Time reversal imaging of obscured targets from multistatic data

The methods employed in time-reversal imaging are applied to radar imaging problems using multistatic data collected from sparse and unstructured phased array antenna systems. The theory is especially suitable to problems involving the detection and tracking (locating) of moving ground targets (MGT) from satellite based phased array antenna systems and locating buried or obscured targets from multistatic data collected from phased array antenna systems mounted on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). The theory is based on the singular value decomposition (SVD) of the multistatic data matrix K and applies to general phased array antenna systems whose elements are arbitrarily located in space. It is shown that the singular vectors of the K matrix together with knowledge of the Green function of the background medium in which the targets are embedded lead directly to classical time-reversal based images of the target locations as well as super-resolution images based on a generalized Multiple-Signal-Classification algorithm recently developed for use with the K matrix. The theory is applied in a computer simulation study of the TechSat project whose goal is the location of MGTs from an unstructured and sparse phased array of freely orbiting antennas located above the ionosphere.     

三维数据关联情况下外辐射源雷达多目标跟踪研究

不同于传统多目标跟踪,除了量测-目标数据关联模糊问题外,外辐射源雷达跟踪系统新增了量测-发射机数据关联模糊问题。针对此问题,该文通过引入一个新的关联变量来表示量测和发射机之间的数据关联关系,提出了目标-量测-发射机3维数据关联改进概率多假设跟踪(PMHT)算法。该算法利用期望极大化(EM)算法的独立性假设条件得到最大后验概率意义下的最优跟踪。为了增加目标-量测-发射机之间数据关联的准确性,提高多目标与量测后验关联概率的精确度,将量测信息设定为均值相同协方差不同的混合高斯分布。针对距离-多普勒量测的非线性性,利用无味卡尔曼平滑(UKS)算法进行多目标状态估计。仿真结果表明,对于FKIE外辐射源雷达数据集(杂波密度很高),所提算法的目标与航迹关联成功率高,抗杂波性能强,证明了算法的有效性。     

圆柱型阵机载雷达杂波抑制新方法

圆柱型阵天线相对于常规的平面阵天线具有空间全方位扫描、搜索跟踪方式灵活和波束方向性好等优点。该文首先从圆柱型阵机载雷达杂波协方差矩阵特征值分布和杂波功率谱距离向分布两个方面分析了圆柱型阵列与均匀平面阵列之间的区别,得到杂波功率谱随距离变化的结论。然后根据圆柱型阵机载雷达杂波分布特点提出了两种不同的杂波抑制方法,它们能够很好地解决圆柱型阵机载雷达杂波距离向分布非均匀的问题。最后通过仿真实验验证了该文方法的正确性。     

基于FPGA的自适应天线阵复数LMS算法研究

自适应天线阵能够实时地调整天线方向,使天线的主波束对准期望信号方向,零陷对准干扰方向从而抑制干扰信号,因而在军事和民用通信系统中都得到广泛的重视。主要给出了基于FPGA的自适应天线阵复数LMS算法的流程,并且对该算法的性能进行了分析,最后通过仿真表明该算法具有较强的抗干扰性能。     

Analysis of phase-focused near-field testing for multiphase-centeradaptive radar systems

Airborne or spaceborne radar systems often require tests before deployment to verify how well the system detects targets and suppresses clutter and jammer signals. The radar antenna diameter can be large and thus the conventional far-field test distance is impractical to implement. The theory and simulations of phase-focused near-field testing for adaptive phased array antennas is discussed. With near-field source deployment, standard phased-array near-field phase focusing provides far-field adaptive nulling equivalent performance at a range distance of one aperture diameter from the adaptive antenna under test. Both main beam clutter sources and sidelobe jammer sources are addressed. The phased array antenna elements analyzed are one-half wavelength dipoles over the ground plane. Bandwidth, polarization, array mutual coupling, and finite array edge effects are taken into account. Numerical simulations of an adaptive antenna that has multiple displaced phase centers indicate that near-field and far-field testing can be equivalent     

Bistatic Linear Antenna Array SAR for Moving Target Detection, Location, and Imaging With Two Passive Airborne Radars

In this paper, we propose a bistatic linear array synthetic aperture radar (BLA-SAR) system for moving target detection, location, and imaging. In the BLA-SAR system, a geostationary satellite is used as a transmitter, and two airborne linear array radars are used as passive receivers, where the transmitted waveforms from the geostationary satellite may have two different carrier frequencies, two linear array antennas on two different airplanes may be equipped with different spacings, or two airplanes may fly with two different velocities. It is shown that, using the BLA-SAR, not only the stationary clutter can be suppressed but also locations of both slow and fast moving targets can be accurately estimated. Furthermore, an effective BLA-SAR algorithm of moving target imaging is also proposed. Lastly, some numerical experiments are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the BLA-SAR     

改进遗传算法优化MIMO稀布阵列

为了解决多输入多输出(MIMO)天线阵列由于阵元间隔过大造成的阵列方向图出现栅瓣,在雷达回波成像时出现影响目标识别的虚假目标的问题,提出了一种改进的遗传算法对阵列排布进行优化。在传统标准遗传算法上进行改进,用多个矩阵组合表示MIMO阵列,针对在矩形平面随机分布的稀疏阵列的方向图旁瓣问题进行优化设计,并采用基于Logistic混沌序列的方法产生种群扰动,避免优化过程进入局部最优状态。通过实例对比22发射天线22接收天线的均匀规则排布MIMO阵列和经改进遗传算法优化的稀布MIMO阵列,结果表明,改进遗传算法可以有效解决规则排布阵列方向图中出现的栅瓣,并且降低方向图旁瓣,提高雷达成像性能。该优化算法变量可控,具有很强的实用性,为MIMO雷达的阵列排布提供了解决方法。     

Walled LTSA Array for Rapid, High Spatial Resolution, and Phase-Sensitive Imaging to Visualize Plastic Landmines

We propose a walled linearly tapered slot antenna (LTSA) array to visualize plastic landmines. Previously, we reported an adaptive nonlinear visualization system based on a complex-valued self-organizing map (CSOM) that deals with complex amplitude texture in reflection images at multiple frequencies. The system distinguishes landmines from clutter by paying attention to textural features obtained by high spatial resolution and wideband reflection measurement. Because the system employed a mechanical scan of a pair of horn antennas, the measurement required a long time. An array antenna can reduce the time. The antenna element to be used there should therefore be compact and wideband. This paper reports the design and fabrication of a walled LTSA array visualization system. The antenna element has a 14 times 28 mm aperture size, and works at the 8-12 GHz frequency band. Because the structure is a simple combination of glass epoxy substrates and metal plates, we can easily fabricate low-cost and lightweight arrays. Electrical switches realize a high-speed scanning of 12 times 12 = 144 elements in total. We also report the results of a visualization experiment, in which plastic landmines are clearly visualized with the array in combination with the adaptive CSOM processing. Detection of landmines at frequencies of 10 GHz is only likely to be possible for targets buried a few centimeter deep or where the soil attenuation is very low. This might be a severe limitation of applicability of the method, as in field conditions soil attenuations of 10 dB or considerably more are commonly encountered, requiring the radar to operate at frequencies below 2-3 GHz. The best solution may be a multisensor system comprising these complementary high- and low-frequency radars.     

基于冗余小波变换的高频地波雷达目标检测算法

为了从高频地波雷达(High Frequency Surface Wave Radar, HFSWR)信号生成的复杂距离多普勒(Range Doppler, RD)图像中准确提取运动点目标, 提出了一种基于冗余小波变换(Redundant Discrete Wavelet Transformation, RDWT)的RD图像点目标检测算法.该算法根据点目标与海杂波、电离层杂波等特征的差异, 首先在距离方向进行自适应RDWT以去除海杂波和地杂波, 并在多普勒方向进行自适应RDWT以去除电离层杂波; 然后利用图像形态学运算对背景噪声进行了抑制; 最后进行阈值自适应分割以得到点目标.实验结果表明:该算法能有效抑制RD图像中的海杂波、电离层杂波和背景噪声, 能从复杂的RD图像中实现点目标的有效检测, 其检测性能优于改进的恒虚警率(Constant False Alarm Rate, CFAR)算法.     

小孔径天波超视距雷达多径模糊污染消除及海杂波抑制

由于电离层的结构分层性及厚度的不均匀,在超视距探测中会出现多径模糊的现象,使同一个目标出现在多个距离单元上,造成目标识别的不准确。针对传统天波超视距雷达( OTHR)接收阵列不具备俯仰分辨能力的不足,利用小孔径OTHR在俯仰方向的分辨能力,将几何估计结果与测向结果相结合,在俯仰方向自适应波束形成,消除了多径模糊带来的影响。同时改进了基于奇异值分解( SVD)的海杂波抑制算法抑制海杂波,提高了目标信杂比以便于后续检测。仿真实验结果显示所提方法能够很好地消除多径模糊带来的影响,同时抑制了海杂波,信杂比提高了9 dB。     

强杂波中红外弱点目标检测新算法

为解决强杂波中红外弱点目标的检测问题,提出了基于小波变换模极值及其位相值的双特征检测算法。通过去掉相邻奇异点形成的模析值链及位相链,消除云层、海浪及水天线等强要波背景,提高了单帧点目标的检测能力,模拟实验表明,算法特别适用于帧率的红外警戒系统,可检测信杂比为２的点目标。     

Detection of Antipersonnel Mines by Using the Factorization Method on Multistatic Ground-Penetrating Radar Measurements

The factorization method (FM) has been applied to measurement data from a multistatic ground-penetrating radar operating in close proximity to the ground, which was used in a measurement campaign on the Joint Research Centre mine test lane in Ispra, Italy. This paper is targeted toward a future hand-held demining system. The according space limits restrict an independent positioning of transmit and receive antennas. Hence, very small multistatic datasets are obtained, representing a difficult case for the reconstruction with the FM     

Antenna processing for surface target detection

An antenna processing system for target detection in receiver noise and heavy clutter is formulated by means of spacetime decision theory. The theory is applied to the case of a single target in clutter, with unknown target location and unknown amplitude and phase of the target return. The clutter background is assumed to be uniform in average power over the field of view. The target detection is accomplished by means of a generalized likelihood ratio test. A block diagram of the resulting decision-theoretic antenna processing system is shown. The decision-theoretic array does not form a beam in the ordinary sense, and consequently has equal gain in all directions in the forward hemisphere. However, the usual loss in gain occurring in conventional antennas which are omnidirectional does not occur in the decision-theoretic array. The decision-theoretic array is compared with conventional arrays to show the improvement possible by using the former. The quality criterion used to compare the systems is average risk, or the average probability of error in decision making. The array requires no scanning of any sort and is fixed relative to the vehicle that carries it.     

均匀圆形阵列的局域互谱尺度STAP算法

机载雷达采用均匀圆形阵列天线具有搜索跟踪方式灵活,能实现方位360°扫描等优点,并且当波束在阵列平面内旋转时,波束形状不会有明显改变.本文建立了均匀圆形阵列机载雷达的杂波模型,从杂波谱的空时分布和杂波特征谱的分布两个方面研究了其杂波特性,提出一种固定结构降维结合自适应降秩的STAP算法:局域互谱尺度法,该方法先用固定结构降维处理器将杂波由全空时降至一个维数较低的空间,以减小计算量,降低训练样本数目,然后采用互谱尺度法选取降维杂波协方差矩阵Ⅳ个最大互谱值对应的特征矢量构成二次降维矩阵,从而保证了在局域范围内,处理器性能最优.仿真结果表明,该算法的性能优于局域处理算法,但运算量和训练样本数与局域处理法相当,且鲁棒性较强.     

多站ISAR空间目标姿态估计方法

该文提出一种基于多站逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)序列成像的空间目标姿态估计方法。方法提取各帧ISAR图像中目标的典型线性结构,结合目标轨道信息实现关键部件姿态估计。该文建立了较为稳健的空间目标ISAR几何结构分析流程,采用Radon变换对太阳能翼、平板天线等线性结构进行提取和关联,继而估计典型线性结构在距离-多普勒成像平面的姿态角变化,同时利用卫星轨道信息获得ISAR距离-多普勒投影矩阵进行线性结构的3维姿态解算,最终实现典型部件姿态的优化求解估计。仿真实验验证了所提算法可有效实现空间目标典型部件的姿态估计,同时利用多站ISAR观测数据可有效提升算法的估计精度。     

一种级联结构的空时二维信号处理算法

在研究R．Klemm博士的级联抑制噪声干扰和杂波算法以及旁瓣对消算法的基础上,针对噪声干扰和地杂波同时存在的情况,提出了一种采用旁瓣对消结构级联抑制干扰和杂波的算法。该算法首先利用相控阵天线合成一个辅助天线和多个主天线,多个主天线共用一个辅助天线,针对每一对主辅天线,采用旁瓣对消算法在空域抑制噪声干扰;然后对多个主天线的输出结合时域进行STAP（空时二维信号处理）抑制地杂波。并且证明了该级联结构等效于一种同时抑制干扰和杂波的结构。计算机仿真结果及性能分析验证了该算法能有效地抑制干扰和杂波,且与其他级联结构相比,所提出的结构更利于工程实现。     

A space-based microwave radar concept

A space-based microwave radar (SBR) concept is defined using a tether trans/receive antenna supported between two gravity gradient low Earth-orbiting satellites. A cluster of four tether antennas, each of 6 km maximum length and 1.5 km separation between tethers, constitutes a radar. A system of 8 to 11 such clusters constitutes the overall radar scheme, which will cover approximately one third of the Earth's surface for detecting sea-based targets. Issues identified are the array structure, the coherence of tethered arrays, grating lobe energy clamping, clutter effects, communications, system requirements, and the overall radar system concept, including stability considerations. The baseline definition of an alternate space-based radar scheme is presented. A significant amount of R&D efforts will be required to derive practical solutions of the proposed scheme     

WAS-GMTI模式下基于Relax算法的杂波抑制和参数估计方法

该文提出一种基于Relax算法的杂波抑制和参数估计方法。该方法适用于多通道广域监视GMTI系统。在分析广域监视模式回波组成的基础上,结合Relax算法,设计了进行杂波抑制的迭代方法。相对于降维空时自适应处理(STAP),该方法不需要估计杂波加噪声的协方差矩阵,因此可以在非均匀杂波环境下取得较优的杂波抑制效果。该文同时指出,在杂波抑制的基础上,针对存在动目标的距离-多普勒单元继续进行迭代,可实现动目标参数的精确估计。仿真结果验证了上述方法的有效性。     

A clutter-suppression method for airborne bistatic polarization radar based on polarization-space-time adaptive processing

Clutter suppression poses serious problems for airborne, bistatic radar systems. Suppression may be increased using space-time adaptive processing (STAP), but suppression of slow targets is poor and target detectability is compromised. Furthermore, sufficient independent and identically (IID) training samples cannot be obtained through the use of practical applications, and the STAP performance degrades significantly due to the inaccuracy of the estimated clutter-plus-noise covariance matrix, especially in nonstationary and heterogeneous environments. Here, we present a new airborne, bistatic radar system. We transform the array from a single polarized channel to two channels, each with two orthogonally polarized antennae, and combine polarization-dimensional information with that of the space-time domain; we term our algorithm “polarization-space-time adaptive processing”. This algorithm further suppresses clutter and enhances the detection of slow targets. Sparse recovery space-time adaptive processing (SR-STAP) can reduce the need for clutter samples and suppress clutter effectively using limited training samples for airborne radar. The algorithm first uses the clutter sparse recovery function of STAP to suppress clutter in the H and V channels. Then, polarization processing is employed to further restrict mainlobe clutter. We present numerical examples to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new technique.

     

基于L型阵列酉变换矩阵重构的二维DOA估计

二维空间信号波达方向（DOA）的估计是阵列信号处理的一个关键研究问题。经典的二维 MUSIC算法固然精度高,但此算法需要二维谱峰搜索,运算较为复杂。提出一种用于L型阵列的二维DOA估计算法,通过矩阵重构使得阵列输出矩阵变为中心对称矩阵,再利用酉变换矩阵将其由复值矩阵变为实值矩阵。该方法可以直接得到目标参数,不需要谱峰搜索,使得运算量大大降低。相比于 L 型阵列适用的增广矩阵束（MEMP）算法,该算法可以估计更多信源的DOA,并能获得较高的分辨率。计算机仿真结果表明,该算法具有较高的DOA估计精度。