不同缓冲压头下香梨静压损伤特性研究

目的解决库尔勒香梨在包装、运输过程中因静压产生的香梨损伤问题。方法在不同压缩速率、不同摆放位置、不同缓冲压头条件下,利用万能试验压缩机测量分析香梨机械特性参数变化规律。结果各压缩特性参数的分布规律大致相同,生物屈服极限、破坏极限、变形能、破坏能均随着压缩速率的增大逐渐增大,屈服极限、破坏极限在随压缩速率增大而增加的过程中有极值存在。香梨纵向部位压缩特性参数均大于横向部位压缩特性参数。在相同摆放位置下,泡沫缓冲压头的压缩特性参数最大,钢板压头下的特性参数最小。当速率为30 mm/min时,在泡沫缓冲压头下,香梨横向摆放时的生物屈服极限为105.98 N,变形能为242 N·mm,破坏极限为155.25 N,破坏能为582N·mm。香梨纵向摆放时的生物屈服极限为135.91 N,变形能为521 N·mm,破坏极限为177.07 N,破坏能为942 N·mm。结论不同缓冲压头下的压缩特性参数曲线分布规律大致相同,屈服极限和破坏极限在随压缩速率增大而增加的过程中有极值存在。香梨纵向摆放受到外界的机械损伤小于横向摆放所受的机械损伤,在香梨包装、贮藏、运输过程中应考虑摆放位置,尽可能让香梨纵向受力。当使用泡沫材质进行包装时,香梨机械损伤最小,在香梨包装时应考虑选用泡沫包装材质。     

泡沫铝环氧树脂互穿相复合材料压缩力学性能

通过一系列准静态压缩实验研究了纯泡沫铝、 纯环氧树脂及三种不同体积分数的空心玻璃微珠(HGB)泡沫铝-环氧树脂互穿相复合材料(IPC)等五种材料压缩的变形过程和破坏形貌, 分析了其破坏机制, 并对三种IPC进行了应力松弛实验。通过绘制应力-应变曲线, 分析了其变化规律, 得出了有效弹性模量、 屈服极限等力学性能及能量吸收特性。结果表明: 三种IPC的有效弹性模量、 屈服极限及比强度、 比刚度均较纯泡沫铝有较大的提高, 泡沫铝-环氧树脂的单位体积吸能率最大, 且吸能率随空心玻璃微珠体积分数的增加而减小。泡沫铝-环氧树脂IPC有效弹性模量的预测结果与实验值较为符合。应力松弛率随空心玻璃微珠体积分数增加而增大。     

MHSS压缩有效力学性能研究

金属空心球结构(Metallic hollow sphere structure,MHSS)是一种新型的超轻多孔金属材料。利用ANSYS有限元分析软件模拟了薄壁金属空心球的压缩过程,采用非线性和瞬态分析方法得出了其名义应力-应变曲线,与实验曲线进行对比分析发现两条曲线较为吻合。对3种不同堆积模式的金属空心球结构进行了压缩数值模拟分析,得出了其压缩的有效屈服极限和有效弹性模量等力学性能。通过研究材料中单球的受力状态,分析了不同堆积模式材料力学性能出现差异的原因,其理论预测结果与数值模拟结果具有相同的规律。     

Mg-3Al-6Zn-2Y合金在不同应变率加载下的力学性能研究

在不同应变率压缩与拉伸下,研究了Mg-3Al-6Zn-2Y合金的力学性能,发现两种条件下合金力学性能变化规律不同。压缩情况下,随应变率增大,合金的流变应力增大,极限强度、屈服强度、破坏应变先增大后减小,塑性先增大后减小;拉伸情况下,随应变率增大,合金的流变应力、极限强度、屈服强度先增大后减小,破坏应变减小,塑性减小。压缩情况下合金流变应力的应变率敏感性高于拉伸情况。     

泡沫铝-空心玻璃微珠/环氧泡沫复合材料压缩及弯曲力学性能

制备了泡沫铝、泡沫铝-环氧树脂及含有不同体积分数空心玻璃微珠(HGM)的三种泡沫铝-HGM/环氧泡沫互穿相复合材料(IPC)。通过一系列准静态压缩实验, 观察了其变形形貌, 研究了其弹性模量、屈服极限、比强度及比刚度等力学性能与HGM体积分数的关系。通过三点弯曲实验, 研究了IPC的弯曲极限载荷、弯曲弹性模量等性能, 分析了其断口形貌与材料结构的关系。实验结果表明: 四种IPC的力学性能均较纯泡沫铝有大幅度的提高, 其中, 泡沫铝-环氧树脂的压缩和弯曲力学性能最好。随着复合材料中HGM体积分数增加, IPC力学性能逐渐缓慢降低。     

泡沫铝-空心玻璃微珠/环氧泡沫复合材料压缩及弯曲力学性能

制备了泡沫铝、泡沫铝-环氧树脂及含有不同体积分数空心玻璃微珠(HGM)的三种泡沫铝-HGM/环氧泡沫互穿相复合材料(IPC).通过一系列准静态压缩实验,观察了其变形形貌,研究了其弹性模量、屈服极限、比强度及比刚度等力学性能与HGM体积分数的关系.通过三点弯曲实验,研究了IPC的弯曲极限载荷、弯曲弹性模量等性能,分析了其断口形貌与材料结构的关系.实验结果表明:四种IPC的力学性能均较纯泡沫铝有大幅度的提高,其中,泡沫铝-环氧树脂的压缩和弯曲力学性能最好.随着复合材料中HGM体积分数增加,IPC力学性能逐渐缓慢降低.     

Mg-3Al-2Zn-2Y合金的动态力学性能研究

在不同应变率压缩与拉伸下,研究了Mg-3Al-2Zn-2Y合金的力学性能,发现2种条件下合金力学性能变化规律不同。压缩情况下,随应变率增大,极限强度与屈服强度先增大后减小,高应变率下(1300～4800s-1)的流变应力大于中低应变率(0.001～1s-1);在0.001～1450s-1拉伸下,随应变率增大,合金的流变应力呈增大趋势,极限强度、屈服强度增大,破坏应变先减小后增大。压缩情况下合金流变应力的应变率敏感性高于拉伸情况。     

闭孔铝泡沫在静压痕下的力学响应

采用球形压头对闭孔铝泡沫材料进行了准静态压痕实验,研究了不同直径、铝泡沫相对密度及边界条件对铝泡沫的压痕硬度、吸能能力及能量吸收率的影响。研究表明,铝泡沫在球形压头作用下的响应曲线可采用幂函数形式进行描述,幂函数指数随相对密度的增大而线性增加。铝泡沫压痕处的断面显示铝泡沫变形被严格限制在压头之下,铝泡沫的压痕变形是局部的不均匀变形。铝泡沫的压痕硬度及吸能能力均随压头直径的增大而线性减小,但它们却均随铝泡沫相对密度的增大而线性增大;能量吸收率不随压头直径和铝泡沫相对密度而变化。在一定压痕深度范围内,刚性基础和简支条件对铝泡沫的压痕响应影响可以忽略不计。最后基于实验数据分别建立了压痕硬度和吸能能力与压头直径及铝泡沫相对密度的关系。      

高温处理后闭孔泡沫铝压缩性能及变形机理

目的 探究温度和孔隙率对闭孔泡沫铝材料压缩力学性能和变形机理的影响。方法 将孔隙率为84.3%～87.3%的泡沫铝试件在温度25～700 ℃内进行加热处理,对处理后的试样开展准静态压缩实验。结果 在准静态压缩条件下,闭孔泡沫铝材料在不同温度加热处理后的压缩应力–应变曲线均经历了3个阶段:弹性阶段、塑性平台阶段和密实阶段。孔隙率从87.3%减小到84.3%时,其弹性模量增大了44.4 MPa,屈服强度增大了0.39 MPa,平台应力增大了0.94 MPa。孔隙率为84.3%的泡沫铝,在25 ℃时,其弹性模量为141.4 MPa、屈服强度为4.25 MPa、平台应力为4.75 MPa;当加热温度为500 ℃时,弹性模量减小到了128.0 MPa、屈服强度减小到了4.22 MPa、平台应力减小到了4.51 MPa。结论 泡沫铝的弹性模量、抗压屈服强度和平台应力均随孔隙率的增加而减小;加热温度低于500 ℃以下时,泡沫铝材料力学性能变化很小,但屈服强度和弹性模量均小幅度降低;在压缩载荷下,泡沫铝的变形破坏模式呈现出先从试件铝基体较薄弱部分产生孔壁塑性变形、孔洞坍塌,并逐渐出现断裂压缩带,直至泡沫铝孔洞完全坍塌密实。     

锻造/层合碳纤维-环氧树脂复合材料压缩性能实验与仿真

压缩性能是材料的基础力学性能之一,决定着材料在工程中的应用价值和应用范围.为了获得锻造碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料(FC-FREP)和层合碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料(LCFREP)的压缩力学性能,进行了准静态实验和霍普金森压杆(Split Hopkinson pressure bars,SHPB)实验,得出了FCFREP和LCFREP在不同应变率下的真实应力-应变关系.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了两种材料的破坏模式,进一步采用有限元软件进行了动态压缩仿真.实验结果表明,FCFREP的应变率效应仅体现在塑性段,且为负应变率效应;LCFREP的应变率效应明显,随着应变率增大,其弹性模量增大、屈服点滞后、流动应力增大.SEM结果表明,动态压缩情况下FCFREP的破坏模式为纤维撕裂拉断和剪切断裂,基体产生裂纹碎裂,LCFREP的动态压缩破坏模式为剪切断裂.仿真结果表明,FCFREP材料的动态压缩可采用双线性本构模型描述,LCFREP材料动态压缩的实际应力路径与仿真结果不同,但屈服极限相同.实验得出的真实应力-应变曲线可以作为研究新本构模型的依据,同时为开发新数值模型提供了参考.     

Impact dynamics of metal foam shells for motorcycle helmets: Experiments & numerical modeling

To reduce the weight of motorcycle helmet, metal foam for outer shell in place of conventional thermoplastics was tested. The dynamic behaviour of this new helmet was studied through experiments and numerical modeling. Open-face motorcycle helmets were designed with metal foam shell and impact experiments were performed with these helmets fitted on a headform. A finite element model was developed and the predicted acceleration of headform from this model was validated against the experiments. The mechanical behaviour of full-face helmets with metal foam shell was investigated next. The FE analysis was performed separately with rigid and deformable heads. Head injury criterion (with rigid head) and stresses in brain (with deformable head) were evaluated separately for metal foam shell and ABS shell helmets. The helmet impact performance is examined with two separate densities of metal foam. The shell with low-density metal foam (150 kg/m³) gives a better performance compared to ABS shell. The metal foam shell showed significant visible plastic deformation in the impact region.     

Enhancing mechanical properties and permeability of ceramic shell in investment casting process

In the present investigation, the mechanical properties and hot permeability of the ceramic shell used in investment casting process were improved by modifying the ingredients of conventional slurry. The modifications were made by adding a varying content of nano alumina, camphor and a mixture nano alumina and camphor (hybrid mixture) individually into the conventional slurry. The properties, viz. green strength, fired strength, corner strength, load bearing capacity, self-load deformation and permeability of the modified shells were investigated and compared with conventional shell. The experimental results revealed that the green strength of all the shells increased with an increment of the additives into the slurry. The maximum green, fired and corner strengths were exhibited by the nano alumina modified shell with 1 wt% nano alumina addition. The lowest self-load deformation at elevated temperature was also attained by the nano alumina modified shell with 1 wt% nano alumina addition. The addition of camphor significantly improved the permeability of the shell among all the developed shells. But, addition of camphor decreased the strength of the shell. It was also found that addition of hybrid mixture into the slurry simultaneously increased the mechanical properties and permeability of the shell.     

Dynamic crushing of thin-walled spheres: An experimental study

Experimental studies on dynamic behavior of thin-walled spheres and sphere arrays in response to different impact velocity are presented. Ping pong balls are selected to study the collapse of thin-walled spheres. The tests were carried out by a modified Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) test system. The experimental results show that the deformation of thin-walled spherical shells depends on the impact velocity. The dynamic force in the range of small elastic deformation is larger than its quasi-static counterpart, but significantly below the latter after snap-through of the shell. The deformation and buckling mode are sensitive to the loading rate. It is noted that the strain rate effect of the materials and the inertia effect of the shell should be considered in the analysis of the shells response to dynamic loading.     

Postbuckling of nanotube-reinforced composite cylindrical shells under combined axial and radial mechanical loads in thermal environment

A postbuckling analysis is presented for nanocomposite cylindrical shells reinforced by single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) subjected to combined axial and radial mechanical loads in thermal environment. Two types of carbon nanotube-reinforced composite (CNTRC) shells, namely, uniformly distributed (UD) and functionally graded (FG) reinforcements, are considered. The material properties of FG-CNTRCs are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction, and are estimated through a micromechanical model. The governing equations are based on a higher order shear deformation shell theory with a von Kármán-type of kinematic nonlinearity. The thermal effects are also included and the material properties of CNTRCs are assumed to be temperature-dependent. A boundary layer theory and associated singular perturbation technique are employed to determine the buckling loads and postbuckling equilibrium paths. The numerical illustrations concern the postbuckling behavior of perfect and imperfect, FG-CNTRC cylindrical shells under combined action of external pressure and axial compression for different values of load-proportional parameters. The results for UD-CNTRC shell, which is a special case in the present study, are compared with those of the FG-CNTRC shell.     

Investigations on Load Capacity and stability of deformation of rubber cylindrical shells under internal pressure

The paper presents a wide analysis of conditions under which a loss of deformation stability can be observed as well as local bulges form in axially-symmetric (rotational) shells of any length. Analytical relations of the theory of shells were used for the analysis. If the maximum pressure in the shell was exceeded, the deformation process was investigated too. In such a case, strains begin to develop more intensely in the central part of a long cylindrical shell and, owing to that, one or more superimposed bulges (blisters) form. Symmetry of the shell deformation in relation to the centre of its length can be disturbed. A set of algebraic equations was derived for determination of critical pressure and critical strains on the falling part of the relation between pressure and the shell radius. The analysis of deformation stability is of a general type, because the used form of elastic potential of the material is a function characteristic for all the rubber-like materials. The experiments proved the results obtained from the analysis of the assumed theoretical models of shells, which were cylindrical at the beginning.     

冲击作用下薄壁金属空心球压缩变形研究

金属空心球结构是一种新型的多孔金属材料,对单个金属空心球在冲击作用下的压缩力学性能研究是对整体结构压缩力学性能研究的基础。该文研究了单个球壳冲击压缩特性,得到了单个金属空心球在冲击作用下的名义应力-应变曲线并与实验结果进行了对比验证,同时研究了径厚比和冲击速度对变形过程的影响。结果表明:名义应力-应变曲线和变形模态图显示其变形失效过程可分成六个阶段:局部压平、轴对称凹陷、多边形形成、内表面相互作用、侧壁失效以及密实阶段;径厚比越大,金属空心球越容易形成非对称的多边形形式,且在内表面相互作用阶段,上部壳体发生逆向翻转,侧壁发生了屈曲失效;径厚比较小时,在内表面相互作用阶段,下部壳体发生逆向翻转,侧壁发生了弯曲失效;冲击速度越大,底端壳开始发生凹陷的时间越早,空心球产生的不对称度越大。     

Computational approach of piezoelectric shells by the GDQ method

A piezoelectric laminated cylindrical shell with shear rotations effect under the electromechanical loads and four sides simply supported boundary condition was studied by using the two-dimensional generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) computational method. The typical hybrid composite shells with 3-layered cross-ply [90°/0°/90°] graphite–epoxy laminate and bounded PVDF layers are considered under the sinusoidal pressure loads and electric potentials on the shell. The governing partial differential equation with first-order shear deformation theory in terms of mid-surface displacements and shear rotations can be expressed in series equations by the GDQ formulation. Thus we obtain the GDQ numerical solutions of non-dimensional displacement and stresses at center position of laminated piezoelectric shells. Displacement is generally affected by the thickness of laminated piezoelectric shells under the action of mechanical load. Stresses are generally affected by the thickness and the length of laminated piezoelectric shells under the actions of mechanical load and electric potential.     

平面应变模具尺寸差对金属流变及其力能的影响

采用MARC/Superform有限元软件对平面应变压缩过程进行了二维有限元分析,分析了上下模具尺寸不相等时,对金属流变规律及其力能参数的影响.同时应用滑移线场理论对端部的滑移线场进行了分析,分析了金属的流动情况,进一步验证了有限元模拟结果的可靠性.研究结果显示:模具尺寸相等时,金属流动呈现对称分布;当上下两个模具尺寸不等时,金属流动呈现非对称分布,有剪切变形产生.而且随着模具尺寸差的增大,其交叉剪切变形越严重,总压力也增大,平均压力相对降低,这与异步轧制过程类似.所研究结果为异步轧制过程提供了一种新的物理模拟方法.     

水下结构辐射噪声工程估算方法

机械噪声是水下航行器主要噪声源之一。首先分析机械设备辐射噪声的整个传递途径,然后就壳体振动到辐射噪声预报环节展开理论和实验研究。通过模型实验测得内外壳结构振动加速度分布,经过计算分别获得内外壳结构振动均方速度,结合加肋圆柱壳分频段辐射效率公式,分别采用内外壳结构振动均方速度对结构辐射声压进行预报计算,并与实验结果进行对比分析。分析表明计算结果与试验吻合良好,得出对于双壳体结构,可由内壳体结构振动预报辐射噪声的结论,验证通过壳体结构振动预报辐射噪声方法的可行性,该方法具有较好的工程应用价值。     

Finite element modelling of the mechanism of deformation and failure in metallic thin-walled hollow spheres under dynamic compression

Recent interest in lightweight metallic hollow sphere foams for aerospace applications requires a better physical understanding of dynamic properties of single spheres. Finite element modelling supported by high rate experiments was developed to investigate the underlying deformation and failure mechanisms of electrodeposited nickel thin-walled hollow spheres. Parametric simulation was performed to further explore the effect of sphere geometry (wall thickness to diameter ratio) and loading rate. It was found that decreasing the ratio of wall thickness to diameter tends to transit the side wall failure mode from bending to buckling. For a thin-walled sphere (the thickness to diameter ratio less than a critical value), the macroscopic dynamic behaviour is primarily dominated by the two deformation and failure mechanisms: (1) buckling failures of wall materials and (2) self-contacts of wall surfaces and wall-anvil contacts. At higher impact velocity (greater than a critical velocity), inertia effect due to dynamic localisation of wall crushing arises and significantly influences the deformation/failure mode of the sphere, resulting in an increased initial crushing strength and asymmetric deformation. Finally, the behaviour of hollow spheres was correlated to explore the power law behaviour of bulk foams with respect to the relative density; it was found that metallic thin-walled hollow sphere foams can be better approximated as open-cell rather than closed-cell foams.