单量子比特系统状态的在线估计

针对具有退相干效应与测量反馈随机噪声的随机开放量子系统, 采用对状态影响较弱的连续弱测量在线获取一系列状态的部分信息, 实现量子状态的在线估计.由泡利矩阵构造初始测量算符, 并推导出在线的随时间变化的测量算符; 基于压缩传感理论来减少测量次数; 采用最小二乘优化算法对自由演化中的量子密度矩阵状态进行重构, 完整地给出了量子态在线估计的过程.所提出的在线量子态估计方案, 在一个量子位系统上进行了系统仿真实验.数值仿真实验结果表明, 在满足压缩传感理论的条件下, 仅需2次连续弱测量所得到的测量值之后, 就可以高精度地实现在线变化的单比特量子密度矩阵估计.     

基于测量的量子线路

量子线路模型是使用最广泛的量子计算模型,它对于量子算法的构造和量子计算机的物理实现提供了一个基本框架.利用测量演算和分布式量子计算的基本思想,提出了测量量子线路模型(measurement quantum circuits model).测量量子线路主要考虑测量结果对酉运算的影响,测量结果和酉运算之间的关系以及测量基量子线路的在纯态和混合态上的作用.讨论了2个基元运算的并运算,以及连接运算,它们都是封闭的.基于此,定义测量量子线路的基本运算元,并证明任何一个测量量子线路是一个量子运算并举例得以说明.     

量子系统中状态估计方法的综述

从广泛用于实验量子领域的典型状态估计方法,到基于系统论观点、可用于量子反馈控制的状态估计方法,详细综述了4种测量方式下的相应量子状态估计方法及其适用背景.通过其发展历程的叙述,从本质上阐述了估计的基本原理,从技术上对各种方法进行了相应的分析和比较.同时,对量子状态估计和经典状态估计进行了相应的比较,并对量子系统中的状态估计方法作了总结.     

弱测量在提高量子参数估计精度中的应用

量子参数估计理论主要研究如何利用量子资源来提高经典参数的估计精度,其应用非常广泛.对于封闭的量子系统,采用纠缠的量子探针测量未知的经典参数,其估计精度可以大幅地超越经典探针所能达到的精度.然而,当退相干效应存在时,量子探针的优越性就会受到限制.本文引入弱测量的方法提高噪声环境下参数估计的精度,并证明了当退振幅噪声存在时,这一方法可以使得参数估计的精度恢复到海森堡极限,尽管实现的概率会随着探针个数的增加呈指数地减少.本文进一步考察了当辅助系统存在时,弱测量的方法对提高参数估计精度的有效性.     

基于两步测量方法及其最少观测次数的任意量子纯态估计

量子状态层析所需要的完备观测次数d~2(d=2~n)随着状态的量子位数n的增加呈指数增长,这使得对高维量子态的层析变得十分困难.本文提出一种基于两步测量的量子态估计方法,可以对任意量子纯态的估计提供最少的观测次数.本文证明:当选择泡利观测算符,采用本文所提出的量子态估计方法对d=2n维希尔伯特空间中的任意n量子位纯态进行重构时,如果为本征态,那么所需最少观测次数memin仅为memin=n;对于包含l(2 6 l 6 d)个非零本征值的叠加态,重构所需最少观测次数msmin满足msmin=d+2l..3,此数目远小于压缩传感理论给出的量子态重构所需测量配置数目O(rd log d),以及目前已发表论文给出的纯态唯一确定所需最少观测次数4d..5.同时给出最少观测次数对应的最优观测算符集的构建方案,并通过仿真实验对本文所提出的量子态估计方法进行验证,实验中重构保真度均达到97%以上.     

量子神经网络

1 引言计算的实质是一个物理过程,要受到物理规律的支配。现代的计算技术建立在经典物理学基础之上,而量子计算(Quantum Computing)则是建立于量子理论的原理之上。目前,量子计算之所以获得广泛瞩目,是由于它能极大地提高计算的效率,具有沟通与大脑和意识关系的潜力,以及当计算机技术发展到纳米量级时必须考虑到量子效应等原因。     

量子计算机:量子算法与物理实现

量子算法与物理实现是量子计算机研究中的两个基本问题。本文首先总结了相关领域的主要进展,并讨论了有代表性的量子算法,特别介绍了用于求解线性方程组的量子算法,分析了影响新量子算法提出的因素。然后,探讨了物理实现的迪文森佐判据,并介绍了典型的实现方案及性能比较。同时,也关注了对量子计算机研究持有异议的观点。最后,对量子计算机的新研究方向作了探讨。     

一种改进的正弦曲线环量子进化算法

正弦曲线环量子进化算法(SRQEA)采用动态种群规模,有效地兼顾了"勘探"和"开发"的平衡、全局搜索性能好.但由于观测量子染色体过程中存在随机性和量子旋转门的固有缺陷,在实际使用中,SRQEA易陷入局部最优值.本文在SRQEA基础上采用两次观测取最优值的方法,提出一种经过改良的正弦曲线环量子进化算法(SRQEA2),通过三个0-1背包问题和5个连续函数优化实验,结果证明SRQEA2比SRQEA寻优能力更强.本文同时采用Hg 门取代量子旋转门更新量子种群.     

基于测量设备无关的可认证身份量子投票方案

为解决量子通信过程中的身份认证及协议的可实现性问题, 提出一种基于测量设备无关的带身份认证服务器的量子安全直接通信协议, 并依据该协议提出一种量子投票方案. 所提方案利用测量设备无关的量子密钥分配, 完备的量子加密, 以及经典的一次一密等技术, 不仅理论上确保方案的无条件安全性, 而在实际上也避免外部攻击者对测量设备漏洞的攻击. 此外, 所提方案使用BB84态的弱相干脉冲作为量子资源, 仅实施单粒子操作, 以及识别Bell态的测量. 因此, 基于现有技术, 所提方案具有良好的可实现性. 同时所提方案扩展了身份认证功能, 引入比特承诺, 使得监票人可以验证投票信息的完整性和正确性. 仿真结果和分析表明, 所提方案是正确的并具有理论上无条件的安全性, 即信息理论安全. 相较于现有的量子投票方案, 所提方案具有更好的可行性.     

量子传感器

量子系统状态的检测与经典控制中的检测技术有着显著区别,它需要量子传感器来完成.量子传感器是根据量子力学规律、利用量子效应设计的、用于执行对系统被测量进行变换的物理装置.在讨论了量子态测量问题的基础上,对量子传感器的概念进行了系统阐述,介绍了超导量子干涉装置(SQUID)传感器和量子霍尔传感器,从非破坏性、实时性、灵敏性、稳定性和多功能性等方面分析了量子传感器的性能要求.     

Further Results on the Observability of Quantum Systems Under General Measurement

In this paper, we present a collection of results on the observability of quantum mechanical systems, in the case the output is the result of a discrete nonselective measurement. By defining an effective observable, we extend previous results, on the Lie algebraic characterization of observable systems, to general measurements. Further results include the characterization of a ‘best probe’ (i.e. a minimally disturbing probe) in indirect measurement and a study of the relation between disturbance and observability in this case. We also discuss how the observability properties of a quantum system relate to the problem of state reconstruction. Extensions of the formalism to the case of selective measurements are also given.     

Quantum nondemolition filters

This is the second of two papers concerned with the formulation of a continuous-time quantum-mechanical filter. In the first paper, the invertibility of a quantum system coupled to a weak time-dependent classical field was studied. The physical system is modelled as an infinite-dimensional bilinear system. Necessary and sufficient conditions for invertibility were derived under the assumption that the output observable is a quantum nondemolition observable (QNDO), characterized by the classical property that its expected value is equal to its measured value. In this paper necessary and sufficient conditions are developed for an observable to qualify as a QNDO; if in addition the criteria for invertibility are met, the given observable defines a quantum nondemolition filter (QNDF). The associated filtering algorithm thus separates cleanly into the choice of output observable (a QNDO) and the choice of procedure for processing the measurement outcomes. This approach has the advantage over previous schemes that no optimization is necessary. Applications to demodulation of optical signals and to the detection and monitoring of gravitational waves are envisioned.Research supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant Nos. ECS-8017184, INT-7902976 and DMR-8008229 and by the Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC01-79ET-29367.     

Robust H∞ controller design for a class of linear quantum systems with time delay

Time delay is frequently encountered in practical quantum feedback control systems with long transmission lines and measurement process. This paper is concerned with measurement‐based feedback H^∞ control for quantum systems with time delays appearing in the feedback loops. A physical model is presented for the quantum time‐delay system described by complex quantum stochastic differential equations. Quantum versions of some fundamental properties, such as dissipativity and stability, are discussed for this model. A numerical procedure is proposed for H^∞ controller synthesis, which can deal with a non‐convex optimization problem arising in the design processes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Preparation of Hadamard Gate for Open Quantum Systems by the Lyapunov Control Method

In this paper, the control laws based on the Lyapunov stability theorem are designed for a two-level open quantum system to prepare the Hadamard gate, which is an important basic gate for the quantum computers. First, the density matrix interested in quantum system is transferred to vector formation. Then, in order to obtain a controller with higher accuracy and faster convergence rate, a Lyapunov function based on the matrix logarithm function is designed. After that, a procedure for the controller design is derived based on the Lyapunov stability theorem. Finally, the numerical simulation experiments for an amplitude damping Markovian open quantum system are performed to prepare the desired quantum gate. The simulation results show that the preparation of Hadamard gate based on the proposed control laws can achieve the fidelity up to 0.9985 for the different coupling strengths.      

Universality and programmability of quantum computers

Manin, Feynman, and Deutsch have viewed quantum computing as a kind of universal physical simulation procedure. Much of the writing about quantum logic circuits and quantum Turing machines has shown how these machines can simulate an arbitrary unitary transformation on a finite number of qubits. The problem of universality has been addressed most famously in a paper by Deutsch, and later by Bernstein and Vazirani as well as Kitaev and Solovay. The quantum logic circuit model, developed by Feynman and Deutsch, has been more prominent in the research literature than Deutsch’s quantum Turing machines. Quantum Turing machines form a class closely related to deterministic and probabilistic Turing machines and one might hope to find a universal machine in this class. A universal machine is the basis of a notion of programmability. The extent to which universality has in fact been established by the pioneers in the field is examined and this key notion in theoretical computer science is scrutinised in quantum computing by distinguishing various connotations and concomitant results and problems.     

相互作用的量子系统模型及其物理控制过程

在充分考虑量子系统中粒子之间的相互作用以及可能需要的几何控制的基础上,建立了一个变量在李群的SU(4)上变化的、两个具有相互作用的自旋1/2粒子系统的数学模型.详细地描述了对具有相互作用的量子系统的物理控制过程.为进一步对量子系统有关的可控性、操纵以及反馈控制做好了准备工作.