特效菌群构建及其处理兰炭废水试验研究

为了解决兰炭废水生化处理效果不理想的难题,借鉴医药废水生化处理工艺,从医药废水生化处理系统的污泥中筛选了对多酚类具有抗性的特效菌群。将驯化后的特效菌群用于处理兰炭废水,通过静态试验验证了特效菌群对兰炭废水具有较好的解毒效果,并通过动态试验模拟兰炭废水生化处理工况。静态和动态试验研究了特效菌群对降低兰炭废水毒性、 COD、有机氮和总氮的效果,结果表明,特效菌群能够有效降低兰炭废水的毒性,最小抑菌浓度从3%提升至30%以上,生物毒性下降10倍,COD去除率达到62.19%,有机氮去除率达到56.9%,废水的B/C值从0.12提升至0.43,处理出水的可生化性显著提升。该特效菌群可以用于兰炭废水的解毒预处理,通过解毒预处理能够提升兰炭废水的生化处理效果。     

兰炭废水处理技术的研究与进展

兰炭废水中污染物浓度高、成分复杂、可生化性差、处理难度大,研发经济高效的兰炭废水处理技术具有重要意义。综述了兰炭废水处理技术的研究进展,评述了各种方法的特点:资源回收预处理技术,可回收兰炭废水中有价值的物质,降低污染物浓度,提高废水的可生化性;高级氧化技术作为预处理技术,可将大分子污染物降解为小分子污染物;深度处理技术,可进一步降低污染物的浓度或直接去除,使出水达标排放。最后提出了兰炭废水处理技术的研究和发展方向。     

兰炭废水资源化预处理技术研究进展

以中低温干馏为核心工艺的低阶煤分质分级利用对我国实现煤炭清洁高效利用、锚定“双碳”目标具有重大意义。然而，兰炭废水“四高一少”的组成特征给预处理工艺中乳化油、氨和酚的综合治理带来难题，成为限制该行业发展的主要瓶颈之一。基于兰炭废水脱油除尘和酚氨回收2个工段，分类阐述了国内外对含油废水、煤化工废水的研究现状，结合工业运行现状和兰炭废水的水质特征，对比分析了各类技术应用于兰炭废水预处理时的难点，探讨了兰炭废水乳化油、氨和酚资源化处理的研究前景。     

兰炭废水预处理技术研究进展

综述了两种兰炭废水预处理技术:酚回收和高级氧化预处理。采用以萃取和吸附为主的酚回收预处理技术,可以高效回收废水中的酚类,但存在萃取剂损失率大、吸附材料再生困难等问题;采用高级氧化预处理技术,能保证良好的处理效果,但对于大量的兰炭废水,运行成本高。针对现有兰炭废水预处理工艺的特征和存在的问题,展望了高浓度废水处理技术的发展方向。     

电絮凝法去除兰炭废水中的COD

考察了铝及不锈钢作阳极的电絮凝法去除兰炭废水COD的可行性,以及处理时间、pH、电流密度、电解质浓度、极板间距等操作条件对兰炭废水COD去除效果的影响。实验结果表明:铝阳极电絮凝去除兰炭废水COD的效果好于不锈钢阳极。用铝阳极在电流密度为0.05 A/cm2、pH=7的条件下电絮凝4 h,兰炭废水COD去除率最高可达75%。实验结果表明,铝阳极电絮凝法可实现对兰炭废水的预处理。     

蒸氨-脱酚-SBR处理兰炭废水的研究

兰炭废水是煤制焦化产品回收过程中产生的废水,其成分复杂多变,属于难处理的工业废水。兰炭废水的处理方法主要有生物法、化学法和物理化学法等三类。为开发高效且低成本的兰炭废水处理新技术,将蒸氨-脱酚-SBR结合的处理工艺,进行试验。对某厂兰炭废水进行处理,并考察微生物的适应情况以及对废水的处理效果。结果表明：蒸氨-脱酚-SBR处理工艺可以耐受废水中较高浓度的有害物质,对兰炭废水中各项污染物处理效果理想,该工艺运行成本低。     

兰炭废水处理技术

说明了兰炭废水的基本特点及处理难点,介绍了原料氨水的预处理、脱氨脱酚处理、蒸氨废水的预处理、生化处理、后处理及深度处理等工艺技术,采用上述处理技术可以保证处理后的水质满足国家排放标准的要求。     

兰炭废水处理工艺的试验研究

针对兰炭废水高COD、高氨氮、B/C极低以及具有较强生物毒性的特点,采用具有自主知识产权的除油—微电解—吹氨—高效菌种生化技术—混凝沉淀—催化氧化联合工艺对兰炭废水进行处理。试验结果表明:兰炭废水经预处理工序后,B/C由0.1提高至0.3~0.6;生化工序处理后出水的COD和氨氮分别为300、15 mg/L;最终通过深度处理后出水水质符合《炼焦化学工业污染物排放标准》(GB 16171—2012)中的现有企业直接排放标准,该组合工艺对COD和氨氮的总去除率分别可达99.5%和99%。     

兰炭废水处理技术的研究

文章针对兰炭废水毒性高,环境污染大的特点,在综述国内外兰炭废水处理技术现状及发展趋势的基础上,探讨了含酚兰炭废水脱氨提酚工艺的影响因素,并通过试验研究了溶剂萃取法和大孔树脂吸附法的对兰炭废水的处理效果。     

兰炭废水预处理工艺的实验研究

针对兰炭废水高COD、高挥发酚、低B/C的特点,采用溶剂萃取、超高交联树脂吸附以及氨氮吹脱的组合工艺对兰炭废水进行预处理实验研究。结果表明:以正辛醇为萃取剂,pH=2.0,废水与萃取剂的比值(水油比)5︰1,二级逆流萃取;超高交联树脂吸附流速2BV/h,甲醇作为脱附剂;氨氮吹脱时间3 h,在此种条件下,兰炭废水COD以及氨氮去除率分别是92.3%、90%,废水的可生化性提高,因此溶剂萃取、超高交联树脂吸附以及氨氮吹脱的组合工艺可作为兰炭废水的预处理工艺。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。