滴流床反应器中泡沫流床层压降的实验研究

选用过氧化氢生产用蒽醌工作液体系,完成了滴流床反应器中泡沫流床层压降的实验研究. 通过测定瞬时床层压降,建立了反应器内的流型识别方法,借以研究了在泡沫流和泡沫脉冲流区的床层压降梯度与气液相流速、填料尺寸的关系,并采用Specchia和Baldi提出的经验式对发泡体系泡沫流区床层压降进行了估算. 结果表明,通过实验数据回归,可采用Specchia和Baldi经验式预测泡沫流区的床层压降,最大偏差小于5%.     

滴流床气液界面液相传质系数的研究

在气液并流向下的滴流床中,应用二氧化碳-空气-水系统和氢-空气-水系统进行了滴流床气、液界面液相容积传质系数k_La的研究.在内径为0.042m的床层中分别充填有直径d_p=0.0065、0.00475和0.00154m的玻璃球.气相流速为u_G=0.12-0.56m/s,液相流速u_L=0.003-0.04m/s.容积传质系数k_La与液相物性(Sc数)、填料直径和气液流动情况有关.根据传质情况,可以划分三个流区,它们与按流动情况划分的流区一致.用回归分析方法可以得到下述关联式:滴流区k_Lad_(p~2)/D_A=0.0904Re_(L~0.82)Re_(G~0.55)Sc~0.53(d_p/T)~(0.07)脉动流区 k_Lad_(p~2)/D_A=0.0211Re_(L~0.93)Re_(G~0.76)Sc~0.57(d_p/T)~(-0.12)     

涓流床反应器中流区过渡的气相渗透率表征

由于Ergun方程可适用于气液间无相互作用的两相流动压降计算,并且由气相单相和气液两相并流下的气相压降比值可计算气相相对渗透率,因此,Ergun方程可用于涓流床中不同流区过渡和气液相互作用程度的表征。为检验这一方法的有效性,实验测定了空气-水体系在内径140mm有机玻璃塔中不同粒径玻璃珠(1.9、3.6、5.2、9.3mm)组成的床层压降和持液量。由于采用了压力传感器和电容层析成像仪,因此可测定脉冲流状态下的瞬态数据。通过压降的实验值与理论值比较,发现Ergun方程的适用范围有限,在没有进入脉冲流前先已失效,说明此时气液间作用已经相当显著。鉴于此,改用气液两相压降实验值代替理论值进行了气体渗透率的计算,发现不同气液流速和颗粒直径下出现脉冲流时的气体渗透率均低于0.08。     

小颗粒滴流床反应器中持液量及液相轴向扩散

本文研究了小颗粒滴流床反应器中持液量和液相轴向扩散.在液体表现流速6.15×10~(-3)-2.37×10~(-2)m/s、气体表观流速7.07×10~(-3)-0.56m/s范围内,用4种气液系统和6种填料,在298±1K下,同时得到压降和动持液量数据,并得到动持液量的关联式:B_d=h_d/ε_B=2.23Re_(?)~(0.41)(Ga_(?)~(?))~(0.31)(a_td_p/ε_B)Re_(?)~(-0.066)结果表明,三叶草形催化剂床层的持液量比相应尺寸的圆柱形高.此外,在温度298±1K下,应用玻璃球填料及4种不同气液系统,在低相互作用区(滴流区),用脉冲法测得液相RTD曲线,并得到Pe_l的关联式:Pe_l=0.117(Re_l/h_d)~0.62Ga_l~(-0.092)     

矩形导流管喷动床下行区的床层压降

带导流管的矩形喷动床是传统喷动床的改进型式,矩形床内设置的与床同厚的垂直导流管,可以控制固体颗粒的内循环速率,同时使下行区中的气固移动床维持平推流.本文实验测定了不同表观气速、床层重量、不同固体颗粒与气体入口形式与尺寸时,矩形导流管喷动床下行区的床层压降,以考察其流动特征.实验结果表明,下行区存在床层压降的轴向分布,气固流动处于负压差下移上流区,且气固滑移速度自下而上是逐渐下降的.下行区颗粒床层的压降以及颗粒的移动下输,受到喷动床表观气速、床高、喷嘴尺寸、物料种类和颗粒直径的不同影响.     

微通道中气体/离子液体两相流动与分散性能

离子液体在气-液反应与分离过程中有良好的应用前景,研究气体/离子液体两相体系的微分散过程对于发展新型气-液分散技术和设备具有重要意义。研究了N₂/[Bmim]BF₄体系在同轴环管微通道中的流动和分散行为。实验结果表明,在不同的气相和液相流速下,N₂/[Bmim]BF₄体系分别呈现气泡流、气泡-气柱过渡流、气柱流和气柱-环隙流过渡流4种流型。通过考察分散相尖端尺寸和气相、液相流速对气-液体系流型的影响,作出了相应的流型图。通过考察气相、液相流速对稳定气-液分散流型下的气相分散尺寸的影响,揭示了分散气相行为的机理,并建立了描述气相分散尺寸的数学模型。     

二维流化床光反应器中的光强分布及波动规律

考察了外部平行光源照射下液-固及气-液-固二维流化床中流体流动状况对床层光强分布和波动规律的影响. 采用朗伯-比尔定律建立了两相及三相流化床中光强分布的数学模型，分析了液含率、气含率及气、固相吸光系数对床层光强分布的影响，并采用自制光纤光强传感器测定了床层中的光强分布和波动信号. 二维流化床中床层光强沿径向呈指数衰减，随着液含率和气含率增大而增大，理论计算与实验结果相吻合. 对光强波动信号的功率谱分析表明，液-固流化床中功率谱密度由低频至高频呈规律性衰减，气-液-固三相流化床中由于受气泡的影响功率谱密度出现起伏，在5~12 Hz处出现谱峰，与气泡的产生频率一致. 上述模型可推广应用于其他光源和不同结构流化床光反应器的数学描述.     

壁面润湿性对微通道内二氧化碳-水两相流流动及传质性能的影响

在1 mm×1 mm矩形截面下微通道内,以二氧化碳-水为工作流体,研究壁面润湿性和气液表观流速对气-液两相流型和气液传质的影响,并研究了气、液表观流速对弹状流流体力学性质的影响。在亲水微通道中观测到了泡状流、泡状-弹状流、弹状流;在疏水微通道中观测到了非对称弹状流、拉长的非对称弹状流、分层流。实验表明亲水微通道中弹状流区域下气泡长度大体上随气相表观流速的增大而增大,随液相表观流速的增大而减小;液弹长度大体上随气相表观流速的增大而减小,随液相表观流速的增大先增大后减小;液侧体积传质系数k_La均随气、液相表观流速的增大而增大,随通道壁面润湿性的增强而增大。     

螺旋管入口参数对分离效果影响分析

为了提高气液分离效率、确定合理的入口参数,在螺旋管气液分离原理分析的基础上,建立了螺旋管几何模型.采用Euler多相流模型和RNG k-ε湍流模型,通过Fluent软件对螺旋管入口不同气、液流速和气液比条件下的流体分布状态进行了动态仿真.结果表明:流速越大,分离效率越高;气液比越大,分离效率越低.     

气液固三相移动床中流型的声发射检测

本文采用声发射检测分析了气液固三相移动床中的各相运动信息，实现了三相移动床中涓流-脉冲流的识别，并进一步分析了不同条件下脉冲流的演变规律。结果表明，滴流床中气液流型为脉冲流时，声信号在时域上会形成能量包，可据此实现涓流-脉冲流的准确识别，且该识别准则对于三相移动床同样适用。固相移动导致的床层空隙率增大会使三相移动床中脉冲流形成的条件变得更加苛刻。气液达到稳定脉冲后，固相颗粒对于气液的带出作用会在一定程度上增大三相移动床中的气液脉冲频率。     

Radial liquid distribution in cocurrent two-phase downflow in packed beds

Radial liquid distribution was measured experimentally for cocurrent, two-phase downflow in packed beds. The effects of bed length, water and air flow rates, and type of packing were determined. The experimental data were obtained in the gas-continuous, transition and pulsing trickling-flow regimes. For all finite air rates, the liquid velocity profiles were approximately flat with the maximum average velocity occurring at the center of the packed column. Increasing the air rate increased the center liquid velocity. The gas rate effect was more pronounced in shorter beds. At higher gas rates the liquid rate had less effect on the radial liquid distribution than at lower gas rates. Operation at higher liquid rates resulted in a flatter radial liquid veilocity profile. It was observed that the bed of pellets operated at high liquid rate and low gas rate was unstable. Increasing the bed height increased the stability of the system and a better liquid distribution was obtained. The effects of water flow rate, bed length, and packing type on the shape of the liquid velocity profiles were minor.     

Prediction of Two‐Phase Frictional Pressure Drop for the Concurrent Gas and Newtonian Liquids Upflow through Packed Beds

Correlations were developed to predict frictional pressure drop for concurrent gas‐liquid upflow through packed beds covering all the three identified flow regimes, i.e. bubble flow, pulse flow and spray flow. The observation that the gas and liquid flow rates have different influences on the two‐phase pressure drop in different flow regimes, was taken into consideration in the development of these correlations. More than 600 experimental pressure drop data from the present study and literature covering a wide range in gas‐liquid systems, flow rates and column packing were used.     

十字旋阀塔板漏液性能

在φ1000mm的圆塔内,以空气-水为介质,对十字旋阀塔板的泄漏率进行了测试,考察了液流强度、出口堰高等因素对泄漏性能的影响,并将其与交错十字旋阀塔板、组合导向浮阀塔板和F1型浮阀塔板的泄漏率进行了对比。结果表明:十字旋阀塔板在气速超过临界阀孔气速且液流强度较小时具有很好的漏液性能,经数据关联,获得了十字旋阀塔板漏液点孔速的关联式。     

Identification of Flow Regimes in Slot‐Rectangular Spouted Beds using Pressure Fluctuations

Pressure fluctuation data recorded in slot‐rectangular spouted beds of 1.44 mm diameter glass beads were analyzed with the aid of statistical and chaotic tools. The column width was maintained at 150 mm, while the thickness and slot width were both varied. It is shown that there are significant shifts in both statistical and chaos measures as the gas flow rate is increased. The results suggest that pressure fluctuations can be used to provide diagnostics of flow regime transitions in spouted beds when viewing is impossible.     

高通量塔板悬挂式降液管击穿漏气的气液相研究

采用空气-水物系,在直径为500mm的有机玻璃塔中对底部分别开有8个和12个液流孔的悬挂式降液管的漏气进行了研究,并在假设漏入降液管的气体产生的压降与板压降相等的基础上建立了击穿漏气模型.结果表明,当塔内的气体流量逐渐增大,漏入的气体以气柱的形式连续进入降液管时,降液管液层被击穿,降液管无法正常操作.根据实验数据得到了击穿漏气模型的关联式,关联式的计算值与实验值吻合较好.开有12个液流孔的降液管在液流孔的真实漏气气速为1.40 m/s时,漏入的气体会击穿降液管液层.     

Mass transfer and hydrodynamic characteristics in a co‐current downflow contacting column

Hydrodynamic and mass transfer characteristics of water–air system in a co‐current downflow contacting column (CDCC) were studied for various nozzle diameters at different superficial gas velocities and liquid re‐circulation rates. Gas hold‐up and liquid‐side mass transfer coefficient increased with increasing superficial gas velocity and liquid flow rate but decreased with increasing nozzle diameter. It is shown that correlations developed, which are based on liquid kinetic power per liquid volume present in the column, and superficial gas velocity explains gas hold‐up and the mass transfer coefficient within an error 20% for all gas and liquid flow rates and nozzle diameters used. The constants of correlations for gas hold‐up and mass transfer coefficient were found to be considerably different from other gas–liquid contacting systems. © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

错流旋转填料床气相压降的研究

利用空气-水系统对错流旋转填料床的气相压降进行了实验研究。采用因次分析的方法推导出错流旋转填料床气相压降的无因次关联式。结果表明,错流旋转填料床欧拉准数在旋转填料床转速与气速之比(旋流比)小于30时,欧拉准数随旋流比的增大反而减小;当旋流比大于30时,欧拉准数随旋流比的增大而增大。旋流比小于30时欧拉准数与填料层轴向厚度的0.9次方成正比,旋流比大于30时欧拉准数与填料层轴向厚度的0.5次方成正比。湿床旋流比小于30时,欧拉准数随进液量的增大而上升;旋流比大于30时,欧拉准数随进液量的增大而下降。     

Experimental studies of liquid flow maldistribution in a random packed column

Liquid flow distribution has been a major concern when scaling up random packed columns. This study concerns the measurements of liquid flow distribution in a large scale column packed with 25.4 mm stainless steel Pall rings. The liquid flow distribution was studied with packed bed height from 0.9 to 3.5 m, liquid flow rate from 2.91 to 6.66 kg/m²·s, and gas flow rate from 0 to 3.0 kg/m²·s. In addition, three systems, water/air, aqueous detergent solution/air and Isopar/air, were used to study the effect of liquid physical properties on liquid flow distribution, and two different liquid distributors were employed to test the effect of liquid distributor design. It was found that liquid flow distribution was strongly influenced by liquid distributor design, packed bed height, gas flow rate and liquid viscosity, slightly influenced by liquid flow rate, but not by liquid surface tension.     

二段式吸收塔强化水洗技术提纯沼气过程

压力水洗技术已成为提纯沼气的关键技术之一。采用填料吸收塔进行CO₂脱除实验研究,考察了液气比、吸收压力、吸收温度、CO₂初始含量、填料层高度对CO₂脱除率的影响,以及液气比、沼气流量对总体积吸收系数的影响,并运用填料塔与喷雾塔结合的二段式吸收塔进行压力水洗提纯沼气的过程强化实验。实验结果表明,吸收压力和液气比的增大、吸收温度的降低、填料层高度的增加有利于CO₂的脱除,体积总吸收系数随着液气比及沼气流量的增加而增大。二段式吸收塔能够提高CO₂吸收效果,当沼气处理量为10 L·min^-1,填料层高度为100 cm,CO₂含量小于3%时,与填料塔相比二段式吸收塔可以减少约12%的吸收液用量,并且采用110 cm填料的二段式吸收塔获得最佳的提纯效果,CO₂脱除率达到97.4%。