2C、0.5C、1C、3C、5C和10C倍率下的充电比容量为172.9mA·h/g、165.7mA·h/g、163.5mA·h/g、157.4mA·h/g、154.0mA·h/g和143.5mA·h/g。5C倍率下经历200次循环，容量保持率为94.8%。循环伏安测试(CV)表明LTO-G-2样品的极化程度是最小的。交流阻抗测试（EIS）结果显示LTO-G-2的电荷转移阻抗（69.6Ω）小于纯的钛酸锂的电荷转移阻抗（140.5Ω）。     

Li2ZrO3包覆LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2的复合材料及其电化学性能

以Zr（NO₃）₄·5H₂O和CH₃COOLi·2H₂O为原料,采用湿化学法,将Li₂ZrO₃包覆在LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂锂离子电池正极材料的表面,研究Li₂ZrO₃不同包覆比例对LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂电化学性能的影响。SEM、TEM、EDS谱图分析表明,Li₂ZrO₃层均匀地包覆在LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂表面,其厚度约为8 nm。与纯相相比,1%（质量分数） Li₂ZrO₃包覆的LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂复合材料在1.0 C下首次放电比容量为184.7 mA·h·g^-1、100次循环之后放电比容量为169.5 mA·h·g^-1,其容量保持率达到91.77%,表现出良好的循环稳定性。循环伏安（CV）和电化学阻抗（EIS）测试结果表明,Li₂ZrO₃包覆层抑制了正极材料与电解液之间的副反应,减小了材料在循环过程中的电荷转移阻抗,从而提高了材料的电化学性能。