蛋白质磷酸化对肉品质影响的研究进展

蛋白质磷酸化反应是生物界最普遍、最重要的蛋白质翻译后修饰方式。本文综述了磷酸化蛋白质的富集、位点分析、定量分析方法的最新研究进展。从蛋白质磷酸化反应与糖酵解、肌肉收缩、蛋白质降解的关系探讨了蛋白质磷酸化反应对肉品质的影响,并对磷酸化蛋白质组学的发展方向以及蛋白质磷酸化反应在肉品中的研究进行了展望。     

应用蛋白质组学研究肉品品质形成的机理

品质是肉品食用价值和商业价值的基础。基因型、宰前管理及宰后处理等诸多因素影响动物组织的新陈代谢和宰后肌肉到食用肉转变过程中的生化过程,在上述过程中肌肉蛋白质组的变化贯穿始终,最终决定肉的品质。文中综述牛肉、猪肉和鸡肉在品质形成过程中蛋白质组的变化,阐述了肌肉到食用肉的转变过程中发生的分子变化,及其宰前因素和宰后加工对肉品品质(如嫩度、肉色、脂肪沉积)的影响及其机理。     

蛋白质氧化对肉类成熟的影响研究进展

在肉的宰后成熟过程中会伴随着肌肉蛋白质的氧化并导致肉的食用品质劣变。本文综述近年来在肉品领域关于蛋白质氧化的研究成果,主要阐述肌肉蛋白质氧化机制以及蛋白氧化对肉宰后成熟的影响,包括对肉色、嫩度、持水力及营养价值等食用品质指标的影响,旨在为有关肉类蛋白氧化研究提供一定的参考,并对未来的研究方向进行展望。     

钙蛋白酶系统磷酸化对肉嫩度的影响研究进展

嫩度是肉品食用品质中最重要的品质特性之一,钙蛋白酶系统在宰后成熟过程中对改善肌肉嫩度起到主要作用。研究表明,磷酸化修饰参与钙蛋白酶系统复杂的活性调控过程。本文概述了μ-/m-钙蛋白酶和钙蛋白酶抑制蛋白磷酸化研究的最新进展,根据它们的磷酸化对其结构和功能的影响,探讨钙蛋白酶系统磷酸化修饰对宰后肉嫩化的作用机制,并对其在肉品质中的应用研究进行展望。     

蛋白质乙酰化对宰后肉品质调控的研究进展

蛋白质乙酰化是一种动态、可逆的蛋白质翻译后修饰方式,它是连接乙酰辅酶A代谢与机体细胞信号转导重要的蛋白质翻译后修饰类型,可以调节基因表达、代谢、细胞凋亡、钙信号传导、蛋白质水解、肌肉收缩以及疾病预防。宰后肌肉的糖酵解、肌肉收缩以及细胞凋亡对肉品质的形成具有重要影响,因此,蛋白质乙酰化可能通过调节宰后肌肉的糖酵解、肌肉收缩与细胞凋亡从而调控肉品质。该文通过综述近年来蛋白质乙酰化对糖酵解、肌肉收缩及细胞凋亡调控的研究进展,阐明了蛋白质乙酰化可能对肉品质的调控具有重要影响,并对未来研究进行了展望。     

宰后肌肉能量代谢对肉品质的影响研究进展

肉色、嫩度、保水性等肉的品质特性一直是影响消费者购买意愿的重要因素,而肌肉能量代谢会影响肌肉的生长、发育、成熟过程,并最终影响肉的食用品质。磷酸肌酸系统、糖酵解途径和氧化磷酸化是肌肉中ATP主要来源,并在宰后不同时期发挥主要作用。动物屠宰放血后,肌肉内环境发生变化,不同的供能方式会影响能量代谢过程,从而影响肌肉转化为“肉”的过程。本文综述宰后肌肉能量代谢过程及其对肉品质的影响,并阐述腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶（AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK）和沉默信息调节因子（silent information regulators,SIRTs）家族对代谢过程的影响,以期为通过能量代谢过程调控肉品质的形成提供新的思路。     

葡萄牙利用动物胴体特征和pH值/温度下降特性对牛胴体进行分级

<正>在牛肉的所有食用品质中,嫩度对消费者的总体食用满意度起着重要作用,而嫩度受到从动物基因型到烹饪过程多种因素的影响。动物生物学特性与宰前和宰后环境条件之间的相互作用,对牲畜死后肌肉转化和贮藏过程中发生的生化过程具有巨大影响。肉最终pH值是肉品质的重要指示参数,且在肉排酸及老化成熟过程中,pH值与温度之间一直发生着相互作用,二者均对肉的收缩和蛋白质水解酶的活性具有重要影响,也会影响牛肉嫩度。     

不同嫩度羊肉肌浆蛋白质磷酸化水平随宰后成熟时间变化的研究

本文研究了不同嫩度羊肉肌浆蛋白磷酸化水平随宰后成熟时间的变化。取40只羊宰后0.5 h、1 h、4 h、12 h、24 h背最长肌样品,根据24 h剪切力和肌原纤维小片化指数分为高嫩度组和低嫩度组。采用SDS-PAGE电泳、荧光染色等方法,分析肌浆蛋白的磷酸化水平。研究结果表明在宰后24 h内肌浆蛋白磷酸化水平在不同嫩度和宰后成熟时间处理组之间差异显著(P0.05),低嫩度组的整体蛋白质磷酸化水平在宰后4 h达到最大,高嫩度组的整体蛋白质磷酸化水平在宰后12 h达到最大。宰后0.5 h、1 h、4 h低嫩度组的肌浆蛋白整体磷酸化水平显著高于高嫩度组(P0.05)。因此,肌浆蛋白磷酸化水平受不同嫩度和宰后成熟时间处理影响显著(P0.05),磷酸化可能通过对宰后肌肉糖酵解的作用影响宰后肌肉僵直进程,进而影响肌肉嫩度。     

食品领域顶级期刊在线发表了肉品加工与品质调控团队综述文章“肉品质生物标志物最新研究进展及发展趋势”

正肉品质生物标志物能够阐明畜禽宰后肌肉转化为肉过程中发生一系列复杂的生理生化变化,涉及能量代谢、钙信号传导和细胞凋亡等数十种途径,决定肉品质。生物标志物是众多生化反应的物质基础和关键靶标,筛选和确证肉品质生物标志物是国际肉品科技研究的最新前沿,但一直未明确目标研究对象。近年来,肉品加工与品质调控创新团队聚焦能量代谢与靶标蛋白质(酶)翻译后修饰关联调控肉品质的新机制,     

影响肌肉嫩度的因素及常用的嫩化方法

肉的品质受多方面因素的影响,其中最重要的一个因素就是嫩度,它直接影响着肉的食用价值和商品价值,反映着肉中各种蛋白质的结构特性。影响肉嫩度的因素有很多,本文从宰前因素和宰后因素对肌肉嫩度的影响以及常见的嫩化方法作了阐述。     

Insights from proteome to phosphorylated proteome: deciphering different regulatory mechanisms in goat muscles with high- and low-meat quality

To investigate the inner mechanisms of meat quality differences between high-quality (HQ) and low-quality (LQ), a comparative quantitative study between longissimus thoracis and external intercostals of goat muscle was performed from proteome to phosphorylated proteome using RP-HPLC in combination with the ‘isobaric tag’ for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) labelling strategy. Altogether, 1441 proteins were identified in our study, of which 673 were phosphoproteins, and a total of twenty were common differentially expressed proteins. Myosin, carbonic anhydrase, and phosphoglucomutase could be used as proteins marker for HQ and LQ meat. Bioinformatics analysis showed that these proteins exhibited different rates for glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation reaction, thus causing the different pH and NADH change rates, and resulting in better colour, tenderness, and water retention in HQ meat. The release of Ca²⁺ and adenosine triphosphate changed the meat quality through calcium signalling. Our finding provides a comprehensive view of proteome changes and their phosphorylation levels in goat muscle, involved in producing meats of different muscle parts. It also gives a better understanding of the regulation of protein on various biological processes that determine the final meat quality attributes.     

Effects of protein posttranslational modifications on meat quality: A review

Meat quality plays an important role in the purchase decision of consumers, affecting producers and retailers. The formation mechanisms determining meat quality are intricate, as several endogenous and exogenous factors contribute during antemortem and postmortem periods. Abundant research has been performed on meat quality; however, unexpected variation in meat quality remains an issue in the meat industry. Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) regulate structures and functions of proteins in living tissues, and recent reports confirmed their importance in meat quality. The objective of this review was to provide a summary of the research on the effects of PTMs on meat quality. The effects of four common PTMs, namely, protein phosphorylation, acetylation, S-nitrosylation, and ubiquitination, on meat quality were discussed, with emphasis on the effects of protein phosphorylation on meat tenderness, color, and water holding capacity. The mechanisms and factors that may affect the function of protein phosphorylation are also discussed. The current research confirms that meat quality traits are regulated by multiple PTMs. Cross talk between different PTMs and interactions of PTMs with postmortem biochemical processes need to be explored to improve our understanding on factors affecting meat quality.     

宰后成熟对生鲜肉品质影响的研究进展

作为一种肉品增值手段,成熟技术多年来在全球肉类工业中已被广泛应用。在宰后初期肌肉转化为可食用肉及后期成熟过程中所发生的一系列生化变化都会对肉的品质产生重要影响。因此,通过优化成熟方案并引入新型成熟技术来有效提升肉品品质（特别是嫩度）尤为重要。近年来,对肉品宰后生理生化机制的探索和新型成熟技术的研究始终是该领域的热点,然而目前鲜见对该方面最新进展的综合性报道。因此,本文系统地总结了对肉品质起决定性作用的宰后早期生理生化变化,概述了现行不同成熟方法（干法成熟和湿法成熟）对肉品质的影响,并对新型成熟技术的发展及其对品质的改善效果进行了综述,以期为满足消费者日益增长的高品质肉品消费需求和促进我国肉品加工行业的发展提供理论技术指导和发展思路。     

蛋白质氧化和翻译后修饰对肉品质的影响及机制研究进展

动物屠宰后，肌肉向可食肉转变的过程中涉及一系列的生化变化，它们相互影响并决定了肉的品质。其中氧化应激引起的蛋白质氧化以及蛋白质翻译后修饰对肉品质的形成具有重要影响，但鲜见对其机理系统的深入总结报道。本文综述了氧化应激与蛋白质氧化的关系，总结了动物屠宰后蛋白质氧化和翻译后修饰对肉的嫩度、持水性、肉色和营养价值等品质形成的影响及其作用机制，以期为未来肉品科学的研究提供理论参考。     

Stress Effects on Meat Quality: A Mechanistic Perspective

Stress inevitably occurs from the farm to abattoir in modern livestock husbandry. The effects of stress on the behavioral and physiological status and ultimate meat quality have been well documented. However, reports on the mechanism of stress effects on physiological and biochemical changes and their consequent effects on meat quality attributes have been somewhat disjointed and limited. Furthermore, the causes of variability in meat quality traits among different animal species, muscle fibers within an animal, and even positions within a piece of meat in response to stress are still not entirely clear. This review 1st summarizes the primary stress factors, including heat stress, preslaughter handling stress, oxidative stress, and other stress factors affecting animal welfare; carcass quality; and eating quality. This review further delineates potential stress‐induced pathways or mediators, including AMP‐activated protein kinase‐mediated energy metabolism, crosstalk among calcium signaling pathways and reactive oxygen species, protein modification, apoptosis, calpain and cathepsin proteolytic systems, and heat shock proteins that exert effects that cause biochemical changes during the early postmortem period and affect the subsequent meat quality. To obtain meat of high quality, further studies are needed to unravel the intricate mechanisms involving the aforementioned signaling pathways or mediators and their crosstalk.     

Effects of protein oxidation on the texture and water-holding of meat: a review

Abstract

Protein oxidation readily occurs in postmortem muscle during storage and processing. Over the past decade new analytical methods have been developed and new aspects of protein oxidation in meat have been studied, such as the reaction mechanism, and impacts on eating quality and nutritional value. It is now evident that amino acid side chains in myofibrillar proteins undergoes modifications due to oxidative stress. In turn this will lead to formation of new protein-protein cross-links in structural proteins, however, also the overall level of fixed-charge groups attached to the peptide backbones is modified. Meat texture and water-holding are important quality attributes and they are affected by the oxidation of structural proteins. Different mechanisms have been suggested to explain the oxidation-induced quality changes, focusing mainly on reduced proteolysis and formation of cross-links. This review explores the current understanding of protein oxidation in fresh meat in relation to texture and water-holding. The consequences of protein oxidation at molecular level in relation to oxidation-induced cross-linking and changes in net charges of myofibrillar proteins, and the impacts on texture and water-holding are discussed.     

Skeletal muscle fiber type and myofibrillar proteins in relation to meat quality

Although numerous studies have reported the relationships among muscle fiber characteristics, lean meat content and meat quality, controversial perspectives still remain. Conventional histochemical classifications may be involved in a high level of error, subjectivity and it could not clearly explain variety of myofibrillar protein isoforms. Therefore, more information is needed on how different factors, such as species, breeds, gender, nutrient conditions, physiological state of animals, and environment factors, affect ultimate meat quality in order to evaluate these uncertainness. Unfortunately, there is little information that completely covers with relationship among the muscle fiber types, myofibrillar proteins and enzymatic proteolysis. In addition to the perspective of postmortem metabolism, protein quality control in skeletal muscle and proteolytic degradation of muscle proteins during postmortem period could help to clarify this relationship. Therefore, the present review will focus on muscle fiber types, typing methods, muscle proteins and meat quality, and will summarize aspects of enzymatic view of proteasome.