“三角形”铰链四杆直线机构综合方法的研究

分析了 Ball点位于机架上并且直线方向垂直于机架时 ,曲率驻点曲线蜕化的原因和结果。利用欧拉 -萨法利方程得到了此情况下综合四杆直线机构的方法 ,用此方法可综合出具有四个无限接近点 (即所谓的 Ball点 )直线机构。此时的机构外形为一三角形 ,称为“三角形”铰链四杆直线机构。以文中的结论为基础 ,分析了综合出曲柄摇杆机构的条件     

铰链六杆间歇机构综合的数值方法

以机构学知识中的常定曲率圆点曲线和常定曲率圆心曲线为理论基础 ,采用“直线扫描”法综合铰链六杆间歇机构中的基础四杆机构 ,然后用“切线包容”法综合输出二级杆组 ,并讨论了铰链六杆间歇机构的曲柄存在条件。应用该方法 ,编制了一套铰链六杆间歇机构综合的可视化设计软件 ,综合出了具有高质量停歇的铰链六杆间歇机构 ,实现了铰链六杆间歇机构综合的自动化与可视化。该软件不仅设计速度快 ,且对于给定停歇角从 2 5°到 14 0° ,输出摇杆的摆角从 10°到 160°间的任意组合均能得到多个满意的解     

曲柄摇杆机构设计的动态封闭图

将设计曲柄摇杆机构的问题转化成确定曲柄固定铰链位置的问题;提出用动态封闭图确定曲柄固定铰链位置的方法;该图集中了设计曲柄摇杆机构的方法和设计参数;利用它,可获得综合性能较好的机构。该方法集中了图解法和解析法的优点。     

一种特殊的直线轨迹连杆机构

利用拐点圆概念和对称连杆曲线的特性,导出一个简单的方程式.根据这个方程式只需选定曲柄和机架的长度,即可得到一系列能够产生带有较长直线段对称连杆曲线的铰链四杆机构.还可以得出直线段的长度、方位,并满足曲柄存在条件.把它用作前置机构,综合实现近似间歇运动的六杆机构,效果甚佳.     

瞬心无穷远时近似直线轨迹的四杆机构综合

连杆拐点圆上点附近曲线段与直线之间的近似度很高,工程上常利用其机构作为直线导引机构。针对铰链四杆机构连杆瞬心无穷远时拐点圆不存在,现有的方法不能综合出近似直线轨迹四杆机构的问题,提出瞬心无穷远时连杆曲率叠加原理,根据运动学原理进行分析,推导连杆上任意点曲率计算公式,证明曲率叠加原理的正确性,并得到求解铰链四杆机构连杆两铰链线上零曲率点的图解法。利用图解法能够解决瞬心无穷远时近似直线导引机构的综合问题,从理论上解决了瞬心无穷远时这一特定位置近似直线轨迹导引机构的综合问题。得到的方法简单、直观、适用,是拐点圆理论有力的补充和完善。     

判断铰链四杆机构基本类型的新方法

提出了一种判断铰链四杆机构中连架杆是否为曲柄,从而判定铰链四杆机构三种基本类型的新方法,该法方便、实用。     

综合铰链四杆直线机构的一种方法

在给定的直线方向作垂直于给定点和一个机架点的连线,分析了曲率驻点曲线蜕化的原因和结果。利用蜕化了的曲率驻点曲线和欧拉-萨法利方程得到了综合四杆直线机构的公式,用此公式可综合出具有Ball点的直线机构。分析了其中的三个特殊点（见文中第四部分）,对第三个特殊点得到了此时机架点B0可以在一条直线上任意选取的新结论。这对于综合曲柄摇杆四杆机构是很有用的。     

按许用压力角设计最小尺寸平面曲柄摇杆机构的解析法

本文将Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型平面曲柄摇杆机构同摆杆推程与凸轮转向相同、相反的摆动从动杆盘形凸轮机构在基本尺寸方面作比较研究与探索，推导出了限制曲柄固定铰链中心点Ａ位置的界线方程式，解决了按许用压力角设计最小尺寸的平面曲柄摇杆机构的理论课题。     

曲柄摇杆直线机构综合方法研究

给出了综合曲柄摇杆直线机构的方法,用此方法可综合出具有四个无限接近点（即所谓的Ｂａｌ点）的曲柄摇杆直线机构。     

一种基于变杆长的精确直线机构综合方法

传统的铰链四杆机构只能得到近似直线轨迹,除非杆长满足某些特殊比例才能实现四阶密切直线.本文在给定机架位置、直线点位置及方向的条件下,提出了一种利用拐点圆和粒子群算法的可调直线机构的综合方法.该方法不仅方便快捷,而且提高了直线的精确度.     

Design of compliant straight-line mechanisms using flexural joints

Straight-line compliant mechanisms are important building blocks to design a linear-motion stage, which is very useful in precision applications. However, only a few configurations of straight-line compliant mechanisms are applicable. To construct more kinds of them, an approach to design large-displacement straight-line flexural mechanisms with rotational flexural joints is proposed, which is based on a viewpoint that the straight-line motion is regarded as a compromise of rigid and compliant parasitic motion of a rotational flexural joint. An analytical design method based on the Taylor series expansion is proposed to quickly obtain an approximate solution. To illustrate and verify the proposed method, two kinds of flexural joints, cross-axis hinge and leaf-type isosceles-trapezoidal flexural（LITF） pivot are used to reconstruct straight-line flexural mechanisms. Their performances are obtained by analytic and FEA method respectively. The comparisons of the results show the accuracy of the approach. Both examples show that the proposed approach can convert a large-deflection flexural joint into approximate straight-line mechanism with a high linearity that is higher than 5 000 within 5 man displacement. This can lead to a new way to design, analyze or optimize straight-line flexure mechanisms.     

Synthesis method based on solution regions for planar four-bar straight-line linkages

An analytical method for synthesizing and selecting desired four-bar straight-line mechanisms based on solution regions is presented. Given two fixed pivots, the point position and direction of the target straight-line, an infinite number of mechanism solutions can be produced by employing this method, both in the general case and all three special cases. Unifying the straight-line direction and the displacement from the given point to the instant center into the same form with different angles as parameters, infinite mechanism solutions can be expressed with different solution region charts. The mechanism property graphs have been computed to enable the designers to find out the involved mechanism information more intuitively and avoid aimlessness in selecting optimal mechanisms.     

Nomogramme für die Wattsche GeradführungNomograms for Watt's straight-line linkages

Two nomograms for a quick synthesis of Watt's straight-line linkages are presented. They are based upon optimization formulas which were derived, by means of Chebyshev's principle, in a foregoing paper [1]. After having chosen the arm length LA = MB = a and the coupler AB = 2b of a double-rocker mechanism LABM, the nomogramsgive immediately the position coordinates of the pivots L(?e,f), M(e,?f) and the maximal deviation ±h for an approximate straight-line motion over a normed length 1 = 100.     

Modeling of cross-spring pivots subjected to generalized planar loads

Cross-spring pivots, formed by crossing two identical flexural beams at their midpoint, have been broadly used in precision engineering and aerospace fields. Many researches have been conducted on modeling and analysis of cross-spring pivots. However the influence of application position and magnitude of the external loads on the load-rotation and parasitic motion characteristics has not yet been discussed. In order to reveal the effect of the external loads, this paper develops the accurate load-rotation and center shift models of cross-spring pivots, with generalized planar loads applied including bending moment, horizontal and vertical forces. Firstly, by using the energy method, the load-displacement models of the pivot are derived with the assumption of small rotational angles. Based on the models, the influence of generalized planar loads on the load-rotation relationship is discussed, which shows that both application position and magnitude of the vertical and horizontal forces influence the load-rotation behaviors. Then the accurate center shift expressions of the pivot with generalized planar loads are developed, which shows that the rotational angle is the dominant term for both components of the center shift while the vertical and horizontal forces are small. Finally, the accuracy of the proposed model is validated by finite element analysis(FEA). Comparing the model data with the results obtained from FEA, the relative error of the load-rotation is less than 6% even if the rotational angle reaches 20°; the relative errors of the two components of center shift are less than 5% and 10% respectively when the rotational angle reaches 10°. The proposed model and analytical conclusions can be used to analyze and preliminarily design the compliant mechanisms containing cross-spring pivots.     

精确直线可展机构及其动力学分析

将Hart直线机构和剪叉机构相结合,提出一种仅含转动副的直线可展单元,并设计得到一种精确直线可展机构。根据机构结构学分析理论,阐述可展机构的模块化组成原理,将机构的组成分解为底部模块、中部模块和顶部模块,3种模块均由直线可展单元构成;对单个直线可展单元进行运动学建模,结合机构的模块化组成原理,推导得到任意模块间的运动学递推关系,求解得到多层模块条件下机构的整体运动学模型,运用Lagrange方程构建机构的整体动力学模型;以3层可展机构为例,对其进行动力学数值计算和虚拟仿真,验证所建运动学和动力学模型的正确性和有效性。通过给定末端执行器的输出运动规律,求解得到机构所需的驱动力矩,结果表明：末端执行器为正弦加速度曲线时,机构在整个工作周期内无冲击,运动稳定性好。     

一种新型柔性直线导向机构及其运动精度分析

Roberts机构是一种近似直线机构,由于机构中不存在交叉的杆件,使得它适合应用在一体化加工的柔性机构中,从而设计出大行程高精度的柔性直线导向机构。单个Roberts机构可由四个参数完全决定几何特征,其中轨迹点P的位置参数对机构运动直线度的影响最大。文中通过对Roberts柔性机构的伪刚体模型进行分析,说明了对应某一行程,轨迹点P的位置存在最优解使其运动直线度最高,并给出一种直线度等值线图方法确定最优解的大概位置,最后借助有限元方法进行进一步的优化。单个Roberts机构只能提供点的直线运动,可将两个Roberts机构进行并联得到一个柔性导向机构。本文对这种柔性导向机构进行了设计加工、仿真以及试验,结果表明这类柔性导向机构可以在毫米级行程时,垂直运动方向上的偏移小于1um。     

On the synthesis of certain straight-line mechanismsSur la synthese des mechanismes reproduisant des droites

A direct method is presented for the synthesis of a large class of approximate straight line mechanisms based on a set of two equations describing the center of curvature of the path (the coupler curve) of an arbitrary point on the coupler of a crank-slider mechanism with an off-set. Several examples are discussed to establish the capability of the proposed set of equations to incorporate the classical approximate straight-line mechanisms (e.g. Watt, Chebyshev and Scott-Russell) as the special cases of the synthesis which can be constructed directly based on graphical considerations. A straightforward design of a luffing-crane mechanism and a graphical construction of a special mechanism which generates two mutually orthogonal straight lines are also presented to further illustrate the general versatility of the proposed method of synthesis.     

Performance Experiments with a 200 mm,Offset Pivot Journal Pad Bearing

Journal bearings are an important design option, particularly appropriate for high-speed rotating machinery applications. This paper presents results from an extensive program of experimental work with a 200 mm, five-shoe, tilting-pad bearing of this type. The tilting pads were fitted with offset pivots; this is in contrast to most previous work which has concentrated on bearings with pads which have centrally mounted pivots. The new results obtained for the offset pivot pad bearing are compared with recently published, equivalent results for the same bearing filled with center pivot pads. A substantial temperature reduction in bearing temperature is revealed for the offset pivot case.     

Analytical and experimental characterisation of high-precision flexural pivots subjected to lateral loads

This work addresses the parasitic motion of high-precision rotation mechanisms based on flexural pivots subjected to lateral loads. This case has great importance from the mechanical design point of view, since generally flexural pivots support mechanical elements of considerable weight and their rotation is obtained by loading the pivot with a force instead of a pure couple.

From an analytical point of view, the problem is approached by studying the large deflections of an elastic frame. The equilibrium equations are considered and a solution based on the Newton–Raphson method is proposed. This approach is compared with other theoretical approaches. An experimental assessment performed by using laser interferometric techniques is presented. It is shown that the proposed solution allows the influence of lateral loads to be clearly established and proves to be adequate when the most common cases of limited lateral loads and rotations are considered.     

基于交叉簧片柔性铰链的空间微位移机构

基于交叉簧片柔性铰链(简称‘交叉铰链’)设计了一种用于光束跟踪、精密指向和瞄准的同轴八铰微位移放大机构。该机构使用菱形构型,用交叉铰链作集中柔性元件,节点处交叉铰链两两同轴配合使用,以便保证运动的平稳输出。研究了机构的运动学以及力学性能,计算了微位移机构的行程放大比和灵敏度;根据交叉铰链的刚度模型,推导出微位移机构的理论刚度;最后,应用有限元软件对机构进行建模并对运动学、静力学以及动力学性能进行仿真。完成了样机的加工和测试,测试结果显示,机构放大比为1.905,理论与测试误差低于2.2%,结构刚度为18.21N/mm,误差低于0.32%,一阶频率为8.8Hz,误差低于5%。分析结果验证了本设计的可行性和有效性。该机构适用于空间高精度微位移领域。