多相补偿接地距离继电器动作特性的分析与计算

按比较三相补偿电压与零序电流相位原理构成的多相补偿接地距离继电器具有容许较大过渡电阻的优点，是一种比方向阻抗元件更为合适的短线路接地故障保护方式。本文分析了该继电器在单相接地与两相接地故障时的动作特性，并讨论了反方向故障可能失去方向性，区外故障伴随振荡可能超越，以及零序电流助增的相位影响，相间电弧电阻的影响等问题。应用数字机对继电器的动作特性进行了计算，以校核分析的结果。还计算了方向阻抗元件的特性与多相补偿继电器进行比较。数字计算能计及电源各相序阻抗数值不等、阻抗角不同，以及负荷，相间弧光电阻等因素，可得出精确的结论。     

自适应接地距离继电器的研究

接地距离继电器要解决的关键问题之一是提高其耐受过渡电阻的能力。在分析自适应接地距离继电器动作特性的基础上，提出了对自适应动作特性的修正方法，从而使修正后的自适应接地距离继电器既有很强的抗过渡电阻能力，又能有效地防止暂态超越。仿真结果证实了这种继电器具有良好的自适应性和选择性。     

自适应碗形阻抗继电器

在详细分析了圆形和四边形阻抗继电器的基础上，提出了自适应碗形阻抗继电器新原理 。它通过扩大常规姆欧继电器的动作区，极大地提高了允许过渡电阻的能力，具有动作判据 简捷、速度快、技术成熟、整定方便、选相能力强、方向明确、测距精确、躲负荷阻抗能力 强、便于实现自适应等突出优点，仿真计算和整机试验验证了理论分析的正确性，并已在最 新研制的微机距离保护中得到应用。     

基于故障分量的分相阻抗差动保护新原理

提出了一种基于故障分量的分相阻抗差动保护新原理。该原理分别提取线路两端保护安装处的故障分量进行阻抗计算，然后利用这2个阻抗之差构成阻抗差动判据。该原理无需进行采样数据同步处理，耐受电容电流和过渡电阻的影响。电流幅值差动保护判据以线路两侧的电流幅值差为动作量，幅值和为制动量，在发生电压互感器断线时，可作为阻抗差动保护判据的补充判据。仿真结果验证了该原理的正确性和有效性。     

距离继电器正序极化电压

用电压相量图法讨论距离继电器的正序极化电压。针对长距离大负荷线路,分析比较了各种不对称故障前后的母线电压和母线正序电压相位变化情况,提出采用母线正序电压作为距离继电器的极化电压,在靠近距离继电器整定点以外附近处,发生经过渡电阻故障时,可有效减少和避免距离继电器超越动作范围。     

过渡电阻对水电厂线路距离保护的影响分析

为减小电阻对阻抗继电器的影响，本文阐述了距离保护中阻抗继电器的动作方程与动作特性的对应关系，研究分析了电力系统发生非金属性短路时，短路点存在的过渡电阻对距离继电器的影响，主要涉及到超越、失去方向性及区内故障是否拒动等问题。水电厂作为电力供应中最为重要的保障因素之一，当线路发生故障时，如何在最短时间内将电力系统隔离开，缩小事故范围，保证水电厂设备安全，是当前亟需解决的难点，有待于深入研究从而提高电力系统稳定性及供电可靠性。     

单相补偿式接地距离继电器统一形式的研究

高压输电线路最常见的故障是单相接地故障。为了提高距离继电器对单相接地故障的灵敏反应能力，简化继电器的表达方式，通过分析接地距离继电器的极化量，提出了单相补偿式接地距离继电器的统一形式。通过改变其中参数便可构成10多种常用的单相接地距离继电器。统一形式的提出有利于继电器的原理分析，也为继电器的现场应用提供了灵活性，同时为研制新的继电器提供了基础。介绍了以统一形式为基础设计出的两种新型接地距离继电器。仿真证明，提出的新型接地距离继电器比现有的一些继电器具有更好的性能。最后还就极化量选取原则做了初步探讨。     

输电线路综合阻抗纵联保护新原理

提出了一种基于综合阻抗的纵联线路保护新原理。利用故障时线路两端电压相量和与电流相量和的比值，来判断线路上是否发生故障。在外部故障时，该比值反映输电线路上的容抗，其虚部为一个绝对值较大的负数;内部故障时，其虚部为正数或为绝对值较小的负数，据此可以区分线路上的内部和外部故障。新原理易整定，本身具有选相能力，不受电容电流的影响，可用于带或不带电抗器补偿的线路，抗过渡电阻能力强。EMTP仿真和动模数据验证了新原理的有效性。     

六相输电线路的纵联方向保护方案

在典型的六相输电系统中，半正序、半零序和半负序故障分量不受系统阻抗变化的影响。文中提出了基于上述3种故障序分量的方向保护判据，并且将其综合在一起，构成了一种适用于六相输电线路的纵联方向保护方案。该方案能够根据故障的特性自动选择方向判据，并且能够反映除六相短路以外的所有故障。补充正序突变量判据以后，该方案能够判别六相短路故障。EMTDC仿真结果表明，该纵联方向保护方案不受系统阻抗和故障点过渡电阻的影响，原理简单、可靠，动作速度快。     

自适应接地距离继电器

基于单相接地模型，推导得到由故障点两侧零序阻抗角差异引起测量电抗的综合误差，根据综合误差的具体情况对测量电抗进行补偿，从而得到自适应接地距离继电器动作判据。新判据的多边形阻抗特性用纯电抗线来代替传统的电抗下倾线，不再像传统距离保护那样盲目地缩小动作范围。在可靠防止距离保护超越误动作的前提下，扩大了距离保护的动作范围。用EMTP进行了大量的数字仿真实验，结果表明，自适应阻抗动作判据能有效防止保护超越误动作，也提高了区内故障的动作灵敏度。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。