地应力及原生裂隙对水力压裂起裂方向和起裂压力的影响

在理论计算水力压裂起裂压力和起裂方向的基础上,利用应力-渗流耦合数值模拟方法,研究了地应力和原生裂隙对水力压裂过程中裂纹起裂和扩展的影响,得出了起裂压力和扩展压力随侧压系数的变化趋势;对比分析了不含预制裂纹和含预制裂纹压裂模型的起裂压力和方向;探讨了含裂纹模型起裂转向的临界应力条件;最后,通过应力分析阐述了地应力和原生裂隙对水力压裂起裂的影响机理。     

应力旋转条件下水力压裂裂纹扩展规律研究

为探究地应力旋转对水力压裂钻孔裂纹扩展的影响,理论分析了不同应力轨迹下起裂角度的变化规律,采用相似模拟实验对不同应力角度下的起裂应力进行了分析,并运用数值模拟方法探究了应力旋转条件下的裂纹扩展规律。结果表明：随着应力轨迹的旋转,起裂角逐渐向煤层的走向方位偏转。水力钻孔与水平主应力的角度越大时,起裂压力会明显增加,同时裂纹扩展呈现“平台”特征,不利于水力裂纹的快速扩展。当应力无旋转时,水力裂纹沿最小主应力方向扩展。应力发生旋转,当应力差较小时,裂纹在尖端会发生破裂;当应力差较大时,初始水力裂纹的扩展被抑制,新衍生的水力裂纹会沿最小主应力方向扩展。     

含层理页岩水压致裂特性及对破裂压力的启示

水力压裂是页岩气开发中常用的储层改造技术,破裂压力的准确预测对于现场压裂施工设计至关重要。为探究页岩层理对水力压裂的影响机制,以四川长宁地区黑色页岩为研究对象,对含层理的页岩进行巴西劈裂抗拉强度测试,利用GCTS岩石力学试验机开展不同层理角度下页岩的水压致裂试验,结合X射线CT机和三维扫描仪对页岩的扩展形态及裂缝表面粗糙度进行表征,并对页岩水力压裂的破裂压力进行分析。结果表明：(1)页岩的抗拉强度随层理角度变化呈先减后增的变化趋势,各向异性明显;(2)层理的存在对页岩水力压裂的破裂压力影响较大,不同层理角度条件下页岩水力压裂的破裂压力与抗拉强度的变化规律相似,在30°最小,90°最大;(3)层理面对水力压裂裂缝扩展的影响较小,主要是拉伸破坏产生的单裂缝,裂缝面粗糙度较高且与层理方向无关;(4)通过数值仿真确定了压裂井筒塑性区的存在,解释了试验中观察到异常高的破裂压力,说明水力压裂裂缝起裂后存在一定的临界起裂特征长度,岩石需要经过裂纹孕育阶段才能完全破裂,不同层理角度页岩通过临界起裂特征长度来影响起裂压力,采用新的模型能较好预测页岩水力压裂的破裂压力。研究结果对于了解深部页岩裂缝起裂扩展...     

储层射孔压裂裂缝起裂与扩展的数值分析

掌握储层水力压裂裂缝的起裂与扩展规律对非常规油气资源开采和提高采收率至关重要。采用水泥砂浆模拟天然页岩,获得了与页岩基本力学参数和断裂韧性一致的相似材料。运用FRANC3D和ANSYS,模拟分析了不同水平应力比和射孔布置方式对水力压裂起裂和扩展的影响。研究表明:利用FRANC3D+ANSYS可以较好地模拟射孔压裂裂缝的起裂和三维空间中的扩展行为。射孔压裂裂缝的起裂压力随水平应力比的增大而减小。射孔方向与最大水平主应力方向一致时起裂压力较小,射孔方向与最大水平主应力成夹角时,裂缝扩展面扭转并趋向于平行最大水平主应力方向。相对于射孔对称排布和交错排布,射孔线性排布时的起裂压力较小。     

砂岩钻孔轴向预制裂缝定向压裂试验研究

针对煤矿坚硬难垮顶板带来的冲击灾害,提出沿钻孔轴向预制裂缝定向水力压裂缩短悬顶长度的降冲技术。选用尺寸为300 mm×300 mm×300 mm的紫砂岩试样,在试件中心打通孔,孔径为25 mm,沿孔壁不同方位预制裂缝长度为10 mm的对称裂缝,共制备试件16块,利用真三轴压裂试验平台与恒流恒压注液泵开展水力定向压裂试验,监测获得注液压力-注液时间的变化曲线,统计压裂裂缝路径形态,并引入裂缝偏转角表征裂缝路径的偏转特征,研究了不同预制裂缝角、水平应力差异系数及注液速率对水力裂缝的起裂、扩展规律的影响,并结合Hubbert-Willis弹性水力压裂模型与Ⅰ-Ⅱ型复合裂纹水力压裂模型分别讨论了试验结果中水力裂缝的起裂机理与扩展机制。试验结果表明:预制裂缝定向压裂均形成单一裂缝,且裂缝形态可归纳为两类:转向裂缝和平直裂缝。起裂压力随预制裂缝角的增大而增大,随着水平应力差异系数的增加而减小,随着注液速率的增加而增大;具有定向作用的预制裂缝角度随水平应力差异系数增大而减小。在相同偏转角下裂缝的扩展长度随预制裂缝角的增大先减小后增加,在45°时为最小;随着水平应力差异系数的增加而减小;随着注液速率的增加而增大。结合试验结果与理论模型讨论可知:预制裂缝具有定向作用时,可用Ⅰ-Ⅱ型复合裂纹水力压裂模型预测起裂压力和裂缝偏转规律;预制裂缝定向作用失效时,适用Hubbert-Willis弹性水力压裂模型求解起裂压力。研究结果为现场预制裂缝定向压裂参数设计提供参照。     

定向水力致裂坚硬顶板的现场试验研究

依据断裂力学理论,建立了裂纹尖端扩展力学模型,获得了尖端起裂的临界应力及其影响因素,包括垂直应力、水平应力、岩石的断裂韧度、初始裂缝的倾角与直径、注水压力等.研究结果表明:应力达到裂缝尖端起裂的临界应力时,尖端开始起裂扩展.通过坚硬顶板定向水力致裂工业性试验,获得了初始裂缝和注水压力是决定定向水力致裂坚硬顶板效果的关键因素.     

煤岩体定向圆形孔楔形切槽水力压裂起裂分析研究

为了研究煤矿井下水力压裂初始裂纹起裂条件和起裂方向,在线弹性断裂力学的基础上,建立了圆形孔楔形切槽水力压裂断裂力学模型,模型切槽长度与钻孔直径接近,综合计算分析了水力压裂裂纹尖端应力强度因子。根据切槽尖端应力强度因子,运用复合型裂纹脆性断裂的最大环向拉应力理论,分析了裂纹在地应力场以及高压水下的起裂条件和起裂方向,给出了相应的计算方法。结合古书院矿15号煤的岩石力学参数和地应力场数据,计算出裂纹起裂压力17.6MPa,起裂角度12.8°。并且在古书院矿153303工作面进行了现场工业性实验,现场实际起裂压力与理论计算结果比较接近,从而验证了理论分析的可行性。     

岩体水力定向压裂技术研究

水力压裂是高效破岩技术之一,在煤岩层增透、卸压控制等方向应用较多。但是,目前就煤岩体定向压裂控制方向的研究相对较少。为突破常规煤岩体压裂限制,本文研究水力破岩压裂技术的可控性及适用性。为分析水力压裂的定向控制性,开展了理论和数值分析。结果表明,在λ1时,起裂、扩展压力随λ增加而增加,在λ1时起裂压力、扩展压力随λ增加而减小,主裂纹沿最大主应力方向扩展;在近似等围压条件下,定向控制裂纹可以引导和控制破岩主裂纹的扩展,且定向控制裂纹与最大主应力的方位角越小,定向控制裂纹对主裂纹引导作用越明显。基于理论和数值分析结果,可知水力定向压裂技术具有较好的应用价值。     

基于真三轴物理模拟实验的裂缝扩展规律研究

为了研究不同起裂方式下水力裂缝三维扩展特征,采用真三轴水力压裂物理模拟试验机,开展定向压裂与钻孔压裂试验,结果表明：定向压裂裂纹从预制裂纹尖端起裂,向中间主应力方向转向,裂纹呈双翼弯曲形态,其整体仍平行于最大主应力方向。钻孔压裂裂纹在钻孔轴向对称位置起裂,呈椭圆形自相似扩展特征,裂纹倾向垂直于最小主应力。裂纹最终扩展方位不受起裂方式主导,而是由地应力场决定。水力压裂过程呈现憋压起裂和稳压扩展两个典型阶段。憋压起裂阶段,泵压急剧上升达到破裂压力后又迅速跌落,声发射能量骤增且波动剧烈。稳压扩展阶段,泵压曲线呈锯齿状波动发展并趋于平稳, 声发射能量水平相对较低。研究结论可为煤矿坚硬顶板压裂施工提供参考。     

岩体水力定向压裂技术的研究

水力压裂是高效破岩技术之一,在煤岩层增透、卸压控制等方向应用较多。但是,目前煤岩体定向压裂控制方向的研究相对较少。为突破常规煤岩体压裂限制,本文研究水力破岩压裂技术的可控性及适用性。为分析水力压裂的定向控制性,开展了理论和数值分析,理论分析和数值分析结果相一致,在λ<1时,起裂、扩展压力随λ增加而增加,在λ>1时起裂压力、扩展压力随λ增加而减小,主裂纹沿最大主应力方向扩展;在近似等围压条件,定向控制裂纹可以引导和控制破岩主裂纹的扩展,且定向控制裂纹与最大主应力的方位角越小,定向控制裂纹对主裂纹引导作用越明显。基于理论和数值分析结果,可知水力定向压裂技术具有较好的应用价值。     

Market and recycling of NiMH battery

<正>Market status and future trend of NiMH battery1.Global market of small NiMH battery Global market size of small NiMH batteries declined year on year since 2011.The trend will continue to 2018,at the rate of 5%to 10%annually.Demand for small NiMH batteries will be stable gradually.Many electrical apparatuses are powered by the built-in lithium battery today,which is the main reason for the shrunk market of small NiMH batteries.But,for some products,small NiMH     

China rare earth market review

正September 1-10,2014 Affected by the National Day holiday,rare earth transaction was stagnant and the market showed a weak steady state.As there was no good news for downstream market,some products with flat demand would likely rally slightly for some time to     

Current situation and future trend of China rare earth luminescent materialindustry(continued)

<正>Developing ecological lighting source The world is facing the big problem of energy shortage today and the contradiction between economy development and environmental protection is worsened.Therefore,people are more likely to choose an ecological light source that is more energy efficient and environmental friendly.The choice provides great opportunity for the development of rare earth optical material industry in China.The concept of green lighting positions rare earth luminescent material as a leading player in illumination market.The light source of both rare earth luminescent lamp and LED lamp is ecological and energy saving.This is why     

Galaxy Magnets achieved the net profit of 34.02 million yuan in the first six months of 2014

正Galaxy Magnet announced its financial results for the first half of 2014 on August 14.For the first six months ended on 30 June 2014,Galaxy Magnet achieved operation income of RMB 182.3 million,up8.40% over the same period of 2013,and the net profit attributable to the shareholders of the listed company of 34.02 million yuan,increasing 35.49% over the same period of last year.Stable performance increase was led by development of new customers and application market of magnets.     

Rare Earth Application in Steel in China

<正>China has rich rare earth resources.Output of rare earth and steel in China ranks the top first in the world.However,there is still certain distance between the steel produced in China and developed countries from the point of varieties and quality.China still has to import some types of steel.Improving the quality should be emphasiZed in future development of steel industry in China.Rare earth can be used to upgrade traditional steel     

China rare earth market review

正November 21~30,2014Due to weak demand from downstream industries,transactions of rare earth in Chinese domestic market were inactive.It was difficult to sell any rare earth products except for dysprosium oxide and terbium oxide.Suppliers lost confidence in recent market.Demand for rare earth products was soft.Consumers continued to take a wait-and-see attitude.Rare earth export market remained slow.     

稀散金属产业的观察与思考

分析了近年来国内外稀散金属产业的生产、应用、资源与市场状况.铟锡氧化物靶材、砷化镓晶片、锗红外材料、铼高温合金和硒在电解锰及玻璃的应用等已成为稀散金属的主要应用领域.稀散金属的产量快速增长达到历史高位而导致了市场的失衡.以GaInP_2/GaAs/Ge,CIGS和CdTe为代表的非硅系太阳能电池是稀散金属的新兴应用领域,将给稀散金属带来日益增长的需求.     

Current situation and future trend of China rare earth luminescent material industry

<正>Rare earth luminescent material is one of the most important application sectors of rare earths.China enjoys the exceptional advantage to develop rare earth luminescent material for its abundant rare earth resources.After several decades'endeavor,China's rare earth luminescent material industry,headed by rare earth phosphor for lamp and LED and high efficient rare earth energy-saving light source,has been gradually developed into a scale industry.China has become a major production base of rare earth phosphor for lamps and rare earth     

China rare earth market review

正June 1~10,2014Rare earth market remained weak.Quoted price of rare earth products was similar to that in May.There was no sign of recovery in downstream market.The market of NdFeB magnetic materials and phosphor was depressed.Catalyst,polishing powder and ceramic industries remained inactive.Demand from downstream industry was soft.Consumers purchased on their needs.Suppliers had strong intention to sell.Prices of rare earth products     

2014 second batch of rare earth quota released

正~~