芳纶复合纳米纤维气凝胶的制备及其性能研究

将SiO_2纳米粒子加入到由去质子化方法制备的芳纶纳米纤维分散液中,制备芳纶复合纳米纤维气凝胶。通过一系列表征测试,分析了无机纳米粒子添加的芳纶复合气凝胶的力学性能、热性能和燃烧性能。试验结果表明:制得的复合纳米气凝胶的密度为5.6 mg/cm~3,在80%压缩应变下可承受280 kPa的应力,并且具备低导热系数[27.0 mW/(m·K)],热释放峰值仅为11.12 W/g;芳纶复合纳米纤维气凝胶属于离火自熄灭材料,具有优异的阻燃防火性能。     

PIPD纤维的制备及其结构与性能研究

以2,3,5,6-四氨基吡啶三盐酸盐一水合物(TAP·3HCl·H2O)和2,5-二羟基对苯二甲酸(DHTA)为单体,合成聚[2,5-二羟基-1,4-苯撑吡啶并二咪唑](PIPD),并采用干喷湿纺法制备了PIPD初生纤维,初生纤维在温度400℃,张力33 c N/dtex的条件下进行热处理得到PIPD纤维,研究了PIPD纤维的结构与性能。结果表明:PIPD初生纤维的线密度为959.6 tex,拉伸强度为2.15 GPa,拉伸模量为154.2 GPa;热处理后的PIPD纤维较初生纤维致密程度有所提高,线密度和拉伸强度有所下降,拉伸模量提高,热稳定性较好;纺丝原液脱泡良好、提高纺丝组件的温度均一性以及降低纤维中残酸量可进一步提高PIPD纤维的性能。     

超轻耐火SiO2纳米纤维气凝胶的制备及性能研究

以二氧化硅(SiO_2)纳米纤维(SNF)为基体,通过淀粉修饰制备了增韧超轻SiO_2纳米纤维气凝胶(SNFAs)。探讨了SNF与淀粉的质量比对SNFAs的表面形貌、力学性能、隔热性能、热稳定性的影响。结果表明:增韧SNFAs内部的纳米纤维形成互连的三维网络结构;随着淀粉添加比例的增加,SNFAs的压缩强度先增大后减小,密度逐渐增大,导热系数先减小后增大,当SNF与淀粉质量比为1:0.25时,SNFAs压缩强度最大为9.0 kPa,密度为11.5 mg/cm~3,导热系数为0.0258 W/(m·K),比纯SNFAs导热系数低;制备的SNFAs在维持高隔热性能前提下,能够改善SNFAs的力学性能,具有低密度、低导热系数、耐火隔热的特点。     

可加工气凝胶复合隔热材料的制备及性能表征

针对中高温领域热防护需求,以正硅酸乙酯作为硅源,通过溶胶-凝胶(sol-gel)工艺结合超临界干燥技术制备了可加工高效气凝胶复合隔热材料。对气凝胶复合隔热材料的微观结构、热物理性能及力学性能进行了表征和分析。结果表明:气凝胶纳米粒子均匀分布在复合材料中,组成三维网络结构,孔径在70nm以下,比表面积在800-1000m2/g。热学性能显示,气凝胶复合材料在300℃的导热系数为0.03W/mK,800℃/20min,线收缩1%;力学性能显示,压缩强度为0.2MPa。此外,复合材料具有优异的加工性能。     

纳米SiO_2气凝胶-纤维复合绝热材料的制备及其在陶瓷窑炉结构中的应用

论文分析了多功能纳米材料——气凝胶的应用现状,采用二步法-非超临界干燥条件下制备纳米孔SiO_2气凝胶以及纳米SiO_2气凝胶-纤维复合材料,结合气凝胶-纤维复合材料独特的低导热系数及绝热性能,分析其在陶瓷窑炉结构设计及节能应用中的良好效果。     

pH值对纤维增强SiO2气凝胶隔热材料性能的影响

以水玻璃为硅源,硅酸铝纤维为增强材料,通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了低导热、低成本,用于墙体隔热的纤维增强二氧化硅气凝胶隔热材料.主要探讨了溶胶pH值对导热性能、纤维的分散性及力学性能的影响.实验结果表明当pH值在6～7之间时,所制备材料的导热系数为0.021 W/(m·K)左右,抗压强度可达到6.11 MPa,并具有优异的柔韧性.     

预氧化纤维毡增强SiO_2气凝胶复合材料的制备及其性能研究

以无水乙醇、正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为原料,聚丙烯腈预氧化纤维毡为增强体,通过溶胶-凝胶、低温超临界干燥等工艺制备了SiO_2气凝胶复合材料。SiO_2气凝胶的纳米骨架结构减少了固态热传导,纳米级孔洞减少了气体热传导和对流传热,另外聚丙烯腈纤维减少了辐射传热。所制备的SiO_2气凝胶复合材料具有良好的隔热性能,其25℃和200℃的导热系数分别为0.0181 W/(m2·K)和0.0236 W/(m2·K)。纤维毡提供了力学支撑,力学性能得到了提升。     

纤维/气凝胶泡沫混凝土的制备与性能研究

气凝胶因具有低导热系数、高孔隙率、轻质等优异特性而备受关注,同时还具有高疏水性及良好的吸声和减震功能.实验以气凝胶为填充材料,玻璃纤维丝为增强体,制备了一种新型超轻质纤维/气凝胶泡沫混凝土.结果 表明:玻璃纤维的掺入促进了泡沫混凝土的成型,在超轻泡沫混凝土制备过程中起到至关重要的作用.当纤维含量为0.9％时,导热系数为0.058 W/(m·K),其密度为205 kg/m3,远低于普通泡沫混凝土的导热系数(0.08～0.25 W/(m· K))与密度(300～1600 kg/m3).抗压强度为0.32 MPa,符合泡沫混凝土标准JG/T 266-2011中A03级抗压强度的要求.     

气凝胶密度对超轻泡沫混凝土性能的影响

将超级绝热气凝胶粉体填充于泡沫混凝土中,制备了气凝胶泡沫混凝土.在气凝胶体积比相等的条件下,分别采用较高密度(170 kg/m3)和超轻(75 kg/m3)气凝胶作为填充材料,研究了气凝胶密度对泡沫混凝土密度、导热系数和抗压强度的影响,获得了基于超轻气凝胶(密度<100 kg/m3)的高性能泡沫混凝土.结果表明,在满足抗压强度要求的情况下,采用超轻气凝胶填充泡沫混凝土,可有效降低泡沫混凝土的密度和导热系数,且显著减少了气凝胶的质量用量.如在泡沫体积比为70％、气凝胶体积比为13.1％的条件下,采用超轻气凝胶填充的泡沫混凝土,密度和导热系数均减小约10％,且气凝胶质量用量减少44.1％.研究结果可用于为制备高性能泡沫混凝土提供借鉴,并促进超级绝热气凝胶的建筑节能应用.     

轻质低导热气凝胶泡沫混凝土的制备与性能实验研究

以超级隔热气凝胶为填料,采用预制泡沫混合法制备了新型气凝胶泡沫混凝土,测试了其密度、导热系数、抗压强度等性能,结果表明气凝胶泡沫混凝土的密度和导热系数较普通泡沫混凝土明显减小,而且同密度等级下抗压强度优于普通泡沫混凝土和规范要求.当气凝胶添加量为13.0 kg/m3泡沫加入量为70vol％时,气凝胶泡沫混凝土的密度和导热系数分别为270.2 kg/m3和0.069 W/m·K,较普通泡沫混凝土(400 kg/m3)的密度等级和导热系数(约0.08 W/m·K)分别减小了32.5％和13.8％;还研究了泡沫和气凝胶配比对泡沫混凝土的密度、导热系数和抗压强度的影响,并拟合给出了导热系数、抗压强度和密度间的经验关系式.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。