苹果–EPS泡沫系统冲击响应分析

目的 分析苹果在运输包装环境中的抗冲击性能，并优化苹果–EPS泡沫缓冲包装设计。方法 以80 mm果径洛川富士苹果为研究对象，通过万能压缩试验机对苹果进行压缩试验，得到应力–应变曲线。通过ABAQUS/Explicit建立苹果运输包装系统有限元模型，并进行有限元仿真分析，其中发泡聚苯乙烯有限元模型采用Crushable Foam模型，苹果采用线弹性力学模型。模拟苹果在沿轴竖直摆放和沿轴水平摆放2种摆放方式下跌落时的冲击响应，并分析不同厚度、密度为28kg/m³的EPS泡沫的缓冲效果。结果 得出苹果的弹性模量为2.44 MPa、屈服极限为0.38 MPa。通过模拟仿真分析可得出，EPS泡沫能有效减缓运输过程中冲击对苹果的损伤，并以此为基础得到了针对该包装系统的缓冲设计。结论 通过与龙格–库塔数值分析法的对比可以得出，本研究以试验为基础，结合仿真分析能为相关果蔬运输提供数据支持和参考。     

金属半球壳压缩力学性能实验和模拟研究

金属空心球结构是一种新型的多孔金属材料,对金属半球壳压缩力学性能的研究是研究整体材料力学性能的基础。通过一系列准静态压缩实验,研究了金属半球壳受刚性球、刚性平板及三种不同截面积的刚性圆柱压缩下的变形形貌及屈服极限、弹性模量等力学性能,分析了球壳受不同压头压缩时的变形规律。通过建立与实验对应的数值模型,对金属半球壳进行了压缩数值模拟,分析了其力学性能。研究表明:金属半球壳的屈服极限和弹性模量均与平面压头的截面积无关,屈曲应力则随刚性圆柱形压头截面积增大而增大,半球壳压缩吸能性能随压头面积减小而降低。     

GFRP约束微珠泡沫柱准静态受压性能

本研究对2根微珠泡沫柱及5根玻璃纤维复合材料(GFRP)约束微珠泡沫组合柱开展准静态轴压试验,探讨了GFRP层数、横向纤维与纵向纤维比例、泡沫密度等参数对组合柱极限承载力和吸能效应的影响,并与静态试验结果进行对比,研究不同加载速率对构件受压性能的影响规律.结果表明:准静态压缩作用下GFRP层数和泡沫密度的增加均提高了构...     

绿色包装用泡沫铝胞元压缩过程的数值计算与实验研究

泡沫铝作为一种"结构材料功能化和功能材料结构化"的典型多功能材料,在包装行业具有广泛的应用的前景。为了深入研究泡沫铝在包装行业中的应用特性,本文采用有限元计算的方法对泡沫铝的压缩过程进行了研究。研究结果表明:泡沫铝具有明显的缓冲吸能特性。同时,在随着压缩量的增加,泡沫铝胞元在压力载荷下,胞元的尖端处首先出现应力集中,随着压缩量的进一步增加,其他位置的应力也在逐步提升。通过对泡沫铝的缓冲吸能特性的研究,为其在包装中的应用提供基础理论数据。     

闭孔泡沫铝缓冲性能及其变形失效机理研究

在闭孔泡沫铝的准静态压缩实验基础上,研究不同孔隙率下的力学性能和吸能性能,分析其压缩变形机理。结果表明,闭孔泡沫铝的压缩过程存在明显的3个阶段:线弹性阶段、塑性平台阶段和致密化阶段。随着孔隙率的增大,闭孔泡沫铝的屈服强度、弹性模量和压实应力均减小。在压缩过程中,吸能效率和理想吸能效率均是先上升后下降。孔隙率对吸能效率影响较大,对最大理想吸能效率影响不大。将理想吸能效率曲线和吸能效率曲线结合可以选择合适的缓冲材料,发挥其最佳吸能特性。闭孔泡沫铝在准静态压缩条件下有良好的塑性变形能力,变形呈逐层破坏的特征。     

开孔泡沫铝-环氧树脂复合夹芯板局压性能试验研究

对一种开孔泡沫铝-环氧树脂复合夹芯板进行了准静态局部压缩试验,研究了其破坏形态和典型荷载-位移曲线,并与传统蒙皮夹芯板进行了对比,分析了不同复合层厚度、不同压头类型和不同边界条件对局压刚度、极限承载力及吸能量等主要性能参数的影响。结果表明开孔泡沫铝/环氧树脂复合夹芯板在局部压力作用下表现了较好的整体性、稳定性和吸能性能,其典型荷载-位移曲线经历四个阶段:弹性阶段、局部损伤阶段、整体损伤阶段和冲切破坏阶段。泡沫铝-环氧树脂复合层能显著提高夹芯板力学性能,且随厚度增加有增强趋势,球柱形压头作用下的破坏形态和力学性能与圆柱形压头和方形压头有明显区别,简支边界条件下力学性能比固支时明显降低。与传统夹芯板相比,这种夹芯板的刚度、强度、吸能量和整体性都有较大提高。     

加载速率对点阵铝力学行为及吸能特性的影响

目的研究基体材料和加载速率对点阵铝力学性能和吸能特性的影响规律。方法针对工业纯铝、6063铝合金为基体的点阵铝在3种不同的加载速率下进行压缩力学试验。结果加载速率从2mm/min增加到250 mm/min时,点阵纯铝的屈服强度增加了2 MPa,点阵6063铝合金的屈服强度增加了7.6 MPa;加载速率从250 mm/min增加到500 mm/min时,点阵纯铝的屈服强度变化不大,而点阵6063铝合金的屈服强度增加了8.2 MPa;当加载速率一定时,点阵6063铝合金的屈服强度要大于点阵纯铝。结论点阵6063铝合金的力学性能和单位体积吸能随着加载速率的增大而增大,并且点阵6063铝合金的力学性能和吸能特性要大于点阵纯铝。     

泡沫铝环氧树脂互穿相复合材料压缩力学性能

通过一系列准静态压缩实验研究了纯泡沫铝、 纯环氧树脂及三种不同体积分数的空心玻璃微珠(HGB)泡沫铝-环氧树脂互穿相复合材料(IPC)等五种材料压缩的变形过程和破坏形貌, 分析了其破坏机制, 并对三种IPC进行了应力松弛实验。通过绘制应力-应变曲线, 分析了其变化规律, 得出了有效弹性模量、 屈服极限等力学性能及能量吸收特性。结果表明: 三种IPC的有效弹性模量、 屈服极限及比强度、 比刚度均较纯泡沫铝有较大的提高, 泡沫铝-环氧树脂的单位体积吸能率最大, 且吸能率随空心玻璃微珠体积分数的增加而减小。泡沫铝-环氧树脂IPC有效弹性模量的预测结果与实验值较为符合。应力松弛率随空心玻璃微珠体积分数增加而增大。     

基于高速图像测量技术的缓冲材料缓冲性能的表征

有效表征缓冲材料的缓冲特性对于优化设计缓冲包装十分重要。采用动态缓冲系数表征材料的缓冲性能是一种非常有效方法。基于动态压缩实验和高速图像测量技术,测量了发泡聚乙烯缓冲材料冲击过程中的动态应力—应变曲线,由此得到不同应力水平情况下单位体积的动态变形能和动态缓冲系数,从而直接表征了泡沫材料的动态缓冲性能,为缓冲包装设计提供了重要的基础数据。     

泡沫填充型蜂窝纸板面外压缩性能实验研究EI北大核心CSCD

对泡沫填充型蜂窝纸板的面外压缩性能及其影响规律进行了试验研究。将不同密度的聚氨酯泡沫以不同填充方式填充入不同边长的蜂窝胞元中,以不同的压缩速率对上述泡沫填充型蜂窝纸板进行准静态压缩试验,结果发现:蜂窝胞元边长显著影响泡沫填充型蜂窝纸板的面外压缩性能,初始峰值应力和平台应力均随着胞元边长的增大而减小;当使用低密度(高发泡倍率)的泡沫填充蜂窝纸板时,初始峰值应力和平台应力均优于高密度(低发泡倍率)泡沫填充型蜂窝纸板;部分填充和完全填充的泡沫填充型蜂窝纸板相对于未填充的蜂窝纸板的平台应力和吸能性能均有大幅提升,不但降低了初始峰值应力,还提高了平台应力,对面外压缩性能和缓冲性能改善明显;在2 mm/min^50 mm/min的压缩速率区间内,泡沫填充型蜂窝纸板面外压缩性能受压缩速率的影响不显著。本文的研究成果可为蜂窝纸板的合理使用及多目标优化提供依据。     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Mechanism Study on the Wear of CrAlTiN Coated High-Speed Steel Twist Drills Under Dry Cutting Conditions

As demands about environment protection are growing up, dry cutting technology is getting more and more concerns from all over the world. Main works performed here are study on dry cutting performances and wear mechanisms of M2high-speed steel (HSS) twist drills with CrAlTiN multicomponent coatings, which was deposited using magnetron sputter ion plating system, in drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, and their comparisons to those in drilling the same steel but using monolayer CrN and commercial TiN coated drills. Drilling performances of drills are evaluated mainly through the measurements of width on outer corner flank land and the cutting forces. Results show that performances of CrAlTiN coated drills are better than those of monolayer CrN and TiN coated drills. In drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, the average tool life of the CrAlTiN coated drills are 17.2 and 11.8 times higher than those of the uncoated drills. Observing wear of the drill with scanning electronic microscope, results show that there is no crack or spallation of the CrAlTiN coatings in wear zones. Main mechanism of the wear here is adhesion.     

Study on Bond Ability of Arc-Spraying Coatings with Different Surface Pretreatment on Cast-Iron

Arc spraying coatings are widely used in various applications, but uncommon in cast iron substrate. Different surface pretreatment technology is tested on substrates of gray cast iron. Surface roughness and residual stress were measured by TR200 and X-ray diffraction analyzer. Influence of different surface pretreatment methods ( dry blasting and fusebond) on roughness and residual stress was analyzed. The arc-sprayed coatings of wire 3Cr13 (φ2mm) on gray cast iron substrate is studied. The microstructure and interface of bonding layer were observed by SEM. The bond strength was taken by tensile test. Results show that bond strength with grit blasting is higher than fuse-bond; it is feasible to make wire 3Cr13 coating with arc spraying on cast iron substrate roughened by grit blasting.     

Structural Characteristics of TiO2 Ceramic Coating by Micro-Plasma Oxidation

TiO2 ceramic coatings with thickness of 20 μm were formed on the surface of pure titanium by micro-plasma oxidation. Their micro-structures were investigated by by using X-ray diffraction and their surface images were detected by using scan electronic microscope. There were three kinds of TiO2 coatings, pure anatase type TiO2 phase, mixed phases consisted of rutile type TiO2 phase and anatase type TiO2 phase, pure rutile type TiO2 phase. The coating surface with the pure anatase type TiO2 phase is rough, while the coating surface with the pure rutile type TiO2phase is smooth. The upper coating surface with the mixed type TiO2 phases is anatase type TiO2 structure and the subsurface of the TiO2 coating is rutile type TiO2structure.     

Evaluation of fatigue life of steel using steel grain size

The insightful discussion of the relationship between the construction of metallographic and fatigue life and proposition of mathematical relationships describing this relationship was conducted in the paper. This paper presents a method for estimating the fatigue life, based on the construction of the microstructural material taking into account the grain size and the participation of ferrite and pearlite phase.