地震作用下金沙江某跨江桥梁岩质岸坡动力响应分析

由于地震波的随机性及地质构造的复杂性,导致岩质边坡的地震响应特征变得十分复杂。以金沙江地区某跨江桥梁岩质岸坡为例,采用有限元方法研究了地震波在岩质边坡内的传播特征,分析了不同类型结构面对边坡动力响应特征的影响;采用振动台模型试验验证了数值计算结果,探究了边坡的动力变形演化规律及其破坏机制。研究结果表明：软弱结构面对岩质边坡的波传播特征影响较大,在波传播过程中结构面使坡内出现局部的放大效应,相同条件下边坡的动力放大效应为：块状边坡>顺层边坡>反倾边坡。边坡高程、坡表微地貌及结构面对边坡的动力放大效应具有较大的影响,边坡动力放大系数随高程增加而增加,坡表微地貌变化使平台区域出现局部放大现象,块状边坡中放大效应主要集中于最上层顺向结构面以上的表层坡体。地震作用下块状边坡的动力放大效应随激震强度的增加而增加,边坡动力变形演化过程主要包括弹性变形、塑性变形和滑动破坏3个阶段。软弱结构面对块状边坡的地震破坏模式具有控制性作用,最上层顺向结构面为潜在滑面,其地震破坏模式为拉裂-滑移-倾覆式破坏。     

Wing crack model subjected to high hydraulic pressure and far field stresses and its numerical simulation

By considering the effect of hydraulic pressure filled in wing crack and the connected part of main crack on the stress intensity factor at wing crack tip, a new wing crack model exerted by hydraulic pressure and far field stresses was proposed. By introducing the equivalent crack length l _eq of wing crack, two terms make up the stress intensity factor K _I at wing crack tip: one is the component K _I⁽¹⁾ for a single isolated straight wing crack of length 2l subjected to hydraulic pressure in wing crack and far field stresses, and the other is the component K _I⁽²⁾ due to the effective shear stress induced by the presence of the equivalent main crack. The FEM model of wing crack propagation subjected to hydraulic pressure and far field stresses was also established according to different side pressure coefficients and hydraulic pressures in crack. The result shows that a good agreement is found between theoretical model of wing crack proposed and finite element method (FEM). In theory, an unstable crack propagation is shown if there is high hydraulic pressure and lateral tension. The wing crack model proposed can provide references for studying on hydraulic fracturing in rock masses.     

bExperimental and discrete element numerical analysis of side slope instability induced by fissure water underlying impervious bed

When the sliding mass contains impervious bed, rainfall can infiltrate into mountain via crevices and form higher artesian aquifer at impervious bed inferior. This will decrease slip resistance and increase sliding forces of the sliding mass, thus lowering the safety factor, and inducing landslide disasters. In this paper, a landslide experimental apparatus is designed for experimental studies on the mechanism of this type of landslides. Meanwhile, the non-dimensional parameters in the model experiment are taken into account using dimensional analysis. The experimental results show that (1) the ratio of the cleft water pressure to the overlying pressure is a crucial parameter affecting the stability of the slope; (2) when the shut-in pressure reaches 80% of the normal component of the pressure on the slip surface made up of rock and soil, landslide will occur: (3) the whole slope will start to slide when the shut-in pressure is equal to the normal component of the pressure formed by the overlying rock and soil on the upper 30% area. In this article, a discrete element method simulation is used to investigate the influence of cleft water pressure and shearing strength on the landslide stability. It can be concluded that the critical value of C_cr, ρ_cr, which determines the slide mass stability, increases with the increase of the water pressure; if the water pressure reaches a high level, the stability of the slide mass depends mainly on C, while the influence of ? becomes smaller than C.     

陡倾顺层斜坡动力失稳机理分析（特约稿）

针对汶川地震中边坡的破坏形式与坡体结构密切相关的问题,以“5·12”汶川地震中安县高川乡大竹坪滑坡和干磨房滑坡失稳工点为原型,在充分分析滑坡地区工程地质条件及其动力变形特征的基础上,提出采用3维离散元数值模拟技术进行失稳机理对比分析的思路。结果表明：陡倾顺层硬岩斜坡的动力破坏形式以崩滑为主,陡倾顺层软硬互层斜坡的动力破坏形式以滑移弯曲为主;在相同地震作用下,峰值地面加速度（peak ground acceleration,PGA）放大系数与坡体高程总体成正相关,斜坡同一高度处的PGA放大系数由坡表向坡内总体呈现先增大后减小的趋势;陡倾顺层硬岩斜坡的PGA放大系数总体小于陡倾顺层软硬互层斜坡,硬岩斜坡的PGA放大系数范围在2～3,最大值在坡表的3/4处;软硬互层斜坡的PGA放大系数范围在2.5～4.0,最大值在斜坡顶部。此外,陡倾顺层硬岩斜坡的破坏机制为4个阶段：层面部分贯通滑移-锁固段震荡松弛-上部抛射-底部滑面贯通并失稳,而软硬互层斜坡的失稳机理则为：层面错动-部分贯通滑移-下部局部抛出-局部弯曲-高位横向扩展滑移-下部弯曲折断-整体失稳。研究成果可为西南地区高陡顺层岩质斜坡失稳评价及机理分析提供相应的技术支持。     

Physical model test study on shear strength characteristics of slope sliding surface in Nanfen open-pit mine

A physical model for the footwall slope of Nanfen open-pit mine, China was established using a selfdeveloped deep geological engineering disaster model test system. A thermosensitive similar material,paraffin, was selected to simulate a weak structural plane in the slope to reproduce the landslide process.From an experimental perspective, the variation trend of shear strength parameters of weak structural plane and the mechanical support characteristics of NPR(negative Poisson's ratio) anchor cable under the condition of a large landslide deformation and failure were examined. The results of this model test showed that slope failure has four distinct stages:(1) soil compaction stage,(2) crack generation stage,(3) crack propagation stage, and(4) sliding plane transfixion stage. According to the test results, the rock mechanics parameters of weak surface in the footwall slope of Nanfen open-pit mine were calculated.The cohesion is approximately 1.35×10~5 Pa, and the internal friction angle is approximately 6.33°.During slope failure, the NPR anchor cable experiences a large deformation but no damage occurs, indicating that the NPR anchor cable can be continuously monitored and reinforced during the deformation and failure of landslide. The stress characteristics of NPR anchor cables during the test are consistent with the monitoring results of Newtonian force at the landslide site, proving that NPR anchor cables are effective and reasonable in landslide monitoring and early warning.     

岩石边坡中滑动面水压分布假设的改进

在使用极限平衡法计算岩体边坡平面滑动时，一直沿用HoekE和Bray Jw提出的假设来计算滑动面上的静水压力，即当滑体有竖直张裂缝时，假定竖直张裂缝底部的压力最大，在张裂缝中向上逐渐变小．但这种情况下的水压变化假设存在一定问题．本针对这个问题提出了一种新的水压变化假设，即在滑面的最低点和张裂缝中水位点的水压为0；无论总水位的1／2处在张裂缝中还是在滑动面上，水压力都在该点达到最大．使用这种新的假设将使充水岩石边坡稳定性分析更具科学性．     

Influences of rainfall infiltration on stability of accumulation slope by in-situ monitoring test

In order to improve the understanding of the fundamental mechanism of rainfall infiltration induced landslides in accumulation slope and to clarify some important characteristics of slope performance, artificial rainfall simulation tests and field synthetic monitoring were carried out on a typical accumulation slope of Shangrui Freeway in Guizhou Province, China. The monitoring results show that the most accumulation landslides caused by rainfall infiltration are shallow relaxation failure, whose deformation zone lies within the top 0–4 m soil layer. The deformation of slope gradually reduces from the surface, where the greatest deformation lies in, to the deep part of slope. The average percentage of infiltration during the first 2 h is 86%, and then it reduces gradually with time because of the increase of the surface runoff. The average percentage of infiltration drop to a relatively stable value (50%) after 6 h. Rainfall infiltration causes obvious increase of pore-water pressure, which may result in a reduction of shear strength due to a decrease in effective stress and wetting-induced softening. The double-effect of rainfall infiltration is the main reason of rainfall infiltration induced landslides in accumulation slope. Foundation item: Project(50678175) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

Microscopic characteristics of different fracture modes of brittle rock

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一种基于拉-剪破坏的边坡动力稳定性分析方法

为量化地震作用下边坡的稳定性,优化矢量和方法并计算出相应动态安全系数,基于边坡在地震作用下的破坏模式:坡顶拉裂缝和坡脚剪切裂组合形成的贯通滑动面,推导出拉-剪破坏下矢量和法的安全系数公式,通过自编程序得到边坡潜在滑动面曲线和动力安全系数,并通过算例验证方法的正确性.针对岩质边坡,利用新、旧两种矢量和方法进行动力稳定性分析,结果表明:边坡潜在滑动面会随着地震持续时间向边坡内部走移;两种方法得到的安全系数趋势一致,但拉-剪破坏模式的下滑趋势角度更大;在拉-剪破坏模式下,边坡的安全系数有所降低,其中,边坡的综合安全系数降低了3%,说明原先的方法高估了边坡的稳定性.优化后的矢量和法能够更具体地反应出边坡在地震过程中的稳定状态,为抗震设计提供更加准确的理论指导.     

Effects of stick-slip on stress intensity factors for subsurface short cracks in rolling contact

This paper theoretically investigates the effects of stick-slip in rolling contact zone on stress intensity factors(SIFs)for subsurface short cracks.New mathematical models for SIFs including stick-slip ratio are deduced in two cases.One is a subsurface short crack parallel to surface,and the numerical analysis shows that the value of KⅡincreases with the increase of stick-slip ratio;the other is a subsurface short crack perpendicular to the surface,and the numerical analysis indicates that the positive value of KⅠdecreases with the increase of stick-slip ratio.As △KⅠand △KⅡare necessary to evaluate the fatigue crack propagation rate or fatigue lifetime,the influences of stick-slip ratio on them are then discussed.It is found that the maximum variations of △KⅠand △KⅡare both around 3.0%due to stick-slip ratio variation.     

土石混合体边坡稳定性的三维颗粒离散元分析

为探究土石混合体边坡的稳定性和破坏机理,基于土工离心模型试验基本原理,结合已开发的不规则块石和土石混合体三维离散元建模方法建立土石混合体边坡细观结构的三维离散元模型.引入颗粒流强度折减法并提出基于能量演化的方法来判别边坡失稳破坏.利用提出的土石混合体边坡三维离散元建模方法和稳定性分析方法,分析不同块石含量、块石形状、空间结构、空间形态等因素对土石混合体边坡稳定性和破坏模式的影响,并揭示这些因素影响的细观机理.结果表明:随含石量增加,土石混合体边坡的安全系数逐渐增大;土石混合体边坡中呈现出多滑动面现象,且滑面较为曲折,具有明显的绕石特征,坡脚部位的部分大块石使得剪出口的位置发生明显的改变;随块石形状由球体、卵石到碎石,土石混合体边坡的安全系数逐渐增大;上覆堆积体相对较厚且坡度不是很大的二元结构边坡或一元结构边坡的破坏模式主要是堆积体内部发生的弧形滑动破坏,上覆堆积体厚度不大且基岩面相对平整的二元结构边坡的破坏模式主要是沿基-覆界面的整体平移滑动破坏;随土石混合体边坡空间形态由条带型、敞口型到锁口型,其安全系数逐渐提高,其中锁口型边坡具有显著的支撑拱效应,且含石量越大这种效应越明显.     

开挖卸荷岩质坡体的断裂破坏机理

岩质坡体在开挖过程中的失稳破坏已成为道路工程领域日益严重的问题,目前有关卸荷坡体的断裂破坏机理还不清晰。为此,基于自然坡体实际结构特征,并结合岩石力学知识,首先分析了岩体原生裂纹在坡体开挖前后的应力状态。继而,借助断裂力学理论,解析了不同荷载模式下岩体裂纹失稳扩展的力学条件,探讨了求解裂纹扩展方向和规模的计算方法,构建结构面扩展贯通力学模型;最后,通过具体算例验证了模型的合理性。研究表明开挖岩质坡体的失稳是岩体内特定方向的原生裂纹萌生启裂并扩展贯通的结果,其本质是岩体应变能释放耗散与应力的调整过程。     

Use of double edge-cracked Brazilian disk geometry for compression-shear fracture investigation of rock

A new specimen geometry-the double edge-cracked Brazilian disk and a relevant fracture analysis by weight function method are proposed for the investigation of rock fracture caused by compression-shear loading. Not only can the mixed mode fracture with any ratio of KI /KII be achieved, but also the pure mode n crack extension can be obtained. The combined mode fracture analysis for this geometry shows that diametral compression in the far-field can induce a compression-shear stress state in the singular stress field ahead of crack tips. Experimental investigations conducted on marble specimens show that the pure mode [I crack extension can be obtained when the dimen-sionless crack length a>0. 7 and the inclined crack angle 5°≤ψ≤40°. Normalized mode I and mode II stress intensity factors decrease from -0. 45 and 2. 47 at ψ= 5° to - 1. 65 and 1. 52 at ψ=40°, respectively. The strains at three points of specimen are also measured in order to investigate the influence of stress singularity on initi     

Analysis of brittle fracture due to compressive loading using center-cracked Brazilian disk

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Discontinuous deformation and displacement analysis: From continuous to discontinuous

A discontinuous deformation and displacement(DDD) analysis method is proposed for modelling the rock failure process. This method combines the rock failure process analysis(RFPA) method(based on finite element method) and discontinuous deformation analysis(DDA) method. RFPA is used to simulate crack initiation, propagation and coalescence processes of rock during the small deformation state. The DDA method is used to simulate the movement of blocks created by the multiple cracks modelled by the RFPA. The newly developed DDD method is particularly suitable for modelling both crack propagation and block movement during the rock failure process because of the natural and convenient coupling of continuous and discontinuous deformation analyses. The proposed method has been used to simulate crack initiation, propagation and coalescence within a slope as well as the block movement during the landslide process. Numerical modelling results indicate that the proposed DDD method can automatically simulate crack propagation and block movement during the rock failure process without degrading accuracy.     

深埋大理岩三轴压缩渐近破坏裂纹扩展特征研究

为深入研究深埋大理岩渐进变形破坏过程中裂纹扩展特征,基于常规三轴室内试验完成数值模拟参数标定,利用PFC_3D^{颗粒流模型对深埋大理岩开展}25MPa、50MPa、80MPa三种不同围压下的裂纹扩展数值模拟试验,根据大理岩加载过程中微裂纹演化状态参数,定义三种特征应力,并据此展开深埋大理岩渐进破坏过中的宏、细观破坏特征及其对应裂纹扩展特征的规律研究。结果表明：(1)。室内试验与数值模拟的应力应变曲线相吻合,峰值应力相差较小,破坏形式与室内试验一致,故数值模拟参数标定合理。低围压下应力应变曲线出现的应力降最为明显,高围压下出现的应力降最小。(2)依据总裂纹、张拉裂纹和剪切裂纹扩展数量演化曲线斜率变化规律,将深埋大理岩渐进破坏过程划分为弹性压缩阶段、裂纹稳定扩展阶段、裂纹加速扩展阶段和峰后残余阶段四个阶段,根据裂纹数量定义三个特征应力点。(3)随着围压的增加,深埋大理岩达到起裂应力σ_ci时裂纹从两端开始萌发,加载至损伤应力σ_cd点时向中间扩展,达到峰值应力σ_c点时在宏观破坏面附近扩展、增生,加载至峰值点后70%峰值应力点时最终形成以剪切破坏为主的贯通宏观破坏面。(4)随着围压的增加,裂纹出现的范围更广,贯通性减弱,峰值应力σ_c点处产生的裂纹对宏观破坏产生的影响更为剧烈,峰后残余阶段张拉裂纹发育更明显。     

基于潘家铮原理的反倾向层状边坡弯曲倾倒破坏基准面搜索算法

在进行反倾向层状边坡的弯曲倾倒分析时,需要对边坡破坏基准面的位置和形状作一种简单假定;目前常见的假定形式为直线型破坏面,并垂直于岩层层面。从野外观测来看,这种假定的破坏面与实际工程边坡破坏面并不吻合,为提高反倾向层状边坡弯曲倾倒计算的可靠性,提出一种搜索破坏基准面的算法。基于潘家铮最大最小原理,认为边坡破坏基准面（由各个岩层折断面组成）为使边坡发生整体破坏所需外力最小的破坏面。在破坏基准面的搜索过程中,根据岩层的受力分析确定其破坏模式（剪切破坏和弯曲拉裂破坏）;然后,依据最后一块岩层发生倾倒破坏的条件确定岩层可能发生破坏的范围,并将可能发生破坏的岩层划分为多个组合,利用极限平衡方法,结合岩层的破坏模式,求出各组岩层发生整体破坏所需的最小外力F;最后,不断变化搜索角,得到一系列F,其中的最小值为边坡发生整体破坏所需的最小外力,对应的破坏面为边坡潜在破坏基准面,相对应的岩层组合为最危险的岩层组合。选用安徽皖南地区的某反倾向板岩边坡作为工程实例进行验证分析,结果表明本文算法所得到的破坏基准面能较好地与实际工程边坡破坏面、文献模拟结果相吻合,进一步说明了本文算法的有效性。     

Mechanism on progressive failure of a faulted rock slope due to slip-weakening

Slip-weakening is one of the characteristics of geological materials under certain loadings. Non-uniform rock structure may exist in the vicinity of the slip surface for a rock slope. Some portion of the slip surface may be penetrated but the other not. For the latter case, the crack or the fault surface will undergo shear deformation before it becomes a successive surface under a certain loading. As the slipped portion advances, slip-weakening occurs over a distance behind the crack tip. In the weakening zone, the shear strength will decrease from its peak value to residual friction level. The stress will redistribute along the surface of crack and in the weakening zone. Thus the changed local stress concentration leads the crack to extend and the ratio of penetration of the slip surface to increase. From the view of large-scale for the whole slip surface, the shear strength will decrease due to the damage of interior rock structure, and the faulted rock behaves as a softening material. Such a kind of mechanism performs in a large number of practical landslides in the zones experienced strong earthquakes. It should be noted that the mechanism mentioned above is different from that of the breakage of structural clay, in which the geological material is regarded as a medium containing structural lumps and structural bands. In this paper, the softening behavior of a faulted rock should be regarded as a comprehensive result of the whole complicated process including slip-weakening, redistribution of stress, extension of crack tip, and the penetration of the slip surface. This process is accompanied by progressive failure and abrupt structural damage. The size of slip-weakening zone is related to the undergoing strain. Once the relative slide is initiated (local or integrated), the effect of slip-weakening will behave in a certain length behind the crack tip until the formation of the whole slip surface.     

Mechanism on progressive failure of a faulted rock slope due to slip-weakening

1 Introduction The damage or failure of faulted rock slope is a quite difficult problem in geotechni- cal engineering, and attention has been drawn from researchers for a long time. Apart from the toppling damage of steep slopes, most of the failure pattern of faulted rockslopes is shear-typed. The failure process of such a slope includes: initiation and devel- opment of a single micro-crack, breakthrough of two or more cracks, formation of fail- ure zones, and even shear damage in large scale…     

降雨促发黄土滑坡的启动机制模拟

黄土滑坡和降雨关系尤为密切。为深入研究降雨入渗对滑坡的促发作用,在对陕西西安地区“9?17”灞桥滑坡现场勘察的基础上,利用数值模拟方法系统研究了黄土边坡在降雨入渗条件下土体相关物理力学指标的变化响应特征及时空分布规律; 从滑动面安全系数变化的角度分析了边坡的失稳过程,并揭示了该类滑坡的启动机制。结果表明:①降雨入渗首先引起坡面土体的基质吸力逐渐降低,而且不同分布位置的降幅不同; ②滑坡启动前,坡体的高体积含水量范围随降雨明显扩大,且体积含水量表现出从古土壤层向邻近黄土层递减的规律; ③边坡的水平方向位移自坡面中部向坡体的上下部呈放射状递减特征,垂直方向位移由上至下逐渐减小,而临界滑动面的安全系数也随降雨入渗过程逐步递减; ④节理处土体的孔隙水压力和体积含水量的变化响应时间及幅度都早于且强于坡体其他区域,坡体内最大剪应变的区域分布与坡面基本平行,模拟结果与原型滑坡一致; ⑤基于黄土独特的水敏性、地质构造和人类工程活动等诱因的影响,加上节理裂隙为水的入渗和运移提供了优势通道,降雨加速了黄土潜蚀和坡体结构破坏过程,改变了边坡内部应力场、位移场和水文地质条件,进而促发了滑坡。