《深冷文献消息》国内部分

20 0 15 10 1　液氦温区脉管制冷机的优化实验邱利民 ,Ｇ .Ｔｈｕｍｍｅｓ .《低温工程》 2 0 0 1　№ 3　 1～ 7研制了一台用作德国国家标准局 (ＰＴＢ)约瑟夫森效应(ＪｏｓｅｐｈｓｏｎＥｆ ｆｅｃｔ) 1Ｖ电压标准冷却系统的二级脉管制冷机。其设计要求在 4 2Ｋ提供 10 0ｍＷ左右制冷量 ,并同时冷却70Ｋ左右的冷屏。采用额定功率为 1 8ｋＷ的氦压缩机驱动脉管制冷机 ,在不同制冷量负荷条件下分别对其进行了优化。初步实验结果表明 ,在输入功率 1 8ｋＷ的情况下 ,该制冷机最低制冷温度达 2 8Ｋ ,4 2Ｋ制冷量最大达 190ｍＷ ,制冷系数达 1 …     

4.2 K温区1瓦级脉管制冷机的实验研究

小型回热式低温制冷机中的冷端换热器在制冷量高效传输过程中起着至关重要的作用,而这一作用往往被忽视.研究发现,通过脉管冷端换热器的结构改进,液氦温区脉管制冷机在4.2 K温区的制冷量可以得到显著提高.实验结果表明,在压缩机输入功率分别为4.8 kW和6.0 kW的条件下,双向进气型二级脉管制冷机在4.2 K获得了760 mW和900 mW的制冷量,相应的制冷系数(COP)为1.58×10-4和1.50×10-4.该脉管制冷机在4.2 K获得的最大制冷量达960 mW.     

分离型二级脉管制冷机的实验研究第一部分20～40 K温区单级大功率脉管制冷机

为了满足液氦温区分离型二级脉管制冷机第二级预冷的需要,设计制作了1台20～40K温区单级大功率脉管制冷机.采用额定功率为6 kW的压缩机驱动该制冷机,最低制冷温度达13.8K,刷新了单级脉管制冷机最低制冷温度纪录.该制冷机在40 K可获得高达55.9 W的制冷量,基本可以满足15～40 K温区超导磁体等冷却的需要.着重分析了频率、充气压力和不同压缩机对系统制冷性能的影响,测试了长时间运行中系统性能的变化情况.     

4 K以下温区脉管制冷性能的改进

最新研究表明，采用陶瓷磁性回热材料GdAlO3（GAP）可以大大提高4K以下温区脉管制冷机的制冷量和制冷系数（COP）。在压缩机输入功率约为4.8kW的条件下，采用GAP的二级双向进气型脉管制冷机在2.8K，3.13K,3.70K分别获得了200mW，300mW和400mW制冷量，与采用HoCu2及ErNi的二级脉管制冷机相比，该制冷机在3.0K附近的制冷量增幅高达150%。     

1.27 K3He二级脉管制冷机性能研究

在一台具有独立气体回路的液氦温区G-M型二级脉管制冷机上,采用3He为第二级制冷工质,获得了1.27 K的最低无负荷制冷温度.研究表明,以3He为第二级工质,该系统在2 K,3 K和4.2 K,分别可以提供42 mW,205.5 mW和518.3 mW的制冷量,第一级和第二级压缩机相应的输入功率分别为4.3 kW(Leybold CP4000氦压缩机)和1.3 kW(Leybold RW2氦压缩机).与两级均采用4He工质的情况相比,在相同的条件下(相同的压缩机耗功:4.3 kW 1.3 kW),第二级采用3He为工质,使得该二级脉管制冷机在4.2 K的制冷量提高了40.5%.     

深冷文献消息(国内部分)

20 0 5 110 1　 1 2 7K 3 He二级脉管制冷机性能研究蒋　宁等　《低温工程》　 2 0 0 4　№ 5　 1～ 7在一台具有独立气体回路的液氦温区G M型二级脉管制冷机上 ,采用3He为第二级制冷工质 ,获得了 1 2 7K的最低无负荷制冷温度。与两级均采用4 He工质的情况相比 ,在相同的条件下 (相同压缩机耗功 :4 3kW 1 3kW) ,第二级采用3He为工质 ,使得该二级脉管制冷机在 4 2K的制冷量提高了 4 0 5 %。2 0 0 5 110 2　斯特林型高频脉冲管制冷机的实验研究王国平等　《低温工程》　 2 0 0 4　№ 5　 8～ 12介绍了一台单级U型高频脉冲管制冷机的…     

分离型二级脉管制冷机的实验研究--Ⅱ:液氦温区二级脉管制冷机

研制1台新型液氦温区分离型二级脉管制冷机,该制冷机由2台独立的脉管制冷机组成,一级回热器冷端和二级回热器中部通过热桥相连,从根本上弥补了传统直接耦合型多级脉管制冷机级间干扰的不足.采用双压缩机双旋转阀驱动该二级脉管制冷机,第二级最低温度达到了2.5 K,在4.2 K下有508 mW制冷量,同时一级在37.5 K有15 W制冷量.第二级充气压力由1.7 MPa增大到1.85 MPa,制冷机在4.2 K下的制冷量可以达到590 mW.为了能简化结构、扩大应用,提出采用单压缩机单旋转阀驱动该分离型脉管制冷机,达到了相同的制冷性能.     

20K以下温区单级脉管制冷机直流控制实验研究

开展了20K以下温区单级脉管制冷机的实验研究，考察了直流流动对制冷机性能的影响，估算了不同制冷温度下制冷机循环的需气量，在对直流进行控制的情况下，采用2kW(RW2)和4kW(CP4)压缩机分别获得了18．7K和14．7K的最低制冷温度，对应的在30K的制冷量分别为10W和29．5W。     

低于11 K的单级脉管制冷机性能研究

研究了回热器长度以及80 K以下温区不同回热材料布置形式对单级G-M型脉管制冷机性能的影响.试验研究表明,适当增加回热器长度,制冷机性能可显著提高.在此基础上对低温区回热材料进行优化,采用Er3Ni、铅丸和不锈钢丝网3层复合回热材料获得了最佳的制冷性能.采用额定输入功率为7.5 kW的压缩机驱动,脉管制冷机最低制冷温度达10.9 K,这是目前单级脉管制冷机达到的最低制冷温度.该制冷机在21 K可获得20 W制冷量.     

电阻阵列冷却用脉管制冷机研制

为解决以电阻阵列器件为基础的动态红外景像产生器中的冷却问题,设计并研制了一台采用线性压缩机驱动的在223 K工作的脉管制冷机。实验结果表明:在500 W的电输入功下,制冷机的最低无负荷制冷温度为99.7 K,在232.8 K获得了181.3 W的制冷量,与理论预测制冷量189.4 W吻合良好,相对卡诺效率达到10.4%,工作对脉管制冷机在普冷温区的应用是一次有益的探索。     

A He pulse tube cooler operating down to 1.3 K

Regenerative cryocoolers that employ ⁴He as working fluid can only reach a lowest temperature of about 2 K. This limitation can be overcome by the use of ³He as working fluid. Here we report on the performance of a two-stage pulse tube cooler that consists of two parallel stages with independent gas circuits. The pressure oscillation in each stage is generated by means of a separate compressor in combination with a rotary valve. With ⁴He in both stages, the minimum no-load temperature of the 2nd stage was 2.23 K, and cooling powers of 50 W at 53 K and 380 mW at 4.2 K were simultaneously available at electrical input powers of 4.54 and 1.45 kW to the 1st and 2nd stage, respectively. Using ³He as working fluid in the 2nd stage, a minimum stationary temperature of 1.27 K has been achieved, which is, up to now, the lowest temperature obtained by regenerative cryocoolers. At an electrical input power of 1.3 kW, the 2nd stage provides a cooling power of 42 mW at 2.0 K and 518 mW at 4.2 K. With ³He, at the same operating condition, the cooling power at 4.2 K was found to be larger than with ⁴He.     

Valve timing effect on the cooling performance of a 4 K pulse tube cooler

Generally, a compressor together with a rotary valve system generates the pressure oscillation in GM-type cryocoolers. The timing of the rotary valve, which is one of the key operating parameters for cryocoolers, determines the relationship between intake and exhaust processes. A systematic investigation of valve timing effects on cooling performance of a two-stage 4 K pulse tube cooler (PTC) is reported. The experiments show that the optimization of valve timing can considerably improve the cooling performance for both stages. For the same PTC, a performance comparison for operation on different compressors with various input powers ranging from 0.5 to 6.0 kW is also presented.     

20K温区两级脉冲管制冷机的研究

脉冲管制冷机的实用化是目前脉冲管制冷机的一个主要研究方向。介绍了作者为提高脉冲管效率而研究的一种分离结构的两级脉冲管制冷机。实验获得了１１．７Ｋ的最低温度,制冷量３Ｗ／２０Ｋ。采用名义功率２．２ｋＷＧ－Ｍ压缩机驱动得到了１２．４Ｋ的最低温度,制冷量２Ｗ／１８．５Ｋ,４Ｋ／２４．６Ｋ,实际输入功率约１．５ｋＷ。这一效果已基本达到了实用化应用的要求。该研究表明脉冲管制冷机的效率在２０Ｋ温区已接近类似的     

大功率单级脉管制冷机回热器性能模拟与实验

为了提高单级脉管制冷机在20 K-40 K温区的制冷量,对自行设计制作的1台单级G-M型脉管制冷机采用REGEN3.3进行了计算模拟,获得了铅丸直径选择、不同温区回热器材料最佳组合等结果。在此基础上,对该台单级脉管制冷机进行了试验,实验结果表明该脉管制冷机在20.6K和29.9 K可分别获得20 W和40 W的制冷量,输入功率为7.5 kW。     

20K温区GM型单级脉管制冷机初步实验

介绍了自行研制的一台GM型单级脉管制冷机,其回热器蓄冷材料采用247目磷青铜丝网和不锈钢丝网,双向进气方式采用两个方向相反的精密针阀并行布置.在输入功率仅为2kW的条件下,该制冷机获得了22.4 K的最低制冷温度,80 K温度时的制冷量为5.65 W.在长达24 h的连续运行中,该机的无负荷制冷温度波动小于0.3K.     

A single-stage pulse tube cooler reached 12.6 K

A single-stage G-M type pulse tube cooler (PTC) was designed and tested to explore the lowest attainable refrigeration temperature and to further improve the cooling performance in the temperature range of 15-40 K. The magnetic material Er₃Ni was used as part of the regenerative material besides the phosphor-bronze and the lead so as to improve the efficiency of the regenerator. With an input power of 6 kW, a lowest no-load refrigeration temperature of 12.6 K was obtained, which is a new record for the single-stage PTC. The cooling capacity at 15-40 K was also significantly improved, which may extend the application of the single-stage PTC for the cooling of superconductors and cryopumps.     

A novel effective suppression of natural convection in pulse tube coolers

Due to natural convection, the cooling performance of the pulse tube cooler (PTC) greatly degrades if the pulse tube cold-head is placed upward. In our previous study, it was found that the natural convection in the pulse tube can be well suppressed by inserting a certain number of circular screens. In this paper, a further detailed investigation into this suppression method are made, including the effect of number and material of screens, input acoustic power, and some other factors on suppressing natural convection at different inclination angles θ in the range of 0–180°. In our experiment of a single stage inline type PTC driven by a linear compressor, the orientation-dependence is considerably weakened with 6-layer copper screens in the pulse tube, in the cold temperature range of 40–80 K. Moreover, the cooling performance deterioration at θ = 0° induced by the inserted screens can be kept in an acceptable range. This novel suppression of natural convection greatly improves adaptability of pulse tube cryocoolers’ application.