Algorithm for NO/sub 2/ vertical column retrieval from the ozone monitoring instrument

We describe the operational algorithm for the retrieval of stratospheric, tropospheric, and total column densities of nitrogen dioxide (NO/sub 2/) from earthshine radiances measured by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), aboard the EOS-Aura satellite. The algorithm uses the DOAS method for the retrieval of slant column NO/sub 2/ densities. Air mass factors (AMFs) calculated from a stratospheric NO/sub 2/ profile are used to make initial estimates of the vertical column density. Using data collected over a 24-h period, a smooth estimate of the global stratospheric field is constructed. Where the initial vertical column densities exceed the estimated stratospheric field, we infer the presence of tropospheric NO/sub 2/, and recalculate the vertical column density (VCD) using an AMF calculated from an assumed tropospheric NO/sub 2/ profile. The parameters that control the operational algorithm were selected with the aid of a set of data assembled from stratospheric and tropospheric chemical transport models. We apply the optimized algorithm to OMI data and present global maps of NO/sub 2/ VCDs for the first time.     

Surface ultraviolet irradiance from OMI

The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) onboard the NASA Earth Observing System (EOS) Aura spacecraft is a nadir-viewing spectrometer that measures solar reflected and backscattered light in a selected range of the ultraviolet and visible spectrum. The instrument has a 2600-km-wide viewing swath, and it is capable of daily, global contiguous mapping. We developed and implemented a surface ultraviolet (UV) irradiance algorithm for OMI that produces noontime surface spectral UV irradiance estimates at four wavelengths (305, 310, 324, and 380 nm). Additionally, noontime erythemal dose rate and the erythemal daily dose are estimated. The OMI surface UV algorithm inherits from the surface UV algorithm developed by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center for the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS). The OMI surface UV irradiance products are produced and archived in HDF5-EOS format by Finnish Meteorological Institute. The accuracy of the surface UV estimates depend on UV wavelength and atmospheric and other geolocation specific conditions ranging from 7% to 30%. A postprocessing aerosol correction can be applied at sites with additional ground-based measurements of the aerosol absorption optical thickness. The current OMI surface UV product validation plan is presented.     

Science objectives of the ozone monitoring instrument

The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) flies on NASA's Earth Observing System AURA satellite, launched in July 2004. OMI is an ultraviolet/visible (UV/VIS) nadir solar backscatter spectrometer, which provides nearly global coverage in one day, with a spatial resolution of 13 km/spl times/24 km. Trace gases measured include O/sub 3/, NO/sub 2/, SO/sub 2/, HCHO, BrO, and OClO. In addition OMI measures aerosol characteristics, cloud top heights and cloud coverage, and UV irradiance at the surface. OMI's unique capabilities for measuring important trace gases with daily global coverage and a small footprint will make a major contribution to our understanding of stratospheric and tropospheric chemistry and climate change along with Aura's other three instruments. OMI's high spatial resolution enables detection of air pollution at urban scales. Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer and differential optical absorption spectroscopy heritage algorithms, as well as new ones developed by the international (Dutch, Finnish, and U.S.) OMI science team, are used to derive OMI's advanced backscatter data products. In addition to providing data for Aura's prime objectives, OMI will provide near-real-time data for operational agencies in Europe and the U.S. Examples of OMI's unique capabilities are presented in this paper.     

The ozone monitoring instrument

The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) flies on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Earth Observing System Aura satellite launched in July 2004. OMI is a ultraviolet/visible (UV/VIS) nadir solar backscatter spectrometer, which provides nearly global coverage in one day with a spatial resolution of 13 km/spl times/24 km. Trace gases measured include O/sub 3/, NO/sub 2/, SO/sub 2/, HCHO, BrO, and OClO. In addition, OMI will measure aerosol characteristics, cloud top heights, and UV irradiance at the surface. OMI's unique capabilities for measuring important trace gases with a small footprint and daily global coverage will be a major contribution to our understanding of stratospheric and tropospheric chemistry and climate change. OMI's high spatial resolution is unprecedented and will enable detection of air pollution on urban scale resolution. In this paper, the instrument and its performance will be discussed.     

First results from the OMI rotational Raman scattering cloud pressure algorithm

We have developed an algorithm to retrieve scattering cloud pressures and other cloud properties with the Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). The scattering cloud pressure is retrieved using the effects of rotational Raman scattering (RRS). It is defined as the pressure of a Lambertian surface that would produce the observed amount of RRS consistent with the derived reflectivity of that surface. The independent pixel approximation is used in conjunction with the Lambertian-equivalent reflectivity model to provide an effective radiative cloud fraction and scattering pressure in the presence of broken or thin cloud. The derived cloud pressures will enable accurate retrievals of trace gas mixing ratios, including ozone, in the troposphere within and above clouds. We describe details of the algorithm that will be used for the first release of these products. We compare our scattering cloud pressures with cloud-top pressures and other cloud properties from the Aqua Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument. OMI and MODIS are part of the so-called A-train satellites flying in formation within 30 min of each other. Differences between OMI and MODIS are expected because the MODIS observations in the thermal infrared are more sensitive to the cloud top whereas the backscattered photons in the ultraviolet can penetrate deeper into clouds. Radiative transfer calculations are consistent with the observed differences. The OMI cloud pressures are shown to be correlated with the cirrus reflectance. This relationship indicates that OMI can probe through thin or moderately thick cirrus to lower lying water clouds.     

Ozone monitoring instrument calibration

The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) was launched on July 15, 2004 on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Earth Observing System Aura satellite. The OMI instrument is an ultraviolet-visible imaging spectrograph that uses two-dimensional charge-coupled device detectors to register both the spectrum and the swath perpendicular to the flight direction with a 115/spl deg/ wide swath, which enables global daily ground coverage with high spatial resolution. This paper presents the OMI design and discusses the main performance and calibration features and results.     

Cloud Properties Derived From GOME/ERS-2 Backscatter Data for Trace Gas Retrieval

We focus on the retrieval of cloud properties appropriate for trace gas retrieval from sun-normalized ultraviolet/visible backscatter spectra obtained from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) onboard the European Space Agency's European Remote Sensing 2 Satellite (ERS-2). Retrieved quantities are the fractional cloud coverage of the GOME footprint, the cloud-top albedo, and the cloud-top height. A data fusion technique is applied to calculate the fractional cloud cover of GOME footprints from GOME's polarization measurement devices. Furthermore, cloud-top albedo and cloud-top height are retrieved simultaneously from GOME measurements around the oxygen A-band by a neural network approach. We compare our results with corresponding results from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) radiometer onboard the first European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) METEOSAT Second Generation 1 geostationary spacecraft. Our analysis revealed that GOME-derived basic cloud properties are of remarkably high quality. GOME slightly underestimates the cloud coverage of footprints, which was expected since GOME is mainly sensitive to optically thick water clouds. GOME measurements are limited to the ultraviolet and visible part of the solar spectrum, which hampers the detection of optically thin clouds. For both the cloud-top height and the cloud-top albedo, we found a small bias relative to SEVIRI results. The overall uncertainty of retrieved total ozone columns with respect to cloud parameters is about 1%-2%. Our approach is applied to the operational processing of GOME/ERS-2 and will be applied to GOME-2/METOP (launched in 2006) in the framework of EUMETSAT's Satellite Application Facility on Ozone and Atmospheric Chemistry Monitoring (O3M-SAF).     

国产卫星多角度偏振传感器的光谱特征云检测方法研究

在卫星遥感研究中, 云检测是基础环节, 其结果影响大气、地表各种参数的定量遥感, 同时也影响云微物理特 性的反演。本研究针对多角度偏振卫星载荷(高分五号DPC 传感器), 建立了一种改进的光谱特征云检测算法。该算 法综合利用云像元和非云像元在可见光反射率光谱、氧A 波段吸收、蓝光偏振反射率以及偏振虹等特性上的差异, 分别提出了陆地、海洋上空的云检测方案, 并进一步建立了多角度云检测融合策略以标记云、晴空和未定像元。在 陆地检测中, 通过增加表观压强检测和偏振虹检测分别改进了高层薄云和低层薄云的识别; 在海洋检测中, 利用表观 压强与云层的退偏特性改进了耀光区云像元的识别。全球云检测结果示例显示该算法整体检测效果较好, 同时典型 区域的检测结果与MODIS 云产品也具有较好的一致性。该研究可为高分五号02 星上的多角度偏振传感器云检测提 供方法基础。     

Total ozone from the ozone monitoring instrument (OMI) using the DOAS technique

This paper describes the algorithm for deriving the total column ozone from spectral radiances and irradiances measured by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on the Earth Observing System Aura satellite. The algorithm is based on the differential optical absorption spectroscopy technique. The main characteristics of the algorithm as well as an error analysis are described. The algorithm has been successfully applied to the first available OMI data. First comparisons with ground-based instruments are very encouraging and clearly show the potential of the method.     

OMI very fast delivery and the Sodankyla/spl uml/ Satellite Data Centre

The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) operates onboard the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Earth Observing System Aura satellite, which was launched in July 2004. Like its sister spacecraft Terra and Aqua, Aura's capabilities include direct broadcast (DB), i.e., the ability to broadcast data at the same time as they are being measured and stored in the spacecraft's memory for later transmission to Earth. The Finnish Meteorological Institute's Satellite Data Centre at Sodankyla/spl uml/ in Finnish Lapland is exploiting this capability to receive OMI data while Aura is in sight of the receiver, which enables nearly immediate production of OMI data products for a region that includes a large part of Europe, stretching from the North Pole to the Italian Alps. The current OMI Very Fast Delivery (VFD) products include maps of surface UV-B, ozone columns, and cloud coverage.     

基于MAX-DOAS的对流层NO2和气溶胶光学厚度遥测反演

随着全球工业化速度加快和人口的增多,大气环境问题日益突出,NO2和气溶胶在大气化学中扮演着重要的角色。地基多轴差分吸收光谱技术（MAX-DOAS）基于被动DOAS原理,近年来已成功应用于大气痕量气体柱浓度和气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）测量方面。本文基于被动DOAS算法对合肥秸秆燃烧期间NO2柱浓度以及气溶胶光学厚度进行了观测,并把对流层柱浓度和臭氧监测仪(Ozone Monitoring Instrument, OMI)结果进行对比;测量的气溶胶光学厚度和太阳光度计（CE318）进行了对比。结果表明,MAX-DOAS测量结果要高于卫星值,11月6日MAX-DOAS测量NO2柱浓度日均值为OMI的1.9倍;二者在无云条件下一致性较好;MAX-DOAS反演AOD和太阳光度计结果相关性在0.9以上。     

The life cycle CO/sub 2/ emission performance of the DOE/NASA solar power satellite system: a comparison of alternative power generation systems in Japan

Solar power generation and, in particular, space solar power generation seem to be one of the most promising electric power generation technologies for reducing emissions of global warming gases (denoted collectively as CO/sub 2/ emissions below). Calculating the precise amount of net reduction in CO/sub 2/ emissions of a solar power system over other alternative power systems requires careful life cycle considerations. For example, emissions from a space solar system must include the emissions from consuming rocket fuel during the launching the satellites, and the emissions from the energy consumed while producing the solar panels. In this paper, we calculate the CO/sub 2/ emissions observed through the life cycle of a solar power satellite (SPS). This life cycle consists of the production of rocket fuel and solar panels and the construction of a Rectenna (power receiving antenna), satellite, and all other equipment listed in the Department of Energy/NASA reference system. The calculation also includes indirect CO/sub 2/ emissions that occur in various stages of production of these materials. Our baseline scenario shows that the life cycle CO/sub 2/ emissions for an SPS system per unit of energy generated are almost the same as the emissions for nuclear power systems and are much less than the life cycle emissions for LNG-fired and coal-fired power generation systems. Furthermore, our SPS-Breeder scenario, in which SPSs supply electricity for producing further SPS systems, shows significantly lower CO/sub 2/ emissions. As electrical power generation constitutes one fourth of Japan's total CO/sub 2/ emissions, reducing emissions from electric power generation is one of the most important issues on Japan's policy agenda for dealing with global warming. Our findings suggest that the SPS is the most effective alternative power generation technology.     

Optical thickness of tropical cirrus clouds derived from the MODIS 0.66and 1.375-/spl mu/m channels

In this paper, we introduce a method to retrieve the optical thickness of tropical cirrus clouds using the isolated visible cirrus reflectance (without atmospheric and surface effects). The isolated cirrus reflectance is inferred from level 1b calibrated 0.66- and 1.375-/spl mu/m Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. We created an optical properties database and optical thickness lookup library using previously calculated single-scattering data in conjunction with the discrete ordinates radiative transfer (DISORT) code. An algorithm was constructed based on this lookup library to infer the optical thickness of tropical cirrus clouds for each pixel in a MODIS image. We demonstrate the applicability of this algorithm using several independent MODIS images from the Terra satellite. The present method is complimentary to the MODIS operational cloud retrieval algorithm for the case of cirrus clouds.     

Regional aerosol retrieval results from MISR

Examples of aerosol retrieval results, derived from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) on the Earth Observation Science (EOS) Terra platform, are shown and the performance of the retrieval algorithms are discussed, following the first 18 months of operational data processing. A number of algorithm modifications were implemented, based on an analysis of aerosol retrieval results during this period, and these changes are described. Two cloud-screening algorithms, the angle-to-angle smoothness and angle-to-angle correlation tests, which were used in the preprocessing phase of the analyses are also described. The aerosol retrieval examples cover a wide variety of conditions, both over land and water. Particular aerosol types include dust clouds, forest fire and volcanic plumes, and localized dense haze. Finally, some ideas are discussed for additional improvement of the MISR aerosol data product, based on the experience gained in analyzing multiangle data and the associated geophysical products.     

The determination of cloud altitudes using GOME reflectance spectra: multilayered cloud systems

This paper is devoted to the application of the Semi-Analytical Cloud Retrieval Algorithm (SACURA) to the cloud-top height determination using data from the Global Ozone Measurement Experiment (GOME) instrument onboard Earth Remote Sensing satellite (ERS-2). In particular, measurements of the top-of-atmosphere reflectance in the oxygen absorption A-band are used. The technique is based on the asymptotic radiative transfer theory as applied to studies of the oxygen absorption bands in reflected light. Our approach is valid for optically thick clouds with cloud optical thickness larger than approximately 5. The accuracy of the algorithm is checked against independent retrieval techniques for completely cloudy pixels. In particular, the close coincidence with data obtained from the Along Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR-2) onboard ERS-2 is found. Some results of retrievals using these different instruments disagree (up to 2 km). This is explained by the strong horizontal inhomogeneity of clouds under investigation, which is not accounted by the SACURA or, possibly, by well-known problems of infrared techniques as applied to low-level clouds. The effective cloud geometrical thickness l is also retrieved. This parameter is defined as the geometrical thickness of a vertically homogeneous cloud, which allows for the minimization of differences between observed and calculated top-of-atmosphere reflectance spectra. For inhomogeneous clouds, the value of l differs from a real cloud geometrical thickness, but it gives us an indication of the possible existence of the multilayered cloud system in the field of view of the optical instrument.     

基于星载红外高光谱观测用机器学习算法反演大气温湿廓线

星载红外高光谱垂直探测仪GIIRS （Geostationary Interferometric Infrared Sounder）能够实现大气温度和湿度参数高垂直分辨率的观测，为数值天气预报提供精度更高的初始场。基于GIIRS观测辐射值采用BP神经网络（Back Propagation Neural Network）法和深度学习的卷积神经网络（Convolutional Neural Networks, CNN）法反演大气温度、湿度垂直廓线，重点在于CNN法模型的构建与参数的优化，得到反演精度最高的网络模型配置。将训练样本根据不同地表类型和是否有云的影响分为三种方案（方案一:不分类、方案二:陆地/洋面分类、方案三:晴空/有云分类），分别进行建模、反演和检验。结果表明两种反演算法都有较好的反演精度，相对而言CNN法在所有高度层上反演偏差、均方根误差和平均相对误差均较小，反演精度更高。CNN法温度反演在高层10~200 hPa改进较大，三种分类方案改进的最大值分别为1.15 K、1.06 K和1.02 K；湿度反演在对流层低层500~1000 hPa改进较大，三种分类方案分别平均改进了0.43 g/kg、0.41 g/kg和0.34 g/kg。BP神经网络法方案三时（即分晴空和云时）温度和水汽混合比廓线反演精度最好；CNN算法方案一时（即不对样本数据进行任何分类）反演精度最高。     

Double ion exchange for high-index waveguides in LiTaO/sub 3/

The authors describe the fabrication and properties of optical waveguides formed in Y-cut LiTaO/sub 3/ by simultaneous processing of zinc-lithium, proton-lithium and zinc-proton exchange in the melts K/sub 2/SO/sub 4/-Na/sub 2/SO/sub 4/-ZnSO/sub 4/-LiSO/sub 4/-KHSO/sub 4/ at 540 degrees C. A surface increase of the refractive index of 0.14 was observed for the extraordinary polarisation and 0.11 for the ordinary polarisation. The dynamics of the process is discussed.<>     

Origin of the threshold voltage instability in SiO/sub 2//HfO/sub 2/ dual layer gate dielectrics

The magnitude of the V/sub T/ instability in conventional MOSFETs and MOS capacitors with SiO/sub 2//HfO/sub 2/ dual-layer gate dielectrics is shown to depend strongly on the details of the measurement sequence used. By applying time-resolved measurements (capacitance-time traces and charge-pumping measurements), it is demonstrated that this behavior is caused by the fast charging and discharging of preexisting defects near the SiO/sub 2//HfO/sub 2/ interface and in the bulk of the HfO/sub 2/ layer. Based on these results, a simple defect model is proposed that can explain the complex behavior of the V/sub T/ instability in terms of structural defects as follows. 1) A defect band in the HfO/sub 2/ layer is located in energy above the Si conduction band edge. 2) The defect band shifts rapidly in energy with respect to the Fermi level in the Si substrate as the gate bias is varied. 3) The rapid energy shifts allows for efficient charging and discharging of the defects near the SiO/sub 2//HfO/sub 2/ interface by tunneling.     

Extension of GPM dual-frequency iterative retrieval method with DSD-profile constraint

A new Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) will be included on the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) core satellite which will succeed the highly successful Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite launched in 1997. New dual-frequency drop-size distribution (DSD) and rain-rate estimation algorithms are being developed to take advantage of the enhanced capabilities of the DPR. It has been shown previously that a backward-iteration algorithm can be embedded within a single-loop feedback model to retrieve the rain rate. However, the single-loop model is unable to correctly estimate DSD profiles for a significant portion of global median-volume-diameter, D/sub o/, and normalized DSD intercept parameter, N/sub w/, combinations in rain because of a multiple-value solution space. For the remaining D/sub o/,N/sub w/ pairs, another retrieval method is necessary. This paper proposes a dual-loop model, in which the intercept parameter, N/sub w/, of the DSD is constrained in its vertical profile, to guide the algorithm to correct convergence. This allows an additional constraint on the DSD values estimated by the iterative algorithm and helps to retrieve correct DSD values in the regions where the iterative approach alone fails. To demonstrate feasibility of the proposed method, three test cases representative of many DSD and profile combinations are discussed. The first case is a constant vertical profile of the DSD parameters. The second case examines linear variation of the DSD parameters, and the third case examines how measurement error affects the retrieval process. In each case, the proposed constraint on the intercept parameter is implemented, and the results are discussed. Using the constraint, the dual-loop algorithm is able to retrieve reasonable values for the DSDs and rain-rate profiles and extend the convergence region of the algorithm.     

A multifrequency algorithm for the retrieval of soil moisture on alarge scale using microwave data from SMMR and SSM/I satellites

The sensitivity of microwave emission at different frequencies to soil moisture in bare and vegetated soils has been investigated using experimental data. Since the best frequency for the measurement of soil moisture (L-band) is absent in current satellite sensors, it is necessary to seek alternative solutions. An algorithm is proposed for the retrieval of soil moisture based on the sensitivity to moisture of both the brightness temperature and the polarization index at C-band, one that is able to correct for the effect of vegetation by means of the polarization index at X-band. The algorithm has been tested by using experimental data collected with airborne microwave radiometers on agricultural areas and validated by using the data sets of special sensor microwave/imager (SMM/I) and scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR). These research activities are planned in view of coming new satellites: AQUA (NASA) and ADEOS-II (NASDA), which will be launched by the end of 2001. These will have new generation microwave radiometers (AMSR-E and AMSR) onboard, which show much better characteristics with respect to the previous sensors, in particular an enhanced spatial resolution