Simulation of sea surface wave influence on small target detection with airborne laser depth sounding

A theoretical model for simulation of airborne depth-sounding lidar is presented with the purpose of analyzing the influence from water surface waves on the ability to detect 1-m3 targets placed on the sea bottom. Although water clarity is the main limitation, sea surface waves can significantly affect the detectability. The detection probability for a target at a 9-m depth can be above 90% at 1-m/s wind and below 80% at 6-m/s wind for the same water clarity. The simulation model contains both numerical and analytical components. Simulated data are compared with measured data and give realistic results for bottom depths between 3 and 10 m.     

风浪谱模型在高度计风速反演中的应用

依据粗糙海面电磁波镜面散射理论,将根据全波数范围内的风浪谱模型计算的标准化雷达后向散射截面与T/P卫星高度计测得的雷达后向散射截面(Ku波段)进行比较,实现了对高度计风速的反演.研究表明,在所选浮标附近海域,波龄因子对高度计风速反演存在较大影响.与目前高度计业务化算法相比,考虑波龄因子影响后,根据谱模型反演获得的风速与中国近海浮标风速之间均方根误差和平均偏差更小.由于波龄因子可以根据高度计测得有效波高以及业务化算法获得的风速得到,因此根据风浪谱模型反演获得的风速具有广泛的适用性.     

不规则海域收发合置混响强度建模与验证

＂不规则海域＂是水平边界和海底边界形状不规则的海域。从边界混响产生的物理机理出发,以射线声学为基础,用Lambert散射定律计算海底和侧壁面的散射,建立浅海不规则海域混响强度模型。该模型仿真计算出的收发合置平均混响强度与实验数据测得的混响强度相符。该混响强度模型能准确地计算此类海域的平均混响强度。     

Lidar in-space technology experiment measurements of sea surface directional reflectance and the link to surface wind speed

The dependence of sea surface directional reflectance on surface wind stress suggests a method for deriving surface wind speed from space-based lidar measurements of sea surface backscatter. In particular, lidar measurements in the nadir angle range from 10 degrees to 30 degrees appear to be most sensitive to surface wind-speed variability in the regime below 10 m/s. The Lidar In-space Technology Experiment (LITE) shuttle lidar mission of September 1994 provided a unique opportunity to measure directional backscatter at selected locations by use of the landmark track maneuver and to measure fixed-angle backscatter from the ocean surfaces on a global scale. During the landmark track maneuver the shuttle orbiter orientation and roll axis are adjusted continuously to maintain the lidar footprint at a fixed location for a duration of ~1 min. Several data sets were converted to calibrated reflectance units and compared with a surface reflectance model to deduce surface wind speeds. Comparisons were made with ERS-1 scatterometer data and surface measurements.     

Modelling waves and surges during the 1953 storm

Waves and sea levels have been modelled for the storm of 31 January-1 February 1953. Problems in modelling this event are associated with the difficulty of reconstructing wind fields and validating the model results with the limited data available from 50 years ago. The reconstruction of appropriate wind fields for surge and wave models is examined. The surges and waves are reproduced reasonably well on the basis of tide-gauge observations and the sparse observational information on wave heights. The maximum surge coincided closely in time with tidal high water, producing very high water levels along the coasts of the southern North Sea. The statistics of the 1953 event and the likelihood of recurrence are also discussed. Both surge and wave components were estimated to be approximately 1 in 50 year events. The maximum water level also occurred when the offshore waves were close to their maximum. The estimation of return period for the total water level is more problematic and is dependent on location. A scenario with the 1953 storm occurring in 2075, accounting for the effects of sea level rise and land movements, is also constructed, suggesting that sea level relative to the land could be 0.4-0.5m higher than in 1953 in the southern North Sea, assuming a rise in mean sea level of 0.4m.     

Hyperspectral remote sensing for shallow waters. 2. Deriving bottom depths and water properties by optimization

In earlier studies of passive remote sensing of shallow-water bathymetry, bottom depths were usually derived by empirical regression. This approach provides rapid data processing, but it requires knowledge of a few true depths for the regression parameters to be determined, and it cannot reveal in-water constituents. In this study a newly developed hyperspectral, remote-sensing reflectance model for shallow water is applied to data from computer simulations and field measurements. In the process, a remote-sensing reflectance spectrum is modeled by a set of values of absorption, backscattering, bottom albedo, and bottom depth; then it is compared with the spectrum from measurements. The difference between the two spectral curves is minimized by adjusting the model values in a predictor-corrector scheme. No information in addition to the measured reflectance is required. When the difference reaches a minimum, or the set of variables is optimized, absorption coefficients and bottom depths along with other properties are derived simultaneously. For computer-simulated data at a wind speed of 5 m/s the retrieval error was 5.3% for depths ranging from 2.0 to 20.0 m and 7.0% for total absorption coefficients at 440 nm ranging from 0.04 to 0.24 m(-1). At a wind speed of 10 m/s the errors were 5.1% for depth and 6.3% for total absorption at 440 nm. For field data with depths ranging from 0.8 to 25.0 m the difference was 10.9% (R(2) = 0.96, N = 37) between inversion-derived and field-measured depth values and just 8.1% (N = 33) for depths greater than 2.0 m. These results suggest that the model and the method used in this study, which do not require in situ calibration measurements, perform very well in retrieving in-water optical properties and bottom depths from above-surface hyperspectral measurements.     

Emissivity of rough sea surface for 8-13 num: modeling and verification

The emissivity model for rough sea surface [Remote Sensing Environ. 24, 313-329 (1988)] is inspected in light of the measured surface emissivity. In the presence of moderate wind (5 m/s or less), the emissivity model is found to be adequate for small to moderate view angles. For large view angles, the discrepancy between the computed and the measured emissivity is large, but one can reduce this considerably by incorporating the reflected sea surface emission into the emissivity model. In addition, examination of the spectral variation of the observed and computed emissivity suggests the need for refined measurements of the complex refractive index. An improved model is constructed to calculate the rough sea surface emissivity that can be used to provide accurate estimates of sea surface skin temperatures from remotely sensed radiometric measurements. An important feature of the improved model is that the computed sea surface emissivity is only weakly dependent on wind speed for most view angles used in practice.     

浅海负跃层海底单参数模型研究

海底反射特性在浅海声传播中起着决定性的影响。用小掠射角下海底反射损失随掠射角变化率Fd B构建单参数模型可很好地描述浅海海底特性。对单参数模型进行深入研究和改进,建立了在浅海负跃层条件下描述水下声场的海底单参数模型,并利用数值仿真和海上实验数据,对浅海负跃层海底单参数模型水下声场预报的正确性进行了验证。     

Modeling and simulating the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of seawater covered by oil slicks

A high-efficiency anisotropic model for bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of seawater covered by oil slicks (SWCOS) was proposed. This model was set by combining a BRDF model for anisotropic rough sea surface whose slopes follow Gaussian distribution and the two-beam inference theory of a thin film. We have simulated the BRDFs of oil slicks by using the above model and the measured complex refractive index data of Romashkino crude oil. In addition, the relationships between the BRDF of oil slicks and the wind speed of sea surface, thickness of oil slick, complex refractive index of crude oil and the incident zenith angle were analyzed. Also, the differences between optical characteristics of clean water and of polluted water were discussed in the context of the optical contrast of SWCOS. With high simulation speed and reliable simulation precision, this model provides a theoretical basis for rapid detection of oil spill.     

Remote-sensing reflectance determinations in the coastal ocean environment: impact of instrumental characteristics and environmental variability

Three independent ocean color sampling methodologies are compared to assess the potential impact of instrumental characteristics and environmental variability on shipboard remote-sensing reflectance observations from the Santa Barbara Channel, California. Results indicate that under typical field conditions, simultaneous determinations of incident irradiance can vary by 9-18%, upwelling radiance just above the sea surface by 8-18%, and remote-sensing reflectance by 12-24%. Variations in radiometric determinations can be attributed to a variety of environmental factors such as Sun angle, cloud cover, wind speed, and viewing geometry; however, wind speed is isolated as the major source of uncertainty. The above-water approach to estimating water-leaving radiance and remote-sensing reflectance is highly influenced by environmental factors. A model of the role of wind on the reflected sky radiance measured by an above-water sensor illustrates that, for clear-sky conditions and wind speeds greater than 5 m/s, determinations of water-leaving radiance at 490 nm are undercorrected by as much as 60%. A data merging procedure is presented to provide sky radiance correction parameters for above-water remote-sensing reflectance estimates. The merging results are consistent with statistical and model findings and highlight the importance of multiple field measurements in developing quality coastal oceanographic data sets for satellite ocean color algorithm development and validation.     

中小尺度嵌套下考虑停机位置的大型风力机体系风振响应分析

国内外风工程界采用的风力机体系风效应分析方法通常基于良态气候模式,而台风边界层风特性不同于良态气候模式,台风作用过程中会表现出明显的时空变异性和多尺度涡结构。针对现存土木工程台风模型理论体系过度简化的问题,引入考虑真实台风场强变异性和衰减效应的中尺度天气预报模式(WRF)对“鹦鹉”台风进行高时空分辨率模拟,重点对比台风登陆前、登陆时和登陆后台风风向和风强特征,并结合模拟台风中心路径与实测路径的对比结果验证了中尺度台风“鹦鹉”模拟的有效性。以中国东南沿海地区某风电厂5 MW水平轴风力机为对象,基于WRF模拟获得近地面三维风场数据,并结合小尺度CFD大涡模拟技术分别对叶片单个旋转周期不同停机位置工况进行三维非定常数值模拟。在此基础上,结合有限元完全瞬态法对不同停机工况进行了风振响应动力时程分析,提炼出停机位置对体系风振响应和风振系数的影响规律,最终归纳总结了台风作用下大型风力机体系最不利停机位置。结果表明:采用WRF模式可以有效模拟近地面台风风场,拟合的台风剖面指数为0.076;台风下塔架内力和风振系数显著增大,尤其是与塔架相对位置最近的叶片风振响应最为不利,内力最大增幅达35%。分析发现:当台风作用下大型风力机处于停机状态,下叶片与塔架完全重合(工况1)时为最不利,旋转至上叶片完全重合(工况5)时安全余度最大。     

基于地面共振试验的操纵面间隙非线性颤振分析方法

以某型民机带中心对称间隙的方向舵为研究对象。按动力相似准则设计了尾翼颤振风洞模型,通过地面共振试验获得不同操纵刚度和自由间隙组合情况下方向舵旋转模态的力频曲线,根据收敛的频率值获得有限元模型作动器单元的等效刚度,经动力学特性修正后的有限元模型进行了颤振分析。风洞试验后通过比较表明,计算结果与试验结果吻合:①颤振速度一致;②颤振频率的偏差不大于6.5%;③颤振型一致。由此可见,根据试验频率得到的等效操纵刚度是准确的,用来预测弹性操纵面的极限环振荡临界速度是可行的,可以作为民机适航符合性验证的一种手段。     

海洋二号卫星3个主要载荷风速测量比较

海面风速对海洋中动能的转移、海气间物质和能量的交换具有非常重要的作用。海洋二号(HY-2)卫星搭载的雷达高度计、微波散射计和扫描微波辐射计均可以用来探测海面风速。区别是雷达高度计只能测量星下点风速,微波散射计可以得到宽刈幅的风场(包括风向和风速),扫描微波辐射计可获得宽刈幅的风速。为了更好地分析3个载荷风速测量能力,针对2013年9月19日"天兔"台风影响海域范围内的海面风速,比较了3种载荷的探测结果。结果表明,在小于20 m/s风速范围内,雷达高度计和微波散射计探测到的风速非常接近,标准偏差小于2m/s,而扫描微波辐射计测量的风速比另外两个载荷测量的风速大;在20～35m/s风速范围内,雷达高度计和扫描微波辐射计风速较为接近;在大于35 m/s的高风速区,只有扫描微波辐射计可以探测出风速,但其测量精度还需要进一步验证。     

Simulation of an active underwater imaging through a wavy sea surface

A numerical simulation for underwater imaging through a wavy sea surface has been done. We have used a common approach to model the sea surface elevation and its slopes as an important source of image disturbance. The simulation algorithm is based on a combination of ray tracing and optical propagation, which has taken to different approaches for downwelling and upwelling beams. The nature of randomly focusing and defocusing property of surface waves causes a fluctuated irradiance distribution as an illuminating source of immersed object, while it gives rise to a great disturbance on the image through a coordinate change of image pixels. We have also used a modulation transfer function based on Well’s small angle approximations to consider the underwater optical properties effect on the transferring of the image. As expected, the absorption effect reduces the light intensity and scattering decreases image contrast by blurring the image.     

分层海洋介质中声线轨迹的改进算法

在用声线模型计算水声传播的过程中。海面和海底的存在使得声线的计算变得复杂。对于分层海洋介质,且海底是平面的情况,文中将海洋介质按照声速剖面对称的规律分别向上向下无限扩展,先在假设的扩展了的海洋环境中来计算声线轨迹,再将海深以外的声线按照某种规律换算到海深范围之内即可,在提高计算效率的同时还保证了结果的准确性。     

TTU标准模型表面风压大涡模拟及风洞试验的对比研究

以低矮建筑标准模型TTU(德州理工大学)模型为考察对象,基于专业计算流体动力学软件FLUENT,对1:50缩尺模型进行了大涡模拟研究,并在边界层风洞中对该比例模型进行了风洞试验研究,将大涡模拟结果与风洞试验、场地实测数据进行了比较。结果表明,大涡模拟得到的建筑模型表面平均及脉动风压与风洞试验、现场实测结果吻合较好,没有雷诺数效应的足尺低矮建筑表面的动态风压可通过缩尺模型的大涡模拟进行预测。     

Modeling and simulation of fluctuating wind speeds using evolutionary phasespectrum

According to the characteristics of vortexes with different frequencies in atmospheric turbulence, a rational hypothesis is proposed in the present paper that the time history of fluctuating wind speeds can be viewed as the integration of a series of harmonic waves with the same initial zero-phase. A univariate model of phase spectrum is then developed which relies upon a single argument associated with the concept of starting-time of phase evolution. The identification procedure of starting-time of phase evolution is detailed and its probabilistic structure is investigated through the estimation of the measured data of wind speeds. The univariate phase spectrum model is proved to be valid, bypassing the need of the classical spectral representation techniques in modeling the phase spectrum where hundreds of variables are required. In conjunction with the Fourier amplitude spectrum, a new simulation scheme, based on the stochastic Fourier functions, for fluctuating wind speeds is developed. Numerical and experimental investigations indicate that the proposed scheme operates the accurate simulation of fluctuating wind speeds efficiently that matches well with the measured data of wind fields by revealing the essential relationship among the individual harmonic waves. The univariate phase spectrum model exhibits the potential application for the accurate analysis and reliability evaluation of random wind-induced responses of engineering structures.     

直立堤上任意方向入射波的波压力研究

为了研究在不同入射波向时直立堤上的波压力,基于FLOW-3D,该文建立了三维数值波浪水池,并进行了物理模型试验。模型采用推板造波及孔隙消波的方法形成稳定的波浪场,数值模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好。研究表明:墙面测点的波压力与波吸力均随入射角度的增大而增大;墙底各测点浮托力的变化规律较为复杂,合田公式不能准确描述;墙面波压力的分布与合田公式基本相符;墙底浮托力的分布并不是合田公式描述的三角形,而是近似梯形分布;斜向波作用下的墙面波吸力分布图相似于正向入射时的分布。研究结论可为防波堤设计提供参考依据。     

一种被动拖曳声纳阵列信号模拟器设计

声纳基阵信号模拟器是一种实用的可仿真实际检测目标及使用环境的阵元级信号发生器。设计的被动拖曳声纳阵列信号模拟器,仿真了拖曳阵的拖船干扰时域信号和空间传播特性、目标辐射信号以及环境噪声。通过预设定拖船干扰宽带功率谱,以AR模型拟合该功率谱,利用海底、海面对声场的一次反射作用仿真了拖船干扰的空间多途信道。采用插值滤波器,解决了宽带信号阵元间延时的时延精确控制问题。     

水下爆炸冲击下码头结构动力响应的数值模拟

为探究水下爆炸冲击对码头结构的结构损伤,开展爆炸荷载下高桩码头结构的数值模拟分析。基于ALE多物质流固耦合法,建立了码头结构的水下爆炸Lagrange-Euler全耦合模型,基于Cole经验公式,验证了模拟的可靠性,研究了起爆距离、起爆深度以及TNT当量对码头结构动力响应特性的影响规律。结果表明,在水下爆炸冲击荷载作用下,所有桩柱产生不同程度损伤,码头端部的第一根桩柱底部基岩区域以及与横梁相连的基岩区域塑形损伤破坏较为严重;当TNT炸药的起爆距离较小时,桩柱上的反射波要强于水底面的反射波,并会与之相抵消,作用在桩柱上的反射稀疏波会随之削弱;在其他条件相同的情况下,当起爆点到自由水面的距离与起爆点至基础底面距离之差的绝对值越大时,爆炸荷载作用于码头结构上的压力峰值会显著增大。