高效液相色谱-示差折光检测法检测无刺蜂蜂蜜中海藻酮糖含量

目的：建立一种简单快速测定无刺蜂蜂蜜中海藻酮糖含量的分析方法,并基于此方法对不同无刺蜂种、不同地理来源、不同采集时间等条件下所获得的无刺蜂蜂蜜中海藻酮糖的含量进行检测,以期为无刺蜂蜂蜜海藻酮糖的开发和综合利用提供依据,同时也为相关食品标准的建立提供参考依据。方法：通过收集2019—2021年来自不同无刺蜂蜂种、不同地区（中国云南、海南和马来西亚）无刺蜂蜂蜜,利用高效液相色谱-示差折光检测法,对所收集的无刺蜂蜂蜜样品中海藻酮糖含量进行测定。结果：样品用纯水溶解,经0.22 μm尼龙滤膜过滤后,以纯水为流动相,离子配体交换柱Hi-Plex Pb（300 mm×7.7 mm,8 μm）为分离色谱柱对无刺蜂蜂蜜中的糖类物质进行分离。Hi-Plex Pb色谱柱可成功将海藻酮糖与蜂蜜中其他寡糖基线分离,检测方法回收率高、重复性好（回收率为93.50%～95.71%,相对标准偏差不高于0.61%）,该方法可对无刺蜂蜂蜜样品中的海藻酮糖进行准确分析。结果表明,无刺蜂蜂蜜样品中海藻酮糖质量分数为7.0%～30.8%,不同年度收集的无刺蜂蜂蜜样品中海藻酮糖含量差异显著（P＜0.05）,且不同蜂种间海藻酮糖含量也具有显著差异（P＜0.05）。结论：本研究建立了一种简单、快速、准确分析无刺蜂蜂蜜中海藻酮糖的检测方法,此方法可以应用于无刺蜂蜂蜜中海藻酮糖的测定和无刺蜂蜂蜜的质量控制。实际样品分析结果显示,无刺蜂蜂蜜中含有丰富的海藻酮糖,可作为无刺蜂蜂蜜鉴别和评价的主要品质指标。     

海南无刺蜂蜂蜜中多酚类物质成分分析及其抗氧化、抗炎活性评价

以海南无刺蜂蜂蜜及其多酚类提取物为研究对象,分别测定分析无刺蜂蜂蜜的理化成分和多酚物质,研究其抗氧化和抗炎活性。通过液相色谱-串联四极杆飞行时间质谱分析多酚类成分,并采用福林-酚法和硝酸铝比色法测定多酚类提取物总酚酸和总黄酮含量。采用1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基、2,2’-联氮-双-（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）二铵盐自由基（2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) radical,ABTS＋·）清除实验和铁离子还原力实验评价多酚类提取物的体外抗氧化活性,并采用细菌脂多糖（lipopolysaccharides,LPS）诱导的RAW 264.7细胞体外炎症模型,探究多酚类提取物的抗炎活性。结果显示,无刺蜂蜂蜜水分质量分数为（26.3±0.1）%,pH 3.7±0.2,蛋白质含量为（628.2±9.0）mg/kg,淀粉酶值为（19.6±0.2）mL/（g·h）,总糖质量分数为（46.7±6.0）%,包括果糖（21.0±3.7）%、葡萄糖（24.9±2.2）%、蔗糖（0.8±0.1）%;多酚类提取物的总酚酸和总黄酮含量分别为（96.6±0.4）μg CAE/g和（16.1±0.3）μg QE/g;多酚类提取物的DPPH自由基和ABTS＋?清除能力IC50值分别为（435.1±0.4）、（423.0±0.3）μg/mL,铁离子还原力为（0.6±0.02）μmol Trolox/g;在体外抗炎实验中,多酚类提取物能显著抑制由LPS诱导的RAW 264.7细胞NO的释放,并显著抑制促炎症基因iNOS、IL-1β、IL-6和MCP-1的表达,显著增强抗氧化基因HO-1的表达,并呈剂量相关性。综上所述,海南无刺蜂蜂蜜营养成分丰富,富含酚酸和黄酮类物质,且具有很强的抗氧化和抗炎能力,具有良好的开发利用价值。     

专家提出：在行业中大力倡导生产成熟蜜

中国农科院蜜蜂研究所研究员骆尚华指出，生产成熟蜂蜜是行业发展的趋势。骆尚华研究员在讲座中着重就生产成熟蜜和蜂农收人间的辨证关系做了说明。据介绍，阿根廷等国家生产的成熟蜂蜜在国际市场上的价格是我国蜂蜜价格的2～3倍，生产成熟蜂蜜有较好的价格前景，而且国内一     

奇特"蜂疗"技术克制缫丝烂手顽疾

使用蜜蜂产品,进行医疗保健,名为“蜜蜂医学”,通常称之谓“蜂疗”,乃我国最古老传统医学之一,具有许多独显绝妙神奇的医疗保健功效。蜜蜂与蜂疗:蜜蜂的历史十分久远,推测其起源、繁衍与发展是伴随被子植物的腾茂与繁荣而同步;追溯于中石器时代,人类就留下攀藤采蜜图;殷墟甲骨文最早文字记载“蜂”和“蜜”字的运用;早于这些文献记载前若干世代里,我们的祖先就采集树洞、石洞中野生蜂蜜、蜂幼虫、蜂蛹作为食品充饥,并常遭蜂蜇,不自主接受“蜂疗”,天长日久,累积传承,后人收集整理成书,始见于2000多年前的《神农本草经》收载的365味药材中,蜂…     

尼勒克县不同产区的新疆黑蜂蜂蜜理化性质与营养成分分析

为探明尼勒克县不同产区新疆黑蜂蜂蜜的理化性质及营养成分,本研究以尼勒克县7个不同产区的新疆黑蜂蜂蜜为研究对象,分析其理化性质以及14种维生素和10种矿物质的含量。结果表明:所有产区的蜂蜜样品中葡萄糖和果糖（≥1.14倍行业标准最低值）、淀粉酶活性（≥5.91倍行业标准最低值）、蔗糖（≤1.24%）和水分含量（≤18.5%）均优于中华全国供销合作总社行业推荐标准（GH/T 18796-2012）的相关规定。此外,脂溶性维生素中仅检出以δ-生育酚形式存在的维生素E（0.146~0.290 mg/100 g）;水溶性维生素中检出维生素B₂（0.061~0.159 mg/100 g）、维生素B₆（0.023~0.064 mg/100 g）、烟酸（0.263~1.909 mg/100 g）、泛酸（0.142~0.293 mg/100 g）和叶酸（2.185~14.564 μg/100 g）;矿物质检测呈现高钾低钠（钾钠比均值21.37）、高钙（均值40.634 mg/kg）以及富硒（0.047~0.243 mg/kg）。主成分分析和聚类分析显示,通过检测到的维生素和矿物质可以将7个不同产区的蜂蜜分为4大类,各大类蜂蜜间特色鲜明。尼勒克新疆黑蜂蜂蜜含有丰富的维生素和矿物质,具有发展成为地方特色蜂蜜的巨大潜力。     

尼勒克县新疆黑蜂蜂蜜游离氨基酸的测定及分析

为探究尼勒克县新疆黑蜂蜂蜜游离氨基酸含量组成特点,同时对蜂蜜产地进行区分分析。本研究采用行业标准方法测定尼勒克地区7个产区新疆黑蜂蜂蜜中游离氨基酸含量,对其必需氨基酸、药效氨基酸以及滋味氨基酸含量进行分析,并利用主成分分析和聚类分析探讨了尼勒克新疆黑蜂蜂蜜游离氨基酸特点。结果显示,7个产区新疆黑蜂蜂蜜总游离氨基酸含量在458.98~805.94 mg/kg之间,必需氨基酸占比为33.73%~51.84%,药效氨基酸占比为37.92%~57.94%,滋味氨基酸以芳香族氨基酸和甜味氨基酸为主。A3产区蜂蜜样品的游离氨基酸含量（805.94 mg/kg）远超其他6个产区（458.98~619.82 mg/kg）,且其苯丙氨酸、脯氨酸、丝氨酸、组氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、酪氨酸、缬氨酸和异亮氨酸均为7个产区最高,聚类分析显示A3产区蜂蜜可与其他产区蜂蜜较好分离。综上所述,尼勒克新疆黑蜂蜂蜜中游离氨基酸种类丰富,苯丙氨酸含量占比较高,药效氨基酸、滋味氨基酸含量高,且各产区蜂蜜可由游离氨基酸含量进行区分,具有开发成为口感独特的药用蜂蜜的潜力。     

橡胶蜂蜜酒发酵工艺优化

橡胶蜂蜜是蜜蜂采集橡胶树蜜腺中的原蜜后,经工蜂充分酿造、储存在蜂房中的天然物质。为丰富橡胶蜂蜜的深加工、提高橡胶蜂蜜资源开发利用的附加值,以橡胶蜂蜜为原料酿造蜂蜜酒,通过单因素试验和正交试验优化橡胶蜂蜜酒的发酵工艺。结果表明,橡胶蜂蜜酒最佳发酵工艺条件为起始糖度26°Brix、酵母添加量0.5 g/L、起始p H 5.0、发酵温度32℃,在此工艺下发酵8 d,酿制得到的橡胶蜂蜜酒酒精度10.4%vol,感官品评94.5分,酒体色泽金黄、清亮透明、酒香醇厚,具有橡胶蜂蜜酒的独特风格。     

蜂粮的营养成分和微生物发酵过程研究进展

蜂粮是蜜蜂蜂群中大幼虫、工蜂和雄性蜂的主要食物来源,也是蜂群生存、发展和繁殖的营养保证。目前由于天然蜂粮生产成本较高,而人工蜂粮生产技术中各阶段的发酵条件尚未明确,蜜蜂利用蜂花粉酿制蜂粮的全过程尚无法完全模拟,导致蜂粮的开发利用仍存在一定的技术难题。该文针对蜂粮的营养成分、发酵过程、微生物组成及研究现状等进行了综述,以期为蜂粮产品的研发和生物学功能研究提供理论参考。     

基于GC-QTOF-MS代谢组学技术研究饲喂不同糖饲料对蜜蜂所产蜂王浆中代谢物组成成分的影响

为研究饲喂不同糖饲料对蜜蜂所产蜂王浆品质的影响,基于气相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱代谢组学技术对3?种不同糖饲料饲喂条件下（白糖、蜂蜜、高果糖浆）蜜蜂所生产的蜂王浆进行分析。结果表明：与白糖组相比,蜂蜜组脯氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸、乳糖、癸酸、L-磺基丙氨酸等含量显著较高（P＜0.05）;与蜂蜜组相比较,高果糖浆组蔗糖、麦芽糖含量显著较高（P＜0.05）,而甘油、纤维二糖、异亮氨酸、木糖、羟脯氨酸、乳糖、L-磺基丙氨酸含量显著较低（P＜0.05）;高果糖浆组与白糖组比较,软脂酸、麦芽糖、苏氨酸、半乳糖含量显著较高（P＜0.05）,而纤维二糖、松二糖、木糖、乳糖、赤藓糖含量显著较低（P＜0.05）。这种由于不同糖饲料饲喂条件而导致的差异可能会对蜜蜂及蜜蜂幼虫生长发育以及蜂王浆品质产生一定的影响,同时为蜂农饲喂方式的选择以及进一步研究影响蜂王浆组成差异的因素提供理论依据。     

基于GC-MS非靶向代谢组学分析贵州特色蜂蜜的代谢物差异

该研究以中华蜜蜂（Apis cerana,简称中蜂）特色蜂蜜蓝莓蜜、野蔷薇蜜为研究对象,以荆条蜜、野桂花蜜为对照,采用GC-MS非靶向代谢组学,对特色蜂蜜代谢物聚类、功能富集分析,并筛选差异代谢物及功能注释。结果表明,4种蜂蜜共检测到90种代谢物,富集到210条通路上,其中富集前20的通路在碳水化合代谢（8条）、总览（9条）、膜运输（3条）三个模块;4种蜂蜜中都检测出去甲肾上腺素（Norepinephrine,NE）,它富集到了唾液分泌、胃酸分泌等通路。根据VIP>1、log2FC>1、p<0.05筛选出2-酮丁酸、硬脂酸、肌醇等12种显著差异代谢物;2-酮丁酸和3-己烯二酸分别是蓝莓蜜和野蔷薇蜜的特征性物质。在改善人体消化吸收、促进蛋白质合成效果顺序为：野桂花蜜>荆条蜜>蓝莓蜜>野蔷薇蜜。该研究从代谢组学角度分析了不同蜂蜜营养成分差异,初步确定蓝莓蜜、野蔷薇蜜的特征性物质,其结果为鉴别蜂蜜真假、蜂蜜溯源识别提供相应参考。     

Stingless bee honey: Quality parameters,bioactive compounds,health-promotion properties and modification detection strategies

BackgroundHoney is a natural product produced and marketed worldwide by stingless bees and Apis bees. Both these types of honey contain unique and distinct compounds of variable nutritional and biological importance. Stingless bee honey is popular for its distinct sweetness, mixed with an acidic taste, and fluid texture; it has higher added value than Apis mellifera honey. Due to the relatively low output of stingless bee honey compared to Apis mellifera honey, comprehensive data regarding the former is limited. This complex, natural product requires official, international methodologies and standards to be established to serve as a reference for quality control, to prevent adulteration, and to aid marketing purposes.Scope and approachThe article summarises the existing literature regarding the physicochemical parameters, chemical composition, bioactive constituents, biological properties, and modification detection strategies of honey originated from 478 honey samples from 66 different stingless bee species produced worldwide.Key findings and conclusionsStingless bee honey is one of the most complex natural foodstuffs. This type of honey quantitatively possesses a higher moisture content, greater acidity, a slightly lower level of total carbohydrates, and higher levels of antioxidant and biological activities than Apis mellifera honey. This review emphasises that stingless bee honey represents an important innovation for the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, due to its positive health effects and market potential.     

Classification of Honey from Its Bee Origin via Chemical Profiles and Mineral Content

Raw honeys from four different bee species, namely the honey bees and stingless bees, were classified based on its chemical profiles, mineral contents and heavy metals. Chemical profiles including proximate composition, predominant sugars, hydroxymethylfurfural content, and diastase activity were determined following official methods while mineral and heavy metals contents were obtained from atomic adsorption spectrometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) measurements, respectively. Both hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis show high possibility of distinguishing honey by its bee species of honey bees (Apis spp.) and stingless bees (Heterotrigona itama) based on distinctive differences in chemical compositions and mineral contents. Potassium and sodium were the major elements in raw honey samples at average of 904.9 and 617.6 mg/kg, respectively. Honey from stingless bee contained more protein, 0.85 g/100 g and less total sugar of fructose and glucose at 24.99 g/100 g. The information of bee speciation origin of honey bees and stingless bees enhances the identity of honey on the product labelling.     

Production and characterization of mead from the honey of Melipona scutellaris stingless bees

Mead is a traditional alcoholic beverage obtained by fermenting must and can offer a solution to honey over‐production and a way of valorizing honey of lower quality. The purpose of this study was to produce and characterize mead with different levels of sugars and alcohol obtained from honey from Melipona scutellaris. The honey used for mead preparation was analysed in order to ensure that it met the required quality standards. It was found that the alcoholic content and volatile acidity were outwith the limits established by Brazilian law. Mead legislation is based on the product obtained from Apis mellifera (‘honey bee’) honey and these results indicate the need to re‐evaluate the standards established for this product in order to incorporate mead produced from honey from stingless bees of the genus Melipona. Copyright © 2018 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Nutritive Value of Protein Extracted from Honey Bees

Studies were carried out to determine the protein quality of whole dried honey bees (56.8% crude protein, 11.1% chitin) and honey bee protein concentrate (64.2% crude protein, 0% chitin). The levels of most of the indispensable amino acids were higher in honey bee protein concentrate than in whole dried bees. The true protein digestibility was higher (P < 0.05) in the concentrate (94.3%) than in whole dried honey bees (71.5%), as were the amino acid availabilities. PER and NPU were 2.47 and 62, respectively, in the concentrate and 1.50 and 42.5, respectively, in whole dried honey bees. The removal of chitin following alkali extraction of whole dried honey bees is primarily responsible for the improvement in protein quality.     

New risk assessment approach for systemic insecticides: the case of honey bees and imidacloprid (Gaucho)

The procedure to assess the risk posed by systemic insecticides to honey bees follows the European Directives and depends on the determination of the Hazard Quotient (HQ), though this parameter is not adapted to these molecules. This paper describes a new approach to assess more specifically the risk posed by systemic insecticides to honey bees with the example of imidacloprid (Gaucho). This approach is based on the new and existing chemical substances Directive in which levels of exposure (PEC, Predicted Exposure Concentration) and toxicity (PNEC, Predicted No Effect Concentration) are compared. PECs are determined for different categories of honey bees in relation to the amounts of contaminated pollen and nectar they might consume. PNECs are calculated from data on acute, chronic, and sublethal toxicities of imidacloprid to honey bees, to which selected assessment factors are applied. Results highlight a risk for all categories of honey bees, in particular for hive bees. These data are discussed in the light of field observations made on honey bee mortalities and disappearances. New perspectives are given to better determine the risk posed by systemic insecticides to honey bees.     

发酵蜂产品研究进展

蜂产品,即与蜜蜂相关的产品,包括蜂蜜、蜂花粉、蜂王浆等。发酵蜂产品指以蜂产品为原料,通过发酵作用所得产品,如蜂花粉面包、蜂蜜酒等,其营养丰富、口味独特。发酵蜂产品较蜂产品有更多优势,如含糖量低、致敏性蛋白少、易吸收、口感佳等。但由于诸多因素限制,相对于其他发酵产品,发酵蜂产品发展缓慢。因此,总结分析发酵蜂产品的发展现状及技术应用前景,对我国蜂产业发展及综合利用意义重大。文章综述了发酵蜂产品的种类和特征,针对发酵蜂产业现存的问题提出了改进方法,以期为发酵蜂产品的开发利用提供参考。     

Exploring stingless bee honey from selected regions of Peninsular Malaysia through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry–based untargeted metabolomics

Volatile organic compounds in honey are known for their considerable impact on the organoleptic properties of honey, such as aroma, flavor, taste, and texture. The type and composition of volatile organic compounds are influenced by entomological, geographical, and botanical origins; thus, these compounds have the potential to be chemical markers. Sixty-two volatile compounds were identified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry from 30 Heterotrigona itama (H. itama) honey samples from 3 different geographical origins. Hydrocarbons and benzene derivatives were the dominant classes of volatile organic compounds in the samples. Both clustering and discriminant analyses demonstrated a clear separation between samples from distant origins (Kedah and Perak), and the volcano plot supported it. The reliability and predictability of the partial least squares–discriminant analysis model from the discriminant analysis were validated using cross-validation (R²: 0.93; Q²: 0.83; accuracy: 0.97) and the permutation test (p < 0.001), and the output depicted that the model is legitimate. In combination with the variable importance of projection (VIP > 1.0) and the Kruskal–Wallis test (p < 0.01), 19 volatile organic compounds (encompassed aldehydes, benzene derivatives, esters, hydrocarbons, and terpenoids) were sorted and named potent chemical markers in classifying honey samples from three geographical origins. In brief, this study illustrated that volatile organic compounds of stingless honey originated from the same bee species, but different geographical origins could be applied as chemical markers.