深冷文献消息(国内部分)

20 0 4 110 1　 4 2K温区 1瓦级脉管制冷机的实验研究邱利民 ,G .Thummes　《低温工程》　 2 0 0 3　No .5　 1～ 5小型回热式低温制冷机中的冷端换热器在制冷量高效传输过程中起着至关重要的作用 ,而这一作用往往被忽视。研究发现 ,通过脉管冷端换热器的结构改进 ,液氦温区脉     

4 K以下温区脉管制冷性能的改进

最新研究表明，采用陶瓷磁性回热材料GdAlO3（GAP）可以大大提高4K以下温区脉管制冷机的制冷量和制冷系数（COP）。在压缩机输入功率约为4.8kW的条件下，采用GAP的二级双向进气型脉管制冷机在2.8K，3.13K,3.70K分别获得了200mW，300mW和400mW制冷量，与采用HoCu2及ErNi的二级脉管制冷机相比，该制冷机在3.0K附近的制冷量增幅高达150%。     

分离型二级脉管制冷机的实验研究--Ⅱ:液氦温区二级脉管制冷机

研制1台新型液氦温区分离型二级脉管制冷机,该制冷机由2台独立的脉管制冷机组成,一级回热器冷端和二级回热器中部通过热桥相连,从根本上弥补了传统直接耦合型多级脉管制冷机级间干扰的不足.采用双压缩机双旋转阀驱动该二级脉管制冷机,第二级最低温度达到了2.5 K,在4.2 K下有508 mW制冷量,同时一级在37.5 K有15 W制冷量.第二级充气压力由1.7 MPa增大到1.85 MPa,制冷机在4.2 K下的制冷量可以达到590 mW.为了能简化结构、扩大应用,提出采用单压缩机单旋转阀驱动该分离型脉管制冷机,达到了相同的制冷性能.     

脉管制冷机冷端换热器的改进

为了进一步提高脉管制冷机在液氮温区（７７Ｋ）的制冷量,本文对脉管冷端换热器进行了改进,同时还对脉管冷端气流的平均温度进行了测量。实验结果表明,常规脉管制冷机冷端换热器中的换热面积是不足的,脉管制冷机冷端换热器的传热损失较大,在设计计算中不应忽视。采用高目数的换热器填料有利于降低脉管冷端壁面与冷端气体之间的温差,从而提高冷端换热器效率,进而提高液氮温区脉管制冷机效率。     

1.27 K3He二级脉管制冷机性能研究

在一台具有独立气体回路的液氦温区G-M型二级脉管制冷机上,采用3He为第二级制冷工质,获得了1.27 K的最低无负荷制冷温度.研究表明,以3He为第二级工质,该系统在2 K,3 K和4.2 K,分别可以提供42 mW,205.5 mW和518.3 mW的制冷量,第一级和第二级压缩机相应的输入功率分别为4.3 kW(Leybold CP4000氦压缩机)和1.3 kW(Leybold RW2氦压缩机).与两级均采用4He工质的情况相比,在相同的条件下(相同的压缩机耗功:4.3 kW 1.3 kW),第二级采用3He为工质,使得该二级脉管制冷机在4.2 K的制冷量提高了40.5%.     

具有独立气路的液氦温区G-M型二级脉管制冷机性能研究

研究了一台具有独立气体回路的液氦温区G-M型二级脉管制冷机的制冷性能.目前的实验装置由两套独立的单级双向进气型脉管系统构成,第一级冷头对第二级进气的预冷通过安装在第二级回热器中部的换热器与一级冷头之间的热联接来实现.研究表明,该制冷机采用4He为工质,分别以Leybold CP4000和RW2氦压缩机来驱动第一级和第二级,可以获得2.18 K的最低无负荷制冷温度,4.2 K提供的最大制冷量为595 mW.     

大功率单级脉管制冷机回热器性能模拟与实验

为了提高单级脉管制冷机在20 K-40 K温区的制冷量,对自行设计制作的1台单级G-M型脉管制冷机采用REGEN3.3进行了计算模拟,获得了铅丸直径选择、不同温区回热器材料最佳组合等结果。在此基础上,对该台单级脉管制冷机进行了试验,实验结果表明该脉管制冷机在20.6K和29.9 K可分别获得20 W和40 W的制冷量,输入功率为7.5 kW。     

液氦温区脉管制冷机的优化实验

研制了一台用作德国国家标准局 (PTB)约瑟夫森效应 (JosephsonEf fect) 1V电压标准冷却系统的二级脉管制冷机。其设计要求在 4 2K提供 1 0 0mW左右制冷量 ,并同时冷却 70K左右的冷屏。采用额定功率为 1 8kW的氦压缩机驱动脉管制冷机 ,在不同制冷量负荷条件下分别对其进行了优化。初步实验结果表明 ,在输入功率 1 8kW的情况下 ,该制冷机最低制冷温度达 2 8K ,4 2K制冷量最大达 1 90mW ,制冷系数达 1 0 6× 1 0 4,火用效率最高达 1 1 3% ,可以充分满足冷却电压标准芯片的需要。此外 ,还与用 6kW压缩机驱动同一制冷机的实验结果进行了比较。     

液氦温区脉管制冷机的频率特性

着重研究了操作频率对液氦温区脉管制冷机性能的影响,在实验和分析的基础上,明确了制冷温度、制冷量、制冷效率与工作效率之间的关系,并与4K G－M制冷机的情况进行比较,得出了一些有益的结论。通过频率优化,脉管制冷性能得以较大提高。在初步试验中,分别在1．2Hz和1．1Hz获得了30W@70K,500mW@4.2K以及20W@65K,590mW@4.2K的制冷量。同时还给出了脉管制冷湿度稳定性的测试结果。试验结果表明,研制的脉管制冷机温度波动均小于同类商品型4K GM制冷机及脉管制冷机。     

分离型二级脉管制冷机的实验研究第一部分20～40 K温区单级大功率脉管制冷机

为了满足液氦温区分离型二级脉管制冷机第二级预冷的需要,设计制作了1台20～40K温区单级大功率脉管制冷机.采用额定功率为6 kW的压缩机驱动该制冷机,最低制冷温度达13.8K,刷新了单级脉管制冷机最低制冷温度纪录.该制冷机在40 K可获得高达55.9 W的制冷量,基本可以满足15～40 K温区超导磁体等冷却的需要.着重分析了频率、充气压力和不同压缩机对系统制冷性能的影响,测试了长时间运行中系统性能的变化情况.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Effect of Permeable Crystalline Material on Steel Reinforcement Corrosion of Concrete

Permeable crystalline materialcan permeate into pores and cracks of concrete and catalyze the reaction between Ca(OH) 2and unhydrated cement to generate a great quantity needle non-soluble crystals, which can stop up the pores and cracks of concrete, and increase the impermeability of concrete. This paper reported the results of a study conducted to evaluate steel reinforcement corrosion of concrete specimens uncoated and coated with permeable crystalline material as well as mixed with the permeable crystalline material. The properties evaluated for corrosion test were water impermeability, water absorption, compressive strength and potential. The results of water impermeability, water absorption, compressive strength clearly showed that the permeable crystalline material could prohibit water, any soluble salts and moisture from penetrating the concrete to cause corrosion, leaking, and other problems, and it did increase the compressive strength, which was favorable for protection of corrosion of reinforcing steel. Moreover, it was concluded from the potential-time curve that the steel reinforcement of uncoated specimen was in the state of activation whereas that of other specimens coated and mixed with the permeable crystalline material was in the state of inactivation. Above all, it was indicated that the permeable crystalline materialis very effective to protect the steel reinforcement of concrete from corrosion.     

The Research and Application About "Dry Peeling Off" Technology for Airplane Surface Paint Layer

In this paper, the principle of spurting take off lacquer were introduced; and with orthogonal method the unsaturate polyester was prepared ;it was easy to peel airplane paint layer off with this material and equipment.     

Quality Study of Honeycomb Core Shaping Without Wax Stabilization

Sandwich panels utilizing honeycomb cores result in lightweight, high-strength units that are very rigid. Indeed, they give honeycomb panels the best strength-to-weight ratio of any construction type available. Conventionally, the wax is poured into the cell of the core to strengthen the structure and prevent the core from being crushed during milling. Much time and labor is required to wax, mill, and clean the cores. In this study, the process of pouring wax into the core was skipped. In other words, the cutter directly milled the core. Experiments showed that the compressive strength of the core produced without wax stabilization was only 3% lower than that of cores produced using the traditional method. In addition, the drum peel strengths of cores produced without wax stabilization were 38.4% higher than cores produced using the traditional method, in which residual wax seriously polluted the adhesive. It was also found that eliminating the wax process can reduce costs.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

In-process thermal treatment of polylactic acid in fused deposition modelling

Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the most widely used open source fused filament fabrication materials due to its ease of extrusion, biodegradability, and mechanical strength. The mechanical strength of PLA largely depends on the proper growth of its semi-crystalline structure, which can be severely impaired by a low rate of crystallization, particularly in open source printers. This can be further aggravated by the non-uniform thermal distribution of heat that causes improper curing among the extruded beads of the printing material. As a result, PLA printed on open source printers does not achieve the best mechanical properties. This research, for the first time, proposes an additive-free solution implemented through a detailed set of experimentation to improve the curing rate through in-process temperature variations to cure the joints among the beads. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is used to confirm the improvements in the bead joints. This work is conducted in two phases of experiments. In the first phase, a full factorial ANOVA is used to investigate various process parameters and the important variables are used in the second phase to print test specimens in four different sets.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.