Optimal allocation of water resources in large river basins: II. Application to Yellow River Basin

In this paper, the theoretical approach presented in Part I is demonstrated by means of case study on the optimal allocation water resources for Yellow River Basin of China. The object of the case study was to find the optimization of water allocation among subregions and trunk streams of the basin in order to achieve the maximum national economic benefits and the optimal reservoir storage required to maintain the long-term balance of water resources.The optimal allocation of water resources pattern caters for irrigation, hydropower generation, navigation, water supply and other sectors, depending to a large extent on the objective economic benefits obtained from the whole valley and on the objective of reservoir storage. Other factors incapable of being expressed in terms of the two objectives considered in the section concerning constrained conditions. This research is applicable widely and suitable for the solution of complicated, multi-objective large-system problems involving non-linearity, numerous variables and various constrained conditions. Finally, the results of optimal allocation of water resources for Yellow River Basin (OAWRYRB) have been selected on an optimum basis in accordance with the multi-objective method.The application of our optimization techniques to the Yellow River basic showed that the total water of the Yellow River over a year can be allocated by optimization. The maximum national economic benefits and the optimal reservoir storage required to maintain the long-term balance of water resources can also be obtained by the optimal techniques.     

基于GIS的黄河三角洲水资源脆弱性评价

依据黄河三角洲自然地理及经济社会发展状况,构建黄河三角洲水资源脆弱性评价指标体系,并基于GIS技术进行空间区域划分,建立基于熵权的水资源脆弱性模糊优选评价模型。结果显示,黄河三角洲水资源脆弱性空间变化较大,沿海及小清河区域水资源脆弱性较高,沿黄河区域脆弱性相对较低。     

Urban Water Management Using Fuzzy-Probabilistic Multi-Objective Programming with Dynamic Efficiency

This paper introduces a new multi-objective optimization model for integrated urban water management. The model, based on compromise programming, is applied for the case of Tabriz city in Iran. The water demand of this city is rapidly growing and because of the limited resources, water supply is now more vulnerable to any mismanagement. Therefore the model attempts to optimize the water supply plan of city concerning three main objectives of maximizing the water supply, minimizing the cost and minimizing the environmental hazards. Due to the vagueness in defining the first objective, it is modeled by using the fuzzy set theory. Further, the uncertainty in satisfying some constraints is tackled by using the chance constraint approach. The decision variables are the extent of water withdrawal from the city aquifer, three different water transfer schemes and also the extent of demand management by leaks detection and pipes rehabilitation. Then the fuzzy-probabilistic multi-objective model is solved by considering the new idea of dynamic efficiency in the utility of decision maker and the results provide the optimum water supply in the planning horizon. The model results in robust solutions in which the demand management option dominates the new water transfer. Implementing the results of this model supports the environmental conservation and sustainable development.     

黄河流域干流河段水资源调配多目标优化模型

目前黄河水资源的分配手段仍存在不少问题,用水量同比例丰增枯减不利于黄河水量的合理利用,传统的调度方式也无法使资源、社会达到协调发展。根据黄河水资源的实际情况,考虑各地区用水的公平合理性,建立黄河干流河段多目标优化配水模型,采用改进遗传算法来求解河段优化配水问题。结果表明:经过改进遗传算法的优化求解,可以将黄河干流水资源量科学合理地分配到各河段,全区缺水率控制在10%以下,并且满足河道断面的生态流量需求,符合社会、生态对于水资源开发利用的要求,最大程度地发挥了水资源的综合效益。     

基于模糊优选和可信性的农业水资源多目标优化配置模型

干旱半干旱流域内社会、经济和生态问题多是由水资源匮乏或管理不当导致的,因此寻求有效的水资源管理方法至关重要。针对农业水资源配置过程的多目标性和不确定性问题,建立了一个多目标模糊可信性优化模型(MFCP)。该模型不仅通过定量分析不同目标在农业发展中的权重,对决策变量的综合效益进行模糊优选,还基于模糊可信理论处理了模糊参数。所开发的MFCP模型应用于甘肃省武威市民勤灌区进行实证研究,构建了以经济、生态和社会效益为目标、以水土资源自然禀赋限制等为约束的水资源优化配置模型。结果表明,可以通过减小玉米和葵花种植面积、增大瓜类和蔬菜的面积达到区域综合效益最优。以2015年为例,与优化前现状相比,优化后的方案在减少11.1%的种植总面积的情况下,能节约水量12.6%、提高经济收益13.8%。     

洪泽湖多目标水量调度决策模型及其应用

针对洪泽湖水量利用与生态水位维持这一矛盾开展多目标水量调度决策方法研究,构建贴近适宜生态水位 （生态效益）、缺水率最小、引水量最小、入湖水量改变度最小等目标的多目标调度模型,考虑生态效益目标与水 资源利用目标的不可共度性及决策者偏好模糊性特征,采用多目标模糊决策法从非劣解集中筛选最适宜调度方 案。结果表明：多目标模型解集反映生态效益和经济社会效益的置换关系,贴近适宜生态水位的调控方式在一定 程度上降低洪泽湖调蓄能力,与水资源利用形成矛盾关系;模糊决策法筛选的均衡调度策略可以有效反映决策者 的偏好情况,并提供适用于不同情景的优化调度方式;生态目标优先方案通过减少供水、增加引水量、调节入湖 水量等方式有效补充生态用水,可将生态水位偏离差降低至 0.30?m,可为生态优先原则下的适宜调度策略制定提 供参考。     

考虑生态流量的小流域水库群联合调度研究

在小流域开展考虑生态流量需求的水库群联合调度,成为改善小流域河道生态环境的重要途径。采用水库群模拟优化方法建立了考虑下游河道生态需水的水库群多目标联合调度模型。模型依据流域内水库群的调节能力和调度目标,将水库群划分为3类;以供水目标为优先原则,确立水库群的调度方式和调度图。在此基础上,采用多目标遗传算法（NSGA-II）求解水库群联合调度的调度图。最后以重庆市龙溪河流域为研究实例,对不同生态需水流量下的水库群多目标调度效益进行对比分析。结果表明,生态流量的增加对流域内的农业用水影响最为明显,水库群多目标调度成为平衡各目标之间竞争性的重要方式。     

Optimization of Water Resources Utilization by Multi-Objective Moth-Flame Algorithm

With the increasing power demand and rapid depletion of conventional fossil fuel resources, hydroelectric power resource has caused great attention of the public. A multi reservoir system with multiple objectives including ecological water demand, hydropower generation, and water diversion in Lushui River basin in China is under consideration in this context. Aiming to improve the efficiency of the water resources utilization, a novel method called multi-objective Moth-flame optimization algorithm (MOMFA) has been applied into this problem. The proposed algorithm involves the effective properties of the original Moth-flame optimization algorithm and two efficient mechanisms named opposition-based learning and indicator-based selection have also been integrated into the algorithm with the purpose of assisting the algorithm to accelerate the convergence and maintain the diversity simultaneously. The performance of the proposed MOMFA tested on a series of benchmarks and the Lushui River Basin. The result indicated that the proposed algorithm is not only capable of obtaining the well pareto solutions on standard problem but also can find the best tradeoff of the components and simultaneously achieve a set of well distributed non-dominated solutions for the multi-objective water resources utilization problem. Compare with the results obtained by other algorithms, the superiority of the proposed MOMFA has also been verified.     

近52年和林格尔气温和降水量变化

针对高强度水资源开发利用条件下流域水循环研究存在的问题,从认知、试验、理论、方法四个层次探讨了适应水资源开发利用条件的流域水循环的研究方法,构建了一个以水资源配置模型与水循环模型耦合为核心,以流域供需水分析和流域生态、环境、经济综合评价为响应的多目标调控模型。利用该模型,对黄河流域水资源进行了合理配置计算。结果表明,现状条件下黄河流域缺水严重;而在未来情境下缺水将更加严重,大力节水能够较大程度缓解缺水状况。     

新水沙条件下的黄河河口治理

分析了黄河河口未来来水来沙的变化及其影响,从人类活动要与自然协调共处出发,讨论了在新来水来沙条件下黄河河口治理中的几个主要问题,包括入海流路、三角洲演变、防洪抗凌、水资源、生态环境和湿地保护、社会经济规划布局以及河口管理等。指出了尽管黄河水少沙多的基本特性不变,河口的演变规律就不可能有大的变化,但正确的人为干预是非常重要和有效的,这为治理方案的研究留出了很大空间。水资源是黄河河口治理的核心,根本出路在于调整产业结构、大力建设节水型社会和提高用水效率。黄河河口存在的种种问题之间具有密不可分的联系,必须采取综合治理的方法,进行统一管理。河口治理是黄河全流域治理的一部分,必须统筹兼顾,合理发展。     

黄河三角洲非常规水资源综合利用

针对黄河三角洲地区水资源不足、对黄河客水依靠程度高、水资源供需矛盾突出等问题,提出通过建设滨海骨干生态河道、完善灌区灌排干支渠、增设必要蓄水设施、构建生态水网等实现非常规水资源的综合利用。初步估算黄河以北非常规水资源利用量可达22 390万m3/a,黄河以南非常规水资源利用量可达14550万m3/a,这部分水经深度处理后可作为黄河三角洲自然保护区湿地补水水源或当地工农业用水水源。     

黄河梯级水库群多过程协同调度模型与方法

黄河水少沙多,河道内外用水矛盾突出,梯级水库群调度下供水、输沙、发电、生态等用水过程之间存在复杂的竞争与协作关系,协同调度是提升综合效益的重要途径。本文采用多尺度嵌套和多过程耦合方法,建立了融合供水、输沙、发电、生态等过程的黄河梯级水库群协同调度模型,研究以综合满意度为引导的优化求解方法,选取代表径流系列,提出多过程协同调度方案。结果表明,通过优化黄河梯级水库群蓄泄秩序和下泄过程,协调多用水过程的关系,能显著提高水库调度的综合效益:通过优化河段取水过程,实现了供水时空均衡,流域缺水率控制在11.6%~18.8%;优化水库拦沙-河道输沙过程,减少水库淤积0.65亿t,增加河道输沙1.16亿t,下游河道年均冲刷0.26亿t;优化梯级水库群发电下泄过程,增加发电量64.25亿kW·h;优化断面流量过程,增加非汛期生态水量4.88亿m³。本研究可为梯级水库多目标调度与流域综合管理提供方向性参考。     

黄河口湿地健康评价

 湿地健康评价旨在判断湿地健康状况和趋势,以便制定有效的管理策略和修复措施。针对黄河口湿地建立了一个新的指标体系,并使用模糊综合评判法对黄河口湿地进行了健康评价。结果表明,1992年到2008年黄河口湿地整体上处于亚健康状态。同时,还对东营市1992-2008年经济状况进行了分析评价,结果表明经济的快速增长对湿地健康有负面影响。影响黄河口湿地健康的主要因素是：来水来沙量减少、湿地恢复工程和东营市经济的快速增长。     

引黄灌溉对区域生态环境的影响及对策分析

引黄灌区在黄河三角洲地区农业和社会经济发展中具有特别重要的地位。但是,因为缺乏科学的用水管理体系,产生了很多不良影响,本文通过对小开河灌区的分析研究,得出引黄灌溉对区域生态环境的影响,即地下水位下降、地下水位升高和地下水污染。并对相应的影响提出对策分析以减小对生态环境的影响。     

黄河三角洲农业生态地质环境综合研究

为了遏制黄河三角洲农业生态地质环境质量急剧恶化的势头,促进黄河三角洲经济、资源与生态农业地质环境的协调发展,运用地质科学、农业生态科学、环境科学和地球化学等多种方法,系统分析了黄河三角洲农业生态地质环境特征,认为黄河三角洲是在海洋动力与河流动力共同作用下形成的,受特殊的海、陆、河与湿地相互交替演化且相互制约的脆弱生态地质环境和人类活动尤其是不科学的掠夺性资源开发等因素的影响,引发了土壤盐渍化、土壤沙化、土壤沼泽化、水土污染、地下水降落漏斗、海成水入侵和地面沉降等地质环境问题,改变了农业生态地质环境的演化特征甚至方向。采用专家模糊聚类法把农业生态地质环境划分为3种类型、11个地质环境单元,提出了合理开发利用水资源、环境治理、农业生态地质环境质量监测等修复措施。     

Desiccation of the Yellow River and the South Water Northward Transfer Project

Abstract

Desiccation of the Yellow River, the cradle of the Chinese civilization and the second longest river in China since the 1970s, has created serious socioeconomic, environmental, and ecological problems. This paper analyzes the water shortage problem in the Yellow River and evaluates the effects of demand management and the interbasin transfer—South Water Northward Transfer Project—in alleviating the problem. Although China has initiated a series of demand management and pollution control initiatives, these programs alone cannot solve the chronic water shortage problem in the Yellow River Basin. While facing multiple challenges and controversies, implementation of the South Water Northward Transfer Project is necessary to mitigate the water shortage crisis in the Basin. However, the implementation of the Transfer Project is only a partial solution to the Yellow River's chronic water shortage problem. China should actively implement and enforce its demand management programs and pollution control policies to make sustainable use of its limited fresh water resources.     

复杂水利-电力约束下梯级水电站短期多层级多目标优化调度研究

电网高强度的调峰调频任务和流域严格的水量调度要求,限制了梯级水电站调度运行的优化空间,造成水调电调协调困难、效益发挥不充分、机组长时间低效运行等问题。本文统筹考虑梯级水电站发电效益、调峰能力以及运行工况等目标,分别建立电网、梯级、电站等不同层级的调度模型,研究多层级多目标协同优化机制,提出模型求解方法。通过不同层级之间相互嵌套,滚动向前,在复杂水利-电力约束条件下保证梯级电站的安全高效运行。以黄河上游水电基地为例,该方法可在保障黄河流域水量调度要求和西北地区高比例风光全额消纳前提下,将梯级水电站发电量提升2.75%,耗水率降低2.38%,机组低效运行时间降低50.64%,且有效提升水电调峰能力,平滑了火电出力过程,对于梯级水电科学调度和安全运行具有科学意义和实际价值。     

南水北调中线一期工程生态补水潜力研究

采用Spearman秩次相关检验法和Mann-Kendall秩次相关检验法,在分析丹江口水库入库径流变化趋势的基础上,构建水库多目标优化调度模型,研究丹江口水库在满足汉江中下游及北调城市供水的同时,向调水受水区进行生态补水的潜力。结果表明:在1956—1998年的42 a中,除了8个枯水年或者连续枯水年无水可补之外,其余34 a均可向受水区进行生态补水,多年平均生态补水量可达21亿m3,年生态补水量最多可达45亿m3,具有向受水区进行生态补水的巨大潜力。     

黄河流域水土资源联合配置技术框架

黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展上升为重大国家战略,对黄河流域水土资源配置提出了新要求。随着气候变化和人类活动的影响,黄河流域面临水资源总量不足、水土资源空间不匹配、水沙异源和生态用水用地矛盾突出等问题。在分析黄河流域水土资源所面临问题及成因的基础上,以山水林田湖草整体保护、系统修复和综合治理为导向,基于已有水土资源要素数据和精密监测获取的数据,识别黄河流域水土资源演变规律及生态关键阈值,构建基于水土资源高效利用与保护的黄河流域水土资源联合配置模型。本研究旨在规范黄河流域水土资源开发,为黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展提供技术支撑。