工艺参数对机器人电弧增材制造成形的影响研究

目的 提高电弧增材制造质量,获得更好的参数匹配。方法 研究机器人焊接速度和层间冷却时间变化对增材件形貌、熔宽、余高的影响规律。选取焊接速度为30 cm/min和40 cm/min,层间冷却时间为30 s和40 s,进行两变量两个水平的全面实验。利用机器人电弧增材制造技术在5 mm厚的316L不锈钢板上进行20层的堆积;在焊道上均匀选取6个点,测得总高、熔宽和余高数据。在此基础上,分析增材件总体形貌及熔宽、余高的变化规律。结果 发现当层间冷却时间达到一定值后,熔池已凝固且温度较低,熔宽、余高变化不大。随着焊接速度提升,熔池单位时间内熔化的金属量锐减,引起增材件熔宽、余高缩小。结论 改变焊接速度对增材件形貌的影响更为明显,层间冷却时间达到一定值后,层间温度不再发生变化,形貌变化不大。     

5556铝合金CMT增材单道成形质量及尺寸预测模型研究

目的 研究不同参数下5556铝合金CMT增材单道成形质量及尺寸预测模型。方法 利用游标卡尺和钢直尺,对增材试样截面的余高、熔宽、成形高度及成形宽度进行测量,并且使用SPSS、Excel及Origin等软件进行尺寸预测模型的建立及验证。结果 对于单层单道增材试样,随着焊接电流从60 A增至140 A,其余高、熔宽均整体呈上升趋势,并且余高的增长速度远小于熔宽的增长速度;随着焊接速度从300 mm/min增至1 100 mm/min,其熔宽、余高均呈下降趋势,但当焊接速度超过700 mm/min时,熔宽的变化较小;随着气体流量从10L/min增至25L/min,余高的变化幅度较小,但熔宽的变化幅度较大。对于多层单道增材试样,随着焊接速度从400 mm/min变为800 mm/min,其成形高度和宽度均变小;随着焊接电流从90 A变为130 A以及层间停留时间从1 min变为5 min,其成形高度和宽度均变大。通过多层单道增材实验和尺寸预测模型可知,焊接电流与增材试样的宽度呈正相关,焊接速度与增材试样的高度和宽度皆呈负相关。结论 单层单道增材试样的熔宽主要受焊接电流的影响,而余高主要受焊接速...     

TC4钛合金焊接工艺研究

对TCA钛合金进行A—TIG焊和TIG焊,分析不同的焊接方法和焊接工艺参数对焊后钛合金熔深、熔宽和焊缝熔池区域显微组织的影响,运用了光学显微镜等,对A—TIG焊接头的力学性能、显微组织进行了分析研究。试验结果表明,和常规TIG焊相比,在相同的焊接参数下,A—TIG焊能够有效减小熔宽,显著增加熔深;A—TIG焊能够有效减少焊缝气孔数量;对于TCA钛合金的焊接,A—T1G焊比常规TIG焊具有较明显优势。     

不同脉冲、频率下的双丝匹配对焊缝的影响研究

目的 为提高双丝焊接质量,探究不同脉冲和频率下的双丝匹配对焊接质量的影响。方法 采用MIG焊接技术,在3 mm厚的不锈钢板上进行焊接实验,之后观察和分析焊缝表面形貌、电流波形、金相组织以及截面几何形状参数。结果 在同一频率下,前丝单脉冲组的熔深总是小于对应双脉冲组。随着双脉冲频率的增大,熔深、余高也随之增大,熔宽变化不大。结论 在频率为4 Hz时进行焊接能得到较为美观的焊缝。在双丝匹配时,前丝单脉冲会阻碍后丝双脉冲对基板的挖掘和熔滴对熔池的搅拌作用,且前后丝位置顺序对熔深、余高影响较大,对内部金相组织生长形态影响较小。     

电弧增材制造成形工艺影响因素研究

采用Ti6321A焊丝进行电弧增材制造,研究了焊枪姿态和摆动参数等工艺因素对成形的影响。结果表明,不同的焊枪角度对增材制造焊缝堆焊成形形貌具有显著的影响,当焊枪姿态由推焊变化到拉焊时,焊缝熔宽减小,余高变高,即焊缝表面铺展能力减弱;焊缝熔深在焊枪垂直时达到最大值。焊枪摆动会使增材制造表面呈现纹路特征,纹路之间的宽度直接由摆长参数决定,摆宽对焊缝熔宽有显著影响,呈近似线性关系。     

响应面法分析7075铝合金激光焊接参数对焊接质量的影响规律

本工作选取激光焊接头的外观成形质量作为评价指标,采用响应面法分析焊接参数对焊接质量的影响规律.选用3 mm厚7075铝合金板材进行光纤激光焊接,测量熔深、熔宽和焊缝成形面积,计算焊缝成形系数.借助响应面分析方法将试验数据进行模拟、建模和比对,选择最佳数学模型建立回归模型,得到焊缝成形系数和焊缝截面积的三维响应面曲线.通过模拟预测,发现焊接功率、焊接速度对焊缝成形系数和焊缝截面积的影响较大,离焦量对焊缝成形系数的影响较大.研究结果表明,焊缝成形系数和焊缝截面积的实测值与预测值较为接近,焊缝成形系数预测值比实测值高0.61％,焊缝截面积预测值比实测值高1.9％,模型拟合度较好,得到较优的焊接参数为:焊接功率为2300 W,焊接速度为45 mm·s-1,离焦量为1,保护气体流量为15 L/min.在该参数下的焊缝成形系数为0.803,焊缝截面积为4.436 mm2,焊缝的抗拉强度为325 MPa.     

奥氏体不锈钢A-TIG焊工艺研究

目的研究焊接参数对焊缝成形和接头宏观组织的影响。方法改变焊接电流、焊接速度、焊接电压以及活性剂中的一个参数,固定其他3个参数不变,对奥氏体不锈钢进行焊接,分析其接头宏观形貌、组织和力学性能。结果随着电流、电压的增加,焊接接头的熔深和熔宽都在增加,随着焊接速度的增加,焊接接头的熔深和熔宽都在降低,在相同参数下,将不同活性剂下的A-TIG焊接头的熔深和熔宽进行比较,发现涂敷C4活性剂接头熔深最大达到4.29mm,而常规TIG焊接头熔深为1.38mm,涂敷C4活性剂的接头熔深为TIG焊的3.11倍,且熔宽也有所减小。结论 C4活性剂A-TIG最佳工艺参数为:I=175 A,U=14 V,v=80 mm/min,此时能将6 mm板材焊透,成形良好,在此工艺下焊缝等轴晶范围最大,焊缝组织最为细小。相比于TIG焊,涂敷C4活性剂接头强度系数提升4.1%。     

PHS1800热成形钢自动化TIG焊接成形特性及工艺优化

目的 研究不同焊接参数下PHS1800热成形钢自动化TIG焊接的成形特性及其工艺优化。方法 利用自动化TIG焊接技术对厚度为1.4 mm的PHS热成形钢板进行焊接,采用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和万能实验机,对焊接接头的熔深、熔宽以及拉伸性能进行测试。结果 随着焊接速度的增大,焊缝熔深从板厚深度(1.4 mm)减小至0.99 mm,焊缝熔宽从8.69 mm减小至5.70 mm;随着焊接电流的增大,熔深从0.85 mm增大至板厚深度(1.4 mm),熔宽从4.52 mm增大至9.83 mm;随着脉冲频率的增大,熔深从0.98 mm增大至1.35 mm,但熔宽变化相差不明显。基于L25(5³)正交实验,确定焊接接头最大拉伸载荷为23.34 kN,其断口为脆性断裂。结论 焊接电流对成形特性影响最大,焊接速度对拉伸性能影响最显著。为了得到成形效果良好的焊接接头,热输入量不宜过高,因此需适当增大焊接速度或降低焊接电流。制备出的焊接接头成形与力学性能均良好,且优化后的工艺参数如下:焊接速度为6 mm/s,焊接电流为116 A,脉冲频率为26 Hz,可为汽车企业实际生产提供一定的理论依据。     

汽车门框上条角焊焊接质量研究及工艺参数优化

目的对汽车门框上条角焊进行质量研究,得到最优的工艺参数。方法通过对门框上条角焊过程工艺参数进行分析,设计了三因素四水平的16组正交试验方案;提出了焊缝尺寸数据获取的方法,获得焊接试验余高和熔深数据。利用Matlab建立了焊缝余高和熔深的BP神经网络预测模型,结合响应面优化算法实现工艺参数的优化。结果得到了焊接最优工艺参数,焊接效果满足汽车门框上条的要求。结论通过质量研究及工艺参数优化,得到了焊接工艺参数对焊接质量的影响规律及最优工艺参数,为汽车门框上条角焊质量提高和工艺优化提供了理论基础。     

2000 MPa级热成形钢双光斑激光焊接接头成形研究

目的 探究焊接参数对PHS2000型热成形钢焊接接头宏观形貌的影响,利用双光斑激光焊接工艺减少焊接缺陷,得到形貌良好的焊接接头。方法 使用德国通快公司的Tru Disk 5000型双光斑激光器对2 000 MPa级热成形钢进行激光焊接。使用金相显微镜对不同参数下焊接接头正面和背面的宏观形貌及焊缝横截面的熔深和熔宽进行研究。结果 随着激光功率从3 500 W增大到4 400 W,焊接接头成形良好,熔深大体呈增大趋势,深宽比先下降后上升再下降;随着焊接速度从50 mm/min增大到250 mm/min,熔深、熔宽基本降低,深宽比总体呈下降趋势;随着芯环比的提高,焊缝背面成形变差,熔深在芯环比为55%～65%时较理想,深宽比总体呈W形上升;当离焦量为0mm时,焊缝背部出现了较为严重的烧损变色,并且在焊缝两侧产生了飞溅。而随着离焦量降低到-4 mm,烧损变色情况得到改善。结论 激光功率和芯环比对焊接接头成形的影响较为显著。得到了成形良好的焊接接头,且在激光功率为4 700 W、焊接速度为150 mm/min、芯环比为65%、离焦量为-2 mm的焊接参数下,1.4 mm厚2 000 MPa级热成...     

OPTIMIZATION OF WELD BEAD DIMENSIONS IN GTAW OF ALUMINUM-MAGNESIUM ALLOY

The Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) process is frequently used in welding of aluminum alloys, because of its possible heat input control. This control can be utilized through a good selection of the process variables, which in turn results in optimizing the bead dimensions. The object of this investigation was to study the effect of TIG process parameters on weld bead dimensions. Suitable combinations of tungsten electrode parameters and process variables can lead to optimum GTAW bead dimensions. With alternative current (AC) polarity, a weld bead may be formed between two 3-mm thick pieces of 5005 aluminum-magnesium alloy sheets. The effect of electrode diameter, vertex angle, and the welding current and speed on the bead dimensions were investigated. Results revealed that the rate of increase of bead width with current increase is greater than that produced by decreasing travel speed, and means that the bead width can be controlled more efficiently by welding current rather than by welding speed. For example, bead width can be reduced by half by increasing the welding travel speed three times, whereas it can be doubled when the current has is doubled. In contrast, bead depth is found to be more sensitive to welding speed rather than to the welding current. One of the important results of the present investigation was that the average heat-affected zone width decreased as the welding current and/or speed increased. On the other hand, it was found that the influences of electrode diameter and apex angle on the bead width were similar to their effects on the arc size. The bead width was found to decrease with an increase in the electrode diameter to a certain extent, and increase slightly with an increase of the apex angle.     

Effect of Welding Parameters on Dilution and Weld Bead Geometry in Cladding

The effect of pulsed gas metal arc welding （GMAW） variables on the dilution and weld bead geometry in cladding X65 pipeline steel with 316L stainless steel was studied. Using a full factorial method, a series of experiments were carried out to know the effect of wire feed rate, welding speed, distance between gas nozzle and plate, and the vertical angle of welding on dilution and weld bead geometry. The findings indicate that the dilution of weld metal and its dimension i.e. width, height and depth increase with the feed rate, but the contact angle of the bead decreases first and then increases. Meantime, welding speed has an opposite effect except for dilution. There is an interaction effect between welding parameters at the contact angle. The results also show forehand welding or decreasing electrode extension decrease the angle of contact. Finally, a mathematical model is contrived to highlight the relationship between welding variables with dilution and weld bead geometry.     

Experimental investigation on the effects of process parameters of GMAW and transient thermal analysis of AISI321 steel

Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) develops an arc by controlling the metal from the wire rod and the input process parameters. The deposited metal forms a weld bead and themechanical properties depend upon the quality of the weld bead. Proper control of the process parameters which affect the bead geometry, the microstructures of the weldments and the mechanical properties like hardness, is necessary. This experimental study aims at developing mathematical models for bead height (HB), bead width (WB) and bead penetration (PB) and investigating the effects of four process parameters
viz: welding voltage, welding speed, wire feed rate and gas flow rate on bead geometry, hardness and microstructure of AISI321 steel with 10 mm thickness. The transient thermal analysis shows temperature and residual stress distributions at different conduction and convection conditions.     

316L不锈钢电弧增材制造工艺研究

目的 研究电弧增材制造过程中焊接速度和层间冷却时间对成形件精度和力学性能的影响。方法 使用316L不锈钢焊丝在钢板上进行20层往复式堆积试验,设置了不同的焊枪运行速度和层间冷却时间,完成了4个金属薄壁墙体的制备,对沉积样品的形貌外观、显微组织、硬度和拉伸性能进行了研究。结果 4组试样的制备过程都比较稳定,表面成形良好,层与层结合较为平滑,层间分明,无裂纹、塌陷等缺陷出现。当层间冷却时间达到一定值时,熔池凝固,样品的成形精度和高度较为稳定。单位时间内加入熔池的金属质量和热输入均随着焊接速度的增大而减小,不同焊接速度下沉积样品的层高和层宽不同。由于焊接速度增大、热输入减小,试样的硬度略微增大,拉伸性能增强。沿薄壁件的构建方向,4组试样的维氏硬度曲线呈波浪形,从每个熔合层的底部到顶部逐渐降低。结论 增材制造工艺参数对产品的成形质量、显微组织和力学性能都有影响,在保证成形过程稳定的前提下,提高焊枪堆积速度能提高产品的力学性能。     

Investigating effects of resistance wire heating on AISI 1023 weldment characteristics during ASAW

In this article, effects of advanced submerged arc welding process parameters on weld bead geometry have been investigated. A novel water-cooled torch has been developed which allow a use of higher preheat current values for a continuous advanced submerged arc welding (ASAW) operation. Weld beads have been deposited on AISI 1023 steel plates by varying open circuit voltage, wire feed rate, welding speed, nozzle to plate distance, and preheat current as per central composite design. The relationships between welding parameters and weldment characteristics namely bead width, penetration, reinforcement, and dilution have been developed using multiple linear regression. The effects of individual process parameters and their interactions on response parameters were examined. Finally, single and multiobjective optimization of process parameters were performed using desirability approach and Jaya algorithm. The results reveal that a smaller bead width and lower dilution can be achieved with the developed torch by allowing the use of higher preheat current values.     

激光熔覆粉末粒径对熔覆层成形控制的影响

目的 揭示激光熔覆过程中TiC粉末粒径及工艺参数对复合材料熔覆形貌的影响规律,实现熔覆层成形控制。方法 采用响应面法中心复合设计模块分析扫描速度、激光功率、粉末粒径对复合材料熔覆形貌的影响,建立工艺参数及TiC粉末粒径与复合材料熔覆层面积、熔覆层高度、熔覆层宽度之间的数学模型,通过方差分析和模型检验验证模型的准确性。结果 激光功率对复合材料熔覆形貌的影响不显著,粉末粒径对熔覆面积影响最为显著,熔覆层面积随着扫描速度的减小和粉末粒径的增大而增大;粉末粒径对熔覆层高度影响最为显著,熔高随着粉末粒径的增大而增大,随着扫描速度的降低而减小;扫描速度对熔覆层宽度的影响最为显著,熔宽随着扫描速度的增大而下降,随着粉末粒径的增大而增大。结论 以熔覆面积最大及熔宽熔高最大为优化目标,对比预测值与实际值,熔覆层面积、熔覆层高度、熔覆层宽度的误差率分别为6.81%,3.9%,7.7%。该研究成果为提高复合材料熔覆形貌的预测与控制提供了理论依据。     

Optimization of A-TIG process parameters using response surface methodology

In the present work, the influence of process parameters such as welding current (I), welding speed (S), and flux coating density (F) on different aspects of weld bead geometry for example depth of penetration (DOP), bead width (BW), depth to width ratio (D/W), and weld fusion zone area (WA) were investigated by using the central composite design (CCD). 9–12% Cr ferritic stainless steel (FSS) plates were welded using A-TIG welding. It was observed that all input variables have a direct influence on the DOP, BW, and D/W. However, flux coating density has no significant effect on WA. Mathematical models were generated from the obtained responses to predict the weld bead geometry. An optimized DOP, BW, D/W, and WA of 6.95?mm, 8.76?mm, 0.80, and 41.99?mm², respectively, were predicted at the welding current of 213.78 A, the welding speed of 96.22?mm/min, and the flux coating density of 1.99?mg/cm². Conformity test was done to check the practicability of the developed models. The conformity test results were in good agreement with the predicted values. Arc constriction and reversal in Marangoni convection were considered as major mechanisms for the deep and narrow weld bead during A-TIG welding.     

基于BAS算法优化的电弧增材制造焊道尺寸预测

目的 为提高实际应用中电弧增材制造对工艺参数的选取效率及成形形貌的控制效果,建立高效且精准的成形尺寸预测模型,实现对焊道尺寸的合理预测。方法 在单层单道CMT电弧增材制造实验的基础上,建立基于天牛须搜索算法(Beetle Antennae Search,BAS)优化BP神经网络的焊道尺寸预测模型,利用BAS算法实现对BP神经网络初始权值和阈值的优化,可以实现预测不同工艺参数(焊接速度、送丝速度、干伸长)下焊道的成形尺寸(熔宽、余高)。利用试验验证BAS-BP预测模型的性能,与现有模型进行对比,结果 结果表明该模型具有较高精度的预测效果,能够有效映射工艺参数与焊道尺寸之间的非线性关系,印证了该模型具有良好的拟合和泛化能力,同时其对焊道熔宽和余高的预测误差分别不超过0.2、0.12 mm,预测平均误差率均不超过6%,相对于其他预测模型表现出较好的准确性和稳定性。结论 BAS-BP神经网络预测模型的输出误差较小,网络训练收敛速度加快,避免了过拟合及欠拟合的风险,有效提高了预测模型的泛化能力和预测精度,可以实现一定工艺参数范围内的焊道尺寸预测,为后续电弧增材的实时预测及控制参数应用提供了技术支持。