链甾醇在五种有机溶剂中溶解度的测定、关联及预测

实验测定了链甾醇在正己烷、丁酮、正丁醇、DMSO、乙酸等五种有机溶剂中的溶解度,填补溶解度数据空白。采用理想溶液、Apelblat和COSMO-RS模型对链甾醇的溶解度进行了关联和预测,通过平均相对偏差(ARD)评价各模型的关联或预测效果。理想溶液和Apelblat模型对实验数据关联的ARD均小于11.0%,但都没有预测新系统溶解度的能力。COSMO-RS预测结果误差大。通过改进,预测时输入一个实验数据,结果预测值与实验值吻合得较好,总的ARD从304.30%降为26.98%。上述结果表明只需一个实验数据的COSMO-RS(ref)可用于链甾醇溶解度的预测,为工业分离纯化过程中的溶剂快速筛选提供重要的理论依据。     

离子液体[Bmim][NTf_2]对CO_2在碳酸二乙酯中溶解性能的强化

采用恒定容积法在温度范围308.15~328.15 K、压力范围0~3 MPa条件下测定了CO_2在碳酸二乙酯(DEC)、离子液体[Bmim][NTf_2]以及二者不同质量分数配比混合溶剂中的溶解度,并用COSMO-RS模型研究了离子液体的加入对DEC蒸气分压的影响。实验表明,在相同实验条件下CO_2在[Bmim][NTf_2]中的溶解度大于在DEC中的溶解度。[Bmim][NTf_2]的加入可强化CO_2在DEC中的溶解性能,在相同温度下CO_2在混合溶剂中的溶解度随[Bmim][NTf_2]质量分数增加而增大,在相同浓度的混合溶剂中CO_2的溶解度随温度升高而降低。COSMO-RS模型计算表明,DEC的蒸气分压下降的分数随混合溶剂中离子液体质量分数增加而增大,而对于相同质量分数配比的混合溶剂温度对DEC的蒸气分压影响较小。     

碳酸二苯酯在乙醇-碳酸二乙酯中固液平衡的测定与关联

采用激光法测定了碳酸二苯酯(DPC)在乙醇 碳酸二乙酯(DEC)混合溶剂中的溶解度。结果表明,在283.15～333.15 K下,碳酸二苯酯在混合溶剂中的溶解度随温度的升高而增大;相同温度下,溶解度随着乙醇浓度的增大而减小。进一步选用Wilson方程和λh方程拟合DPC的溶解度, 根据实验数据回归了模型参数,溶解度拟合值与实验值非常吻合,平均误差小于2.0%。计算表明Wilson方程对碳酸二苯酯-乙醇-碳酸二乙酯体系的计算精度更高些。     

3,4-二硝基呋咱基氧化呋咱的结晶热力学

在大气压力及298.15~338.15K下采用激光动态法测定了3,4-二硝基呋咱基氧化呋咱(DNTF)在不同体积比的乙酸-水混合溶剂中的溶解度,用Apelblat和(CNIBS)/Redlich-Kister经验模型对溶解度数据进行拟合,根据溶解度实验数据估算了DNTF的标准溶解焓、标准溶解熵、标准吉布斯自由能、固-液表面张力以及表面熵因子。通过测定DNTF在乙酸-水混合溶剂中的超溶解度,得到DNTF的冷却结晶介稳区,探讨了溶剂组成和温度对溶解度的影响。结果表明,用Apelblat模型和(CNIBS)/Redlich-Kister模型计算的溶解度值与实验值的平均相对误差分别为1.698%和3.001%;DNTF在乙酸-水溶液中的溶解度随温度的升高和乙酸含量的增加而增大;介稳区宽度随温度的增加而变宽,随乙酸含量的增大而变窄。     

甲基二乙醇胺-乙二醇-水混合溶剂中CO_2和H_2S的溶解度

采用自吸式搅拌鼓泡反应釜,系统测定了CO2和H2S在甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA)与乙二醇(EG)混合溶剂中的溶解度。研究表明,与MDEA质量分率30%的水溶液相比,CO2在非水MDEA混合溶剂中的溶解度下降幅度较大;而H2S在非水MDEA混合溶剂中的溶解度仅略有降低。在MDEA浓度一定的情况下,CO2和H2S的溶解度均随着混合溶剂中水含量的增加而升高,其中水含量变化对CO2溶解度的影响尤为显著。采用改进的Kent-Eisenberg简化模型,将气液平衡体系的非理想性归集于表观平衡常数K1和K2中。通过单一H2S-MDEA或CO2-MDEA体系的溶解度实验数据,由最小二乘法数据回归得出表观平衡常数K1和K2表达式,由模型计算得到的CO2和H2S酸气平衡分压平均偏差分别为4.59%和6.19%,与实验值符合较好。     

2-乙基和2-戊基蒽醌在TMB/DIBC中溶解度的测定与关联

采用平衡法测定了303.15~333.15 K温度范围内2-乙基蒽醌(EAQ)和2-戊基蒽醌(AAQ)在1,3,5-三甲苯(TMB)和2,6-二甲基-4-庚醇(DIBC)混合溶剂(两种溶剂的体积比为1:0、3:1、3:2、1:1、2:3和0:1)中的溶解度数据。EAQ和AAQ的溶解度均随温度升高、溶剂比增加而增大。在相同温度和溶剂比时,AAQ的溶解度远大于EAQ的溶解度。采用改进的λ-h方程、Wilson方程和NRTL方程对溶解度数据进行了关联。Wilson方程和NRTL方程的关联性和预测性均较好,特别是Wilson方程,溶解度预测值和实验值的最大和平均相对误差分别为7.94%和3.15%;改进的λ-h方程的关联性和预测性均不如前两个方程。     

离子液体[Bmim][NTf2]对CO2在碳酸二乙酯中溶解性能的强化

采用恒定容积法在温度范围308.15~328.15 K、压力范围0~3 MPa条件下测定了CO₂在碳酸二乙酯（DEC）、离子液体[Bmim][NTf₂]以及二者不同质量分数配比混合溶剂中的溶解度,并用COSMO-RS模型研究了离子液体的加入对DEC蒸气分压的影响。实验表明,在相同实验条件下CO₂在[Bmim][NTf₂]中的溶解度大于在DEC中的溶解度。[Bmim][NTf₂]的加入可强化CO₂在DEC中的溶解性能,在相同温度下CO₂在混合溶剂中的溶解度随[Bmim][NTf₂]质量分数增加而增大,在相同浓度的混合溶剂中CO₂的溶解度随温度升高而降低。COSMO-RS模型计算表明,DEC的蒸气分压下降的分数随混合溶剂中离子液体质量分数增加而增大,而对于相同质量分数配比的混合溶剂温度对DEC的蒸气分压影响较小。     

离子液体复合萃取剂高选择性分离植物甾醇

植物甾醇的分子结构都很相似,但是生物活性相差很大,分离难度也很大。研究使用COSMO-RS (真实溶剂似导体屏蔽模型)预测,探讨离子液体对植物甾醇的萃取分离机理。预测结果表明,植物甾醇在离子液体中的溶解度随氢键相互作用的增强而提高,氢键碱性较强的离子液体将增加萃取容量;萃取剂极性增大,易与豆甾醇形成萃取相分离。实验筛选以离子液体[bmim]Cl为代表,构建了液-液两相体系,结合高效液相色谱分析测定离子液体复合萃取剂对植物甾醇的分配系数和分离选择性。实验结果表明:用[bmim]Cl-乙腈/正己烷两相体系萃取,随离子液体浓度的增加,分配系数和萃取选择性系数的增加十分显著,当用20%[bmim]Cl-乙腈萃取时,豆甾醇的分配系数可达7.89,豆甾醇对β-谷甾醇的分离选择性可达65.8,是纯乙腈为萃取剂时的54倍以上。     

剑麻皂甙元在甲醇和乙醇中溶解度的测定及应用

常压下,平衡法测定了剑麻皂甙元在甲醇(293~338K)和乙醇(293~353K)溶剂中的溶解度,并对溶解度数据进行关联拟合。结果表明:剑麻皂甙元在两种溶剂中的溶解度均随温度的升高而增大。温度293~323K时,甲醇溶解度高于乙醇溶解度,温度大于323K时,乙醇溶解度高于甲醇溶解度。甲醇和乙醇拟合方程校正决定系数分别为0.9961和0.9976,温度318~338K时,甲醇平均相对误差2.12%,温度328~353K时,乙醇平均相对误差2.56%,拟合方程基本可满足工程设计需要。对两种溶剂在剑麻皂甙元工业生产中的应用进行了研究,表明乙醇作为剑麻皂甙元的萃取溶剂优于甲醇。     

对羟基苯甘氨酸硫酸盐在水-丙酮中溶解度的测定与关联

利用灵敏的激光监视装置,采用恒温溶解法测定了对羟基苯甘氨酸硫酸盐在水-丙酮二元混合溶剂中的溶解度.实验温度范围约为303～323 K,水-丙酮混合溶剂中水的变化范围为0%～100%.在纯丙酮和低含水量的混合溶剂中,对羟基苯甘氨酸硫酸盐溶解度很低.混合溶剂含水9.09%以下时,溶解度随水含量增加略有降低.随着溶剂中水量的进一步增加,溶解度随之增大.在研究的温度范围内,溶质在纯水中的溶解度约为纯丙酮中的50～70倍.同一溶剂中,溶解度随温度升高而增大.用从Clausius-Clapeyron方程推导的理论模型关联溶解度与温度的关系,计算的溶解度和实验值符合良好,平均相对误差1.73%.实验结果可应用于对羟基苯甘氨酸的提纯和优先结晶法拆分工艺.     

Comparison of different solubility equations for modeling in cooling crystallization

In this paper we evaluate the sensitivity of using different solubility models on cooling crystallization. Specifically, the cooling crystallization of acetaminophen in ethanol is investigated. Empirical, correlative thermodynamic (namely van Laar, Wilson, and NRTL) and predictive thermodynamic (namely MOSCED, NRTL-SAC, and UNIFAC) models are considered. Equilibrium solubility model prediction determines the predicted supersaturation profile. The different solubility equations are used within a population balance model for prediction of crystal size properties. Incorrect prediction of the supersaturation profile results in incorrect prediction of crystal size distribution. The NRTL model was found to be more accurate at predicting equilibrium solubility and consequently crystal size. After the solubility sensitivity is evaluated, two methods are proposed to make the crystallization model more robust against solubility model errors.     

Analysis of cholesterol and desmosterol in cultured cells without organic solvent extraction

Cultured cell sterols such as cholesterol and desmosterol are usually extracted into organic solvents before they are quantified with cholesterol esterase and oxidase. A method to quantify these cultured cell sterols using cholesterol enzymes without prior organic solvent extraction is described. In this method, a suspension or monolayer of cultured L-M, U-937, or PC-12 cells is digested with 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and the digest treated with microbial cholesterol enzymes. The quantity of oxidized sterols produced by the reaction can be measured easily with high-pressure liquid chromatography, when a mixture of sterols is present, or by the production of hydrogen peroxide when only one sterol is present. This method is easier and safer to use than solvent extraction and can greatly expedite the quantitation of cultured cell sterols. Preliminary data show that other lipids such as choline phospholipids, triglycerides, and fatty acids can also be directly quantified in SDS cell digest by using specific enzymes to transform these lipids into hydrogen peroxides.     

Simultaneous quantification of serum phytosterols and cholesterol precursors using a simple gas chromatographic method

Determination of the main phytosterols (Ps, β‐sitosterol and campesterol) and cholesterol precursors (desmosterol and lathosterol) in human serum using a simple GC‐FID method has been validated. Direct saponification, without lipid extraction, sterols extraction, and further derivatization was applied to samples prior to GC analysis. To evaluate the method, a pool of serum samples from eight healthy women was used. Good linearity (r>0.99) was found in the assay range: β‐sitosterol (0.99–17.82 µg/mL), campesterol (0.14–10.8 µg/mL), desmosterol (0.17–2.6 µg/mL), and lathosterol (0.6–5.97 µg/mL). Limits of detection (ng/mL) were: 86 (β‐sitosterol), 42 (campesterol), 4 (desmosterol), and 44 (lathosterol). Accuracy, estimated by recovery assays (%), were: 113 (β‐sitosterol), 114 (campesterol), 111 (desmosterol), and 102 (lathosterol). Within and between precision values (%), expressed as the relative SD (RSD), were: 2.6 and 8.1 (β‐sitosterol), 1.6 and 7.2 (campesterol), 2.1 and 7.9 (desmosterol), and 4.1 and 5.8 (lathosterol), respectively. The developed methodology allowed fast (1‐day analysis) and reliable quantification of sterols in serum, required a small volume of sample and reduced use of solvents. It therefore could be used in clinical assays for the determination of serum sterols, as in evaluating the pharmacological response to lipid‐lowering agents, and in assessing biological responses to Ps‐enriched diets. Practical applications : This methodology allows fast and reliable quantification of sterols in serum, requiring a small volume of sample and reduced use of solvents. It can be used as a routine method for the quantification of phytosterols and cholesterol precursors in clinical assays, and it is also suitable for monitoring biological responses to health‐promoting phytosterol‐enriched diets.     

Modeling of CO2 Solubility in Selected Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids

This study explores the use of COSMO-RS model and Peng-Robinson (PR) equation of state (EoS) to predict the solubility of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in specific ionic liquids (ILs). COSMO-RS was employed to estimate of CO₂ solubility at atmospheric pressure in eight imidazolium-based ILs resulting from the combination of ethyl, butyl, hexyl, and octyl-imidazolium cations with two anions: bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([Tf₂N]) and Trifluoromethanesulfonate ([TFO]). The results indicated relatively acceptable qualitative consistency between the experimental and predicted values. The PR EoS was employed at high pressure by tuning the interaction parameters to fit the experimental data reported in the literature. The model demonstrated excellent accuracy in predicting the solubility of CO₂ at pressure values less than the critical pressure of CO₂; however, at higher pressures, the calculated solubility diverged from the experimental values. Furthermore, the type of anion and cation used in the IL affected the performance of the PR EoS.     

Separation of cholesterol-desmosterol acetates by thin-layer and column chromatography on silica gel G-silver nitrate

A chromatographic method, using columns packed with Celite-Silica Gel G impregnated with silver nitrate, has been developed for the separation of cholesterol from desmosterol (24-dehydrocholesterol). The system employed allows a complete separation of the two sterols as acetates, as determined by gas-liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography. The recovery of pure cholesterol and desmosterol is quantitative.     

Solubility parameters and solvent affinities for polycaprolactone: A comparison of methods

Intrinsic viscosity measurements were used in combination with the functional solubility parameter (FSP) and Hansen solubility parameter (HSP) fitting methods to determine the solubility parameters (SPs) of polycaprolactone (PCL). Despite using only eight solvents, a simple similarity criteria approach showed that the HSPs and FSPs were good predictors of the relative solvent-PCL affinity compared to HSPs available in the literature and SPs calculated using additive group contribution methods. Three complementary computational methodologies—Conductor-like Screening MOdel for Real Solvents (COSMO-RS), partial solvation parameters (PSPs), and a thermodynamic quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) approach—were used to substantiate the relative solvent–PCL affinities revealed by the intrinsic viscosity measurements. The solvent affinities predicted by all three techniques were in good agreement with the trend observed in the experimental intrinsic viscosity data, but the COSMO-RS activity coefficients, ln(γ_PCL), were slightly superior to the PSP and thermodynamic QSPR methods, particularly when incorporating the Elbro free-volume combinatorial correction in the COSMO-RS calculations. As part of this study, the FSP fitting algorithm was modified to obtain the PSPs for PCL in terms of the intrinsic viscosity data, thereby, presenting a promising new way to calculate the PSPs of polymers from empirical solubility and solvent affinity data. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020 , 137, 48908.     

两种天然甜味剂甜菊苷和瑞鲍迪苷A在不同溶剂中的溶解度测定

用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定了两种天然甜味剂甜菊苷和瑞鲍迪苷A在不同纯溶剂中的固液平衡数据,温度范围为288.15~328.15 K。从实验数据知,所有研究的体系的溶解度均随温度的升高而增大。实验数据用三参数方程和NRTL模型拟合,拟合结果显示,两种模型均有好的拟合结果。由得到的溶解度数据,可指导甜菊苷与瑞鲍迪苷A的分离及结晶纯化溶剂的选择。     

Phytosterol Ester Constituents Affect Micellar Cholesterol Solubility in Model Bile

Plant sterols and stanols (phytosterols) and their esters are nutraceuticals that lower LDL cholesterol, but the mechanisms of action are not fully understood. We hypothesized that intact esters and simulated hydrolysis products of esters (phytosterols and fatty acids in equal ratios) would differentially affect the solubility of cholesterol in model bile mixed micelles in vitro. Sodium salts of glycine- and taurine-conjugated bile acids were sonicated with phosphatidylcholine and either sterol esters or combinations of sterols and fatty acids to determine the amount of cholesterol solubilized into micelles. Intact sterol esters did not solubilize into micelles, nor did they alter cholesterol solubility. However, free sterols and fatty acids altered cholesterol solubility independently (no interaction effect). Equal contents of cholesterol and either campesterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol, or stigmastanol (sitostanol) decreased cholesterol solubility in micelles by approximately 50% compared to no phytosterol present, with stigmasterol performing slightly better than sitosterol. Phytosterols competed with cholesterol in a dose-dependent manner, demonstrating a 1:1 M substitution of phytosterol for cholesterol in micelle preparations. Unsaturated fatty acids increased the micelle solubility of sterols as compared with saturated or no fatty acids. No differences were detected in the size of the model micelles. Together, these data indicate that stigmasterol combined with saturated fatty acids may be more effective at lowering cholesterol micelle solubility in vivo.     

Solubility and mass transfer of H2, CH4, and their mixtures in vacuum gas oil: An experimental and modeling study

In this work, the solubility data and liquid-phase mass transfer coefficients of hydrogen (H₂), methane (CH₄) and their mixtures in vacuum gas oil (VGO) at temperatures (353.15-453.15 K) and pressures (1-7 MPa) were measured, which are necessary for catalytic cracking process simulation and design. The solubility of H₂ and CH₄ in VGO increases with the increase of pressure, but decreases with the increase of temperature. Henry's constants of H₂ and CH₄ follow the relation of ln H=-413.05/T + 5.27 and ln H=-990.67/T + 5.87, respectively. The molar fractions of H₂ and system pressures at different equilibrium time were measured to estimate the liquid-phase mass transfer coefficients. The results showed that with the increase of pressure, the liquid-phase mass transfer coefficients increase. Furthermore, the solubility of H₂ and CH₄ in VGO was predicted by the predictive COSMO-RS model, and the predicted values agree well with experimental data. In addition, the gas-liquid equilibrium (GLE) for H₂ + CH₄ + VGO system at different feeding gas ratios in volume fraction (i.e., H₂ 85% + CH₄ 15% and H₂ 90% + CH₄ 10%) was measured. The selectivity of H₂ to CH₄ predicted by the COSMO-RS model agrees well with experimental data. This work provides the basic thermodynamic and dynamic data for fuel oil catalytic cracking processes.     

Prediction and verification of heat capacities for pure ionic liquids

The heat capacity of ionic liquids is an important physical property,and experimental measuring is usually used as a common method to obtain them.Owing to the huge number of ionic liquids that can be potentially synthesized,it is desirable to acquire theoretical predictions.In this work,the Conductor-like Screening Model for Real Solvents(COSMO-RS) was used to predict the heat capacity of pure ionic liquids,and an intensive literature survey was conducted for providing a database to verify the prediction of COSMO-RS.The survey shows that the heat capacity is available for 117 ionic liquids at temperatures ranging 77.66-520 K since 2004,and the 4025 data points in total with the values from 76.37 to 1484 J·mol~(-1)·K~(-1) have been reported.The prediction of heat capacity with COSMO-RS can only be conducted at two temperatures(298 and 323 K).The comparison with the experimental data proves the prediction reliability of COSMO-RS,and the average relative deviation(ARD) is 8.54%.Based on the predictions at two temperatures,a linear equation was obtained for each ionic liquid,and the heat capacities at other temperatures were then estimated via interpolation and extrapolation.The acquired heat capacities at other temperatures were then compared with the experimental data,and the ARD is only 9.50%.This evidences that the heat capacity of a pure ionic liquid follows a linear equation within the temperature range of study,and COSMO-RS can be used to predict the heat capacity of ionic liquids reliably.