半波振子天线矩量法的研究

矩量法是将连续方程离散为代数方程组的方法,此法对于求解微分方程和积分方程均适用,本文以半波振子天线为例,系统的阐述了半波振子天线的海伦积分方程的建立,利用矩量法求解海伦积分方程而得半波振子天线上的电流分布,已知电流分布求解半波振子天线在远区的电场表达式和方向图。     

A splitting compact finite difference method for computing the dynamics of dipolar Bose–Einstein condensate

We numerically study the nonlocal Gross–Pitaevskii equation (NGPE) which describes the dynamics of Bose–Einstein condensates (BEC) with dipole–dipole interaction at extremely low temperature. In preparation for the numerics, first we reformulate the dimensionless NGPE into a Schrödinger–Poisson system. Then, we discretize the three-dimensional Schrödinger–Poisson system in space by a sixth-order compact finite difference method and in time by a splitting technique. By means of three-dimensional discrete fast Sine transform, we develop a fast solver for the resulting discretized system. Finally, we present numerical examples in three dimensions to demonstrate the power of the numerical methods and to discuss some physics of dipolar BEC. The merits of the proposed method for the NGPE are that it is fast and unconditionally stable. Moreover, the method is of spectral-like accuracy in space, and conserves the particle number and the energy of the system in the discretized level.     

Electromagnetic scattering by arbitrarily shaped stratified anisotropic media using the equivalent dipole moment method

The equivalent dipole moment method, which was used to model the isotropic media, is extended and applied to the analysis of the electromagnetic scattering characteristics of arbitrarily shaped multilayer electric anisotropic media in this work. The initial motivation to put forward this method is based on the intrinsic physical properties of the electric anisotropic media whose constitutive parameter permittivity is a tensor matrix that can be modeled as equivalent electric dipole moment. This method employs the method of moments to solve the electric field volume integral equation (VIE) formulated by discretizing the scattering body into tetrahedral volume elements, in which the electrical parameters are assumed constant in each element. Then the VIE is solved directly to obtain the scattered field. Numerical results are given to validate the accuracy and efficiency of this method. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2010.     

Fast solution of volume–surface integral equation for scattering from composite conducting‐dielectric targets using multilevel fast dipole method

This article presents a fast solution to the volume–surface integral equation for electromagnetic scattering from three‐dimensional (3D) targets comprising both conductors and dielectric materials by using the multilevel fast dipole method (MLFDM). This scheme is based on the concept of equivalent dipole‐moment method (EDM) that views the Rao–Wilton–Glisson and the Schaubert–Wilton–Glisson basis functions as dipole models with equivalent dipole moments. In the MLFDM, a simple Taylor's series expansion of the terms R^α (α = 1, ?1, ?2, ?3) and R? R? in the formulation of the EDM transforms the interaction between two equivalent dipoles into an aggregation–translation–disaggregation form naturally. Furthermore, benefiting from the multilevel grouping scheme, the matrix‐vector product can be accelerated and the memory cost is reduced remarkably. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of this method. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2012.     

Galerkin approximations of the generalized Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation

In this paper we study the convergence of the Galerkin approximation method applied to the generalized Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (GHJB) equation over a compact set containing the origin. The GHJB equation gives the cost of an arbitrary control law and can be used to improve the performance of this control. The GHJB equation can also be used to successively approximate the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation. We state sufficient conditions that guarantee that the Galerkin approximation converges to the solution of the GHJB equation and that the resulting approximate control is stabilizing on the same region as the initial control. The method is demonstrated on a simple nonlinear system and is compared to a result obtained by using exact feedback linearization in conjunction with the LQR design method.     

On the quantum master equation under feedback control

The nature of the quantum trajectories, described by stochastic master equations, may be jump-like or diffusive, depending upon different measurement processes. There are many different unravelings corresponding to different types of stochastic master equations for a given master equation. In this paper, we study the relationship between the quantum stochastic master equations and the quantum master equations in the Markovian case under feedback control. We show that the corresponding unraveling no longer exists when we further consider feedback control besides measurement. It is due to the fact that the information gained by the measurement plays an important role in the control process. The master equation governing the evolution of ensemble average cannot be restored simply by eliminating the noise term unlike the case without a control term. By establishing a fundamental limit on performance of the master equation with feedback control, we demonstrate the differences between the stochastic master equation and the master equation via theoretical proof and simulation, and show the superiority of the stochastic master equation for feedback control.     

An Iterative Relaxation Approach to the Solution of the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman-Isaacs Equation in Nonlinear Optimal Control

In this paper, we propose an iterative relaxation method for solving the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman-Isaacs equation (HJBIE) arising in deterministic optimal control of affine nonlinear systems. Local convergence of the method is established under fairly mild assumptions, and examples are solved to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. An extension of the approach to Lyapunov equations is also discussed. The preliminary results presented are promising, and it is hoped that the approach will ultimately develop into an efficient computational tool for solving the HJBIEs.      

The Unified Frame of Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers for Three Classes of Matrix Equations Arising in Control Theory

In this paper, the unified frame of alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is proposed for solving three classes of matrix equations arising in control theory including the linear matrix equation, the generalized Sylvester matrix equation and the quadratic matrix equation. The convergence properties of ADMM and numerical results are presented. The numerical results show that ADMM tends to deliver higher quality solutions with less computing time on the tested problems.     

A Nonrecursive Solution Method for the Linear-Quadratic Optimal Control Problem with a Singular Transition Matrix

In the optimal linear regulator problem the control vector is usually determined by solving the algebraic matrix Riccati equation using successive substitutions. This, however, can be rather inefficient from a computational point of view. A nonrecursive method which requires that the transition matrix is nonsingular has been proposed by Vaughan (1970). In the present paper we present a nonrecursive solution to the matrix Riccati equation for the case that the transition matrix may be singular. We show that this procedure leads to the same numerical results as the standard iteration of the matrix Riccati equation.     

正倒向随机微分方程与一类线性二次随机最优控制问题

讨论一类正倒向随机微分方程解的存在唯一性及其对应的一类线性二次随机最优控制 问题,利用单调性方法证明了一类特殊的正倒向随机微分方程解的存在唯一性定理,利用该结果 研究一类耦合了一个倒向随机微分方程的线性随机控制系统广义最优指标随机控制问题,得到 由正倒向随机微分方程的解所表示的唯一最优控制的显式表达式,并得到精确的线性反馈及其 对应的Riccati方程.     

Geometric characterization on the solvability of regulator equations

The solvability of the regulator equation for a general nonlinear system is discussed in this paper by using geometric method. The ‘feedback’ part of the regulator equation, that is, the feasible controllers for the regulator equation, is studied thoroughly. The concepts of minimal output zeroing control invariant submanifold and left invertibility are introduced to find all the possible controllers for the regulator equation under the condition of left invertibility. Useful results, such as a necessary condition for the output regulation problem and some properties of friend sets of controlled invariant manifolds, are also obtained.     

线性二次最优控制的精细积分法

LQ控制虽然是最优控制的最基本问题,但其数值求解仍有很多问题.黎卡提微分 方程的精细积分法利用黎卡提方程的解析特点,求出计算机上高度精密的解,并已证明误差 在计算机倍精度数的误差范围之外.这对于Kalman-Bucy滤波,LQG问题以及H∞控制及滤 波等都可运用,精细积分还求解了反馈后的状态微分方程.数例验证了其高精度特性.     

衰减湮灭的状态方程及状态控制

根据衡敛状态方程,系统输入或边界条件的变化能够影响系统状态,对于系统状态出现的衰减湮灭,推导了系统衰减湮灭的状态方程、衰灭平衡方程。得出,当系统状态发生衰减湮灭,系统状态值、系统输入值、边界条件之间相互作用,改变系统的输入或边界条件能够恢复系统。应用系统衰灭状态方程及衰灭平衡方程,对系统状态变化进行分析,是研究系统状态演变,系统控制,状态时滞、预防系统性衰减的方法。     

Propagation of non-linear waves in a non-ideal relaxing gas

We have derived an evolution equation governing the far-field behaviour of small amplitude waves in a non-ideal relaxing gas for planar and converging flow. Asymptotic expansions of the flow variables for small amplitude waves have been used to derive the evolution equation. This equation turns out to be a generalized Burger's equation. The numerical solution of this equation is obtained by using the homotopy analysis method (HAM) proposed by Liao with two different initial conditions. Using the HAM, we have studied the effect of relaxation and nonlinearity. The convergence control parameter enables us to find a good approximate solution for such a complex flow problem. This method also confirms the capabilities and usefulness of convergence control parameter and HAM for complex and highly non-linear problems.     

Characteristic modeling and the control of flexible structure

Appropriate modeling for a controlled plant has been a remarkable problem in the control field. A new modeling theory, i.e. characteristic modeling, is roundly demonstrated. It is deduced in detail that a general linear constant high-order system can be equivalently described with a two-order time-varying difference equation. The application of the characteristic modeling method to the control of flexible structure is also introduced. Especially, as an example, the Hubble Space Telescope is used to illustrate the application of the characteristic modeling and adaptive control method proposed in this paper.     

Energy control of distributed parameter systems via speed-gradient method: case study of string and sine-Gordon benchmark models

Energy control problems are analysed for infinite dimensional systems. Benchmark linear wave equation and nonlinear sine-Gordon equation are chosen for exposition. The relatively simple case of distributed yet uniform over the space control is considered. The speed-gradient method for energy control of Hamiltonian systems proposed by A. Fradkov in 1996, has already successfully been applied to numerous nonlinear and adaptive control problems is presently developed and justified for the above partial differential equations (PDEs). An infinite dimensional version of the Krasovskii–LaSalle principle is validated for the resulting closed-loop systems. By applying this principle, the closed-loop trajectories are shown to either approach the desired energy level set or converge to a system equilibrium. The numerical study of the underlying closed-loop systems reveals reasonably fast transient processes and the feasibility of a desired energy level if initialised with a lower energy level.     

PDE工具箱实现偏微分方程的有限元求解

偏微分方程在科学和工程上有着广泛的应用。有限元法是一种重要的偏微分方程数值解法。编程实现从偏微分方程到有限元求解全过程需要很好的理论基础和编程技巧,难度较高。该文介绍了偏微分方程有限元求解的基本理论和一般Neumann条件下椭圆型方程的有限元求解具体过程,并通过两个实例,电机磁场问题和热传导问题,介绍了使用PDE工具箱实现偏微分方程的有限元解法。实验结果表明这一方法具有操作简单明了,运算速度快,计算误差可控制等优点。     

带有运行成本函数的Hamilton-Jacobi可达性分析

水平集方法将可达集表示为Hamilton-Jacobi方程解的零水平集,保存多个不同时间范围的可达集则需要保存Hamilton-Jacobi方程在多个时刻的解,这不仅需要消耗大量的存储空间还为控制律的设计造成了困难.针对这些局限性,提出了一种改进的基于Hamilton-Jacobi方程的可达集表示方法.该方法在Hamilton-Jacobi方程中加入了一项运行成本函数,可以用同一个时刻的解的多个非零水平集表示多个不同时间范围的可达集,极大地节省了存储空间并为控制律的设计提供了便利.为了求解所构造的带有运行成本函数的Hamilton-Jacobi方程,采用了一种基于递归和插值的方法.最后,通过一些数值算例验证了所提出的方法的精确性、在存储空间方面的优越性以及设计的控制律的有效性.     

On the infinite time solution to state-constrained stochastic optimal control problems

A method is presented for solving the infinite time Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation for certain state-constrained stochastic problems. The HJB equation is reformulated as an eigenvalue problem, such that the principal eigenvalue corresponds to the expected cost per unit time, and the corresponding eigenfunction gives the value function (up to an additive constant) for the optimal control policy. The eigenvalue problem is linear and hence there are fast numerical methods available for finding the solution.     

Fast and efficient numerical method for solving the Allen–Cahn equation on the cubic surface

In this study, we present a fast and efficient finite difference method (FDM) for solving the Allen–Cahn (AC) equation on the cubic surface. The proposed method applies appropriate boundary conditions in the two-dimensional (2D) space to calculate numerical solutions on cubic surfaces, which is relatively simpler than a direct computation in the three-dimensional (3D) space. To numerically solve the AC equation on the cubic surface, we first unfold the cubic surface domain in the 3D space into the 2D space, and then apply the FDM on the six planar sub-domains with appropriate boundary conditions. The proposed method solves the AC equation using an operator splitting method that splits the AC equation into the linear and nonlinear terms. To demonstrate that the proposed algorithm satisfies the properties of the AC equation on the cubic surface, we perform the numerical experiments such as convergence test, total energy decrease, and maximum principle.