木薯淀粉-瓜尔胶复合膜的制备及性质研究

研究木薯淀粉与瓜尔胶、木薯淀粉与阴离子瓜尔胶的复合膜,淀粉含量为复合基质量的100%、80%、60%、40%和20%制成复合膜,对膜的性质用红外、热重以及扫描电镜分别表征,对膜的力学性能、水蒸气透过率和吸水性能测试。分别以强度和伸长率为指标得出最优的复合膜配比。以强度为指标的最优复合膜成分：淀粉为80%,瓜尔胶为20%,得到样本1-2与原淀粉膜相比强度提高50%,伸长率下降30%,水蒸气透过率下降15.8%,吸水率几乎没有变化。以伸长率为指标的最优膜成分：淀粉80%,阴离子瓜尔胶20%,得到样本2-1与原木薯淀粉膜相比伸长率提高了142%,但强度降低了22%,水蒸气透过率下降了5.4%,吸水性降低了5.5%。成膜条件为：淀粉糊化温度为95℃,反应时间0.5 h,烘干温度为50℃。     

浆液体系中木薯淀粉乙酰化反应均匀性及基团分布特征

以木薯淀粉为原料、乙酸酐为酰化剂，在浆液体系中制备乙酰化淀粉，采用4.3 mol·L^-1 CaCl₂溶液对乙酰化淀粉颗粒进行化学表面糊化处理，获得不同表面糊化程度的剩余淀粉颗粒，通过SEM、XRD表征剩余颗粒的形貌及结晶结构，采用皂化法测定剩余颗粒的乙酰基含量，并利用最小二乘法拟合取代基含量在淀粉颗粒径向上的分布曲线，考察乙酰化反应均匀性和乙酰基分布的影响因素。结果发现：乙酰基团在淀粉颗粒中呈现外高内低的非均匀分布，30%以上的乙酰基分布在对比半径0.9~1.0的外部区域，而在0~0.7比较大的范围内仅占28%左右；反应温度升高、反应时间延长和酰化剂用量增大，乙酰基含量在淀粉颗粒内的分布离散程度减小，有利于乙酰化反应和乙酰基团分布更趋均匀；随着表面糊化程度增大，剩余颗粒均能保持木薯淀粉的形貌和“A”型结晶结构特征，但粒径稍有减小，结晶度整体呈现下降趋势，部分稍有突跃。以上结果说明，结晶结构与非晶结构在木薯淀粉颗粒内交替存在，且各区域结晶区和非晶区比例存在一定差异，适当改变反应条件可改善木薯淀粉颗粒内乙酰化反应和乙酰化基团非均匀分布的状况。     

热塑性磷酸酯淀粉的制备与性能研究

以磷酸酯淀粉为基体、甘油和水为增塑剂,使用转矩流变仪制备了磷酸酯热塑性淀粉(TPS)。研究了甘油用量对于材料的塑化性能、流变性能、结晶行为以及力学性能的影响。结果表明:随着甘油含量的增加,热塑性磷酸酯淀粉的平衡扭矩减小,熔体质量流动速率增大,流动性提高,拉伸强度与断裂伸长率先增大后减小,而且结晶度下降,塑化程度提高;当淀粉/甘油/水的质量比为60/30/8时,材料具有较好的力学性能。     

SA/PVA可降解复合塑料膜的制备与性能研究

对木薯原淀粉进行乙酰化改性,合成低酯化度的木薯淀粉醋酸酯(SA);经增塑、交联后与聚乙烯醇(PVA)合成可降解的SA/PVA复合塑料膜,重点研究了PVA、甘油、乙二醛的用量及SA的酯化度对复合膜力学性能的影响,并对复合膜性能进行了表征。结果表明:在PVA质量分数为40%,甘油质量分数为14%,乙二醛质量分数为4%时,可以得到力学性能较好的复合塑料膜;与原淀粉/PVA复合膜相比,复合膜致密性提高,玻璃化转变温度降低,结晶度下降,表现出更好的力学性能。     

壳聚糖对玉米淀粉可食膜性能的影响

以玉米淀粉为原料，结合壳聚糖在增塑剂甘油的作用下通过溶液浇铸法制备了玉米淀粉/壳聚糖复合可食薄膜，采用红外光谱和扫描电子显微镜对薄膜结构和微观形貌进行了表征，研究了壳聚糖的含量对薄膜力学性能、水蒸气透过性、阻油性及抗菌性能的影响。结果表明，适量的壳聚糖可以较明显地改善薄膜的力学性能，提高其隔水和阻油性能；壳聚糖与淀粉质量比为1/3时制得的薄膜结构均匀，拉伸强度为21.54 MPa，是淀粉膜的2.52倍，水蒸气透过率为4.52×10^-5 g/（mm·d），较淀粉膜降低了49.3 %，薄膜能抑制大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的生长，对二者的抑菌率分别为43.55 %和32.89 %。     

纳米SiO_2/壳聚糖/淀粉复合包装膜的制备及性能

选用壳聚糖(CH)和木薯(CA)淀粉为基本成膜材料,甘油为增塑剂,改性纳米SiO_2(NS)为增强剂,采用流延法制备壳聚糖-淀粉基复合膜,探究壳聚糖与木薯淀粉比例、甘油含量以及改性纳米SiO_2含量对复合膜性能的影响。通过正交试验采用极差分析并结合方差分析确定了纳米SiO_2/壳聚糖/淀粉复合膜的较优工艺条件。结果表明,壳聚糖与淀粉质量比6∶4,甘油含量35%,改性纳米SiO_2含量2%。在此条件下,复合膜的各项性能分别为:拉伸强度32.43 MPa,断裂伸长率38.98%,透光度19.96,水蒸气透过率10.53×10~(-11)/(m·s·Pa)。该复合膜与不添加改性纳米SiO_2的复合膜相比其力学强度增加了158.41%,水蒸气透过率减小了13.48%,复合膜力学强度和耐水性能有明显的改善。     

浆液体系中木薯淀粉乙酰化反应均匀性及基团分布特征

以木薯淀粉为原料、乙酸酐为酰化剂,在浆液体系中制备乙酰化淀粉,采用4.3 mol·L~(-1)CaCl2溶液对乙酰化淀粉颗粒进行化学表面糊化处理,获得不同表面糊化程度的剩余淀粉颗粒,通过SEM、XRD表征剩余颗粒的形貌及结晶结构,采用皂化法测定剩余颗粒的乙酰基含量,并利用最小二乘法拟合取代基含量在淀粉颗粒径向上的分布曲线,考察乙酰化反应均匀性和乙酰基分布的影响因素。结果发现:乙酰基团在淀粉颗粒中呈现外高内低的非均匀分布,30%以上的乙酰基分布在对比半径0.9～1.0的外部区域,而在0～0.7比较大的范围内仅占28%左右;反应温度升高、反应时间延长和酰化剂用量增大,乙酰基含量在淀粉颗粒内的分布离散程度减小,有利于乙酰化反应和乙酰基团分布更趋均匀;随着表面糊化程度增大,剩余颗粒均能保持木薯淀粉的形貌和"A"型结晶结构特征,但粒径稍有减小,结晶度整体呈现下降趋势,部分稍有突跃。以上结果说明,结晶结构与非晶结构在木薯淀粉颗粒内交替存在,且各区域结晶区和非晶区比例存在一定差异,适当改变反应条件可改善木薯淀粉颗粒内乙酰化反应和乙酰化基团非均匀分布的状况。     

改性纤维素纳米晶/水性聚氨酯防腐涂料的制备

采用γ-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES)对纤维素纳米晶(CNC)进行表面改性，通过原位聚合法将改性CNC与水性聚氨酯(WPU)交联复合，在交联剂三羟甲基丙烷(TMP)的协同作用下，合成高度交联的改性CNC/WPU复合材料。通过FTIR、XRD、SEM、拉伸实验、电化学极化曲线和EIS表征了复合材料的结构及性能。结果表明，TMP含量[以聚丙二醇(PPG)和异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)总质量为基准，下同]2.0%与改性CNC含量(以PPG和IPDI总质量为基准，下同)1.5%共同添加制备的CNC/WPU复合材料性能最优，所得复合涂层表面致密，拉伸强度较空白WPU样品得到明显提高；涂层吸水率降至约6.0%，耐水性能良好；腐蚀电流密度降至9.76×10^–8 A/cm²，阻抗谱容抗弧半径达3.15×10⁷Ω·cm²，盐水中浸泡168 h涂层表面无明显变化，是综合性能优良的耐腐蚀涂料。     

木薯氧化淀粉/海藻酸钠复合膜的制备及性能

利用海藻酸钠(SA)和氧化改性木薯淀粉(OS)为成膜基材,添加增塑剂甘油和改性剂硬脂酸;采用流延法制备一种新型复合膜。探究氧化淀粉氧化度、淀粉与海藻酸钠比例、甘油含量和硬脂酸添加量对复合膜拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、吸光性和水蒸汽透过率的影响,以复合膜综合性能评分为响应值,淀粉与海藻酸钠比例、甘油含量、硬脂酸添加量为自变量,利用响应面法对配方进行优化,并建立了二次多项式回归模型。结果表明,氧化淀粉∶海藻酸钠为6︰4、甘油添加量23%、硬脂酸添加量1.8%,复合膜性能指标综合分为74.0,此时复合膜的拉伸强度为(8.319±1.058)MPa,断裂伸长率为(67.063±4.891)%,吸光度为(1.333±0.026),水蒸气透过系数为(0.375±0.020)g·mm/(m~2·h·kg)。     

高淀粉含量玉米淀粉膜的制备及结构性能研究

为改善原淀粉膜的脆性和成膜性,以甘油为增塑剂、采用高速搅拌及流延法制备了高淀粉含量的玉米淀粉膜.研究了甘油增塑前后玉米淀粉膜的热性能、显微观察及结晶结构,以及甘油的添加量对淀粉糊的流变性及淀粉膜的机械性能影响.结果表明甘油塑化玉米淀粉膜的α型结晶结构被破坏,并随甘油量的增加玉米淀粉膜的结晶度下降;甘油塑化的淀粉糊为假塑性流体,其黏度随剪切速率的增加而降低.当淀粉/水质量比为0.06时,甘油加入量为淀粉质量的40%时,甘油塑化淀粉膜的综合力学性能较好.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.