采用锈蚀纯铁在真空感应炉内炼钢的问题分析

为拓宽真空感应炉用料范围,采用锈蚀纯铁和洁净纯铁在相同条件下进行熔炼对比实验。实验结果表明,采用锈蚀纯铁和洁净纯铁钢中夹杂物最高级别分别为2.5级和1.0级,夹杂物主要为炼钢过程中生成的Al2O3和球状铝尖晶石。通过改进工艺,利用碳在真空状态下脱氧的能力比Al强的特点,在熔化期和精炼期深度脱氧以减少钢液中Al2O3夹杂的含量,解决了锈蚀纯铁在真空感应炉内炼钢造成的合金损耗大、夹杂物含量偏高等问题。     

Q345精炼过程中非金属夹杂物生成热力学及工业实践

Q345钢采用铝硅锰复合脱氧,在LF精炼过程中,钢—渣—夹杂物—耐火材料—合金—空气多元体系下夹杂物成分会发生转变。由于纯铁液脱氧热力学不能指导工业生产实践,且目前实际钢液的脱氧热力学没有系统化,需要进行深入研究。结合Factsage7. 0热力学计算,分析了Q345钢LF精炼脱氧、耐材侵蚀、钙处理等引起的钢液[Al]、[Si]、[Mg]、[Ca]含量变化对夹杂物成分的影响。转炉出钢采用铝硅锰复合脱氧,脱氧产物主要为Al2O3,随着钢中[Mg]含量上升,夹杂物由Al2O3转变为MgO·Al2O3尖晶石。钙处理会将夹杂物由MgO·Al2O3尖晶石转变为液态Ca-Al-Mg氧化物,但当喂钙过量时,夹杂物中CaO含量偏高,会影响夹杂物改性效果。利用Factsage7. 0热力学软件分析出的夹杂物成分与直接检测结果一致。     

重轨钢无铝脱氧工艺的研究

钢中铝夹杂对重轨钢性能有较大影响,其中铝脱氧钢中Al2O3夹杂是钢轨产生疲劳断裂的主要原因,减少重轨钢中Al2O3夹杂是很有必要的.因此,重轨钢的冶炼采用无铝脱氧工艺.针对重轨钢无铝脱氧的特点,对冶炼过程钢中铝含量控制、钢包炉扩散脱氧工艺、真空碳脱氧工艺和钙处理夹杂物控制进行研究.并把该技术应用到实际生产.结果表明,采用无铝脱氧工艺,通过控制炉渣组成、RH碳脱氧技术及钙处理工艺可把钢中w([O])降到20×10-6以下,满足洁净重轨钢的要求.     

SWRCH22A冷镦钢脱氧过程中非金属夹杂物生成热力学及工业实践

文中通过热力学软件FactSage 7.0和工业实践,对1 873 K下SWRCH22A冷镦钢脱氧过程中非金属夹杂物生成热力学进行研究.计算结果表明,当冷镦钢中[Al]含量增加到2×10-6以上时,平衡时钢中对应生成液态夹杂物、MnO·Al2O3和Al2O3,表明冷镦钢出钢过程应先加铝再加锰以降低精炼渣的氧化性.当冷镦钢中的[Mg]含量超过0.5×10-6时,钢中夹杂物由Al2O3转变为MgO·Al2O3;当钢中的[Mg]含量超过约9×10-6时,钢中夹杂物主要为MgO;随着钢中[Al]含量的提高,生成尖晶石夹杂物所需的最小[Mg]含量逐渐增大.当冷镦钢钢液中[Ca]含量超过约1.3×10-6时,钢中生成的夹杂物主要为液态钙铝酸盐;当钢液中的[Ca]超过约13×10-6时,钢中开始生成固态CaO夹杂物.冷镦钢中形成液态钙铝酸盐夹杂物所需的最小[Ca]含量随着钢中[Al]含量的提高逐渐增大.实验检测和热力学计算结果基本吻合,此外,研究发现,纯铁液的脱氧热力学与冷镦钢差异较大,因此,不能采用纯铁液的脱氧热力学指导冷镦钢生产实践.     

X80管线钢精炼过程中夹杂物行为研究

研究了国内某厂生产X80管线钢精炼过程中夹杂物的转变.BOF出钢阶段加铝脱氧,钢中夹杂物以伴有极少量MgO的Al2O3为主;LF过程采用高碱度高还原性渣精炼,钢中Al2O3夹杂物向钙铝酸盐和CaO-MgO-Al2O3复合夹杂物转变,平均成分靠近低熔点区;RH真空处理后,夹杂物中Al2O3和MgO的含量减少,CaO含量增加,夹杂物成分分布较为分散;钙处理后,钢中CaO-MgO-Al2O3复合夹杂比例明显减少,CaO与CaS比例明显增加,夹杂物平均成分已经远离低熔点区,达到了高品质管线钢的冶炼效果.     

超低氧车轮钢精炼过程非金属夹杂物的转变

研究了采用LD-LF-VD-CC工艺流程生产超低氧高速车轮钢时,精炼过程中夹杂物的生成与变化.实验在出钢时加入足够的Al进行终脱氧,LF精炼过程采用强脱氧、高碱度和强还原性精炼渣工艺,能使最终铸坯w(T.O)达到7×10-6,获得高洁净度的铸坯;而且在LF精炼过程中,夹杂物完成了Al2O3→MgO.Al2O3→CaO-MgO-Al2O3类复合夹杂物的转变,得到在炼钢温度下呈液态的复合氧化物夹杂,这些液态夹杂物通过碰撞、长大和上浮去除,残留于钢中的氧化物夹杂以较低熔点的CaO-MgO-Al2O3类复合夹杂形态存在,它们在热加工过程中可以发生稍许变形,能有效改善车轮钢的疲劳性能.     

含钛超纯铁素体不锈钢的铝脱氧及钙处理实验研究

通过500 kg真空感应炉对0.007%～0.015%C-15.96%～16.94%Cr-0.08%～0.36%Ti-0.015%～0.124%Al铁索体不锈钢的铝脱氧和钙处理实验,以及相应的热力学计算,对Al、Ti竞争氧化及夹杂物改性进行了研究.结果表明,当[Ti]/[Al]低于2.50时,氧化物夹杂主要为Al2O3,随[Ti]/[Al]的增加,钢中的主要夹杂由Al2O3向MgO-Al2O3-TiOx及Al2O3-TiOx转变,夹杂物平均尺寸逐步减小;钙处理后随[Ca]/[Al](0.01～0.08)的升高,钢中含钙复合夹杂的数量比例增加;包裹形复合夹杂的中心为氧化物,周边为TiN或Ti(CN).     

脱氧方式对高铝钢中非金属夹杂物的影响

摘要：为了研究不同脱氧方式对高铝钢中非金属夹杂物的影响,采用高温试验和热力学计算相结合的方法,对比分析了先SiMn后Al和先Al后SiMn两种脱氧方式下高铝钢中夹杂物形貌、类型、数量和尺寸特征。结果显示：先加入SiMn后,生成大量液态球形的Mn-Si-Al-O系复合夹杂物,再加入Al后夹杂物演变为Al2O3,且夹杂物数量明显减少;采用先Al后SiMn脱氧方式时,高铝钢中夹杂物始终以Al2O3为主,夹杂物最终数量相对较低。2种脱氧方式钢中夹杂物平均等效圆直径和尺寸分布相差不大。此外,采用先SiMn后Al进行脱氧时,发现尺寸较小的AlN颗粒附着在Al2O3夹杂物表面形成Al2O3-AlN复合夹杂物。而采用先Al后SiMn脱氧方式时,高铝钢中发现单一AlN夹杂物和Al2O3-AlN复合夹杂物,AlN夹杂物的形成与钢水中的氧势和合金原料有关。     

精炼渣控制82B帘线钢中夹杂物形态的实验室研究

在实验室条件下,采用高温钼丝炉对用45钢和重轨钢熔炼成的帘线钢进行脱氧和渣钢平衡试验,研究了精炼渣组分对夹杂物形态的影响。结果表明:在精炼渣碱度为0.8～1.2时,夹杂物中Al2O3含量和钢中Als随精炼渣中Al2O3含量的增加而增加。把精炼渣Al2O3质量分数控制在10%以下时,能够使CaO-SiO2-Al2O3夹杂物处于塑性范围内。因此,在低碱度条件下,通过Si、Mn脱氧和调整精炼渣中Al2O3含量来控制夹杂物的形态是可行的。     

固态钢加热过程中非金属夹杂物转变研究进展

摘要：钢中非金属夹杂物控制是炼钢的关键难题之一,在钢液条件下夹杂物的控制主要是通过夹杂物的改性或聚集长大进而从钢液中去除,在钢的热处理过程中夹杂物的转变机制与液相条件不同,包括新相析出、夹杂物转变和夹杂物结晶。综述了不同钢种热处理过程中夹杂物的转变行为。不同温度下,夹杂物与钢基体之间的热力学平衡发生变化是导致夹杂物成分转变的主要驱动力。不锈钢加热过程中夹杂物由MnO-SiO2向MnO-Cr2O3的转变,铝脱氧钢加热过程中夹杂物由Al2O3-MgO-CaO向Al2O3-MgO-CaS的转变。硅锰脱氧钢加热过程中SiO2-MnO夹杂物成分变化不大,夹杂物的变化行为主要是高SiO2相结晶析出。     

真空感应熔炼含铝钢的脱氧规律

 通过热力学分析研究了用氧化钙坩埚熔炼含铝钢时熔炼温度、真空度和钢液铝含量与氧化钙分解向钢液增氧的关系。在25 kg真空感应炉中分别用电熔镁砂和氧化钙砂捣打坩埚熔炼含铝钢，在10~50 Pa真空度下，镁砂坩埚表现出强烈的供氧倾向，全氧含量随着钢中铝烧损量的增加而增加；而氧化钙坩埚不向钢液供氧。随着钢液中Al2O3夹杂被氧化钙坩埚吸收同化，全氧的质量分数逐渐下降至3×10-6。     

不锈钢典型夹杂物在轧制过程的衍变分析

不锈钢对冷板表面质量要求高,轧制过程中夹杂物是产生表面缺陷的主要原因之一。为了明确夹杂物对轧制过程表面缺陷的影响规律,通过中试模拟试验研究了热轧、退火和冷轧过程硬质镁铝尖晶石和低熔点硅酸盐2种典型夹杂物的变形特点,并采用数值模拟对冷轧过程夹杂物的变形机理进行了分析。结果表明,热轧过程高熔点的镁铝尖晶石不变形,低熔点的硅酸盐夹杂物在1 200～1 250℃热轧温度下为半熔融状态,具有良好的变形能力。硅酸盐夹杂物长宽比高、抗拉强度低,冷轧过程更容易断裂延伸,随着轧制的进行,断裂后夹杂物之间的距离逐渐增加,尺寸减小。相反,镁铝尖晶石不容易断裂、延伸,而且存在断裂延伸的临界尺寸,该临界尺寸随冷轧变形量的增加而减小。由于镁铝尖晶石容易造成不锈钢轧制缺陷,因此生产过程中应尽量避免其生成或控制其粒径。     

化学氧化法处理高硫铝土矿生产氧化铝实践

某氧化铝厂使用高硫铝土矿生产氧化铝,给生产带来很大影响：氧化铝产品铁含量升高、设备腐蚀加大、沉降效果变差等。针对这些问题开展研究和工业试验,明确了在氧化铝生产的高温溶出过程中添加硝酸钠化学氧化脱硫反应的原理和氧化效果,对搭配使用高硫铝土矿含硫在0.3%左右时,添加少量硝酸钠可以长期维持氧化铝产品的含铁量在一级品范围内。该技术简单有效且经济,可以在工业生产中推广使用。     

High Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steels Manufactured by Nitrogen Gas Alloying and Adding Nitrided Ferroalloys

 A simple and feasible method for the production of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels involves nitrogen gas alloying and adding nitrided ferroalloys under normal atmospheric conditions. Alloying by nitrogen gas bubbling in Fe Cr Mn Mo series alloys was carried out in MoSi2 resistance furnace and air induction furnace under normal atmospheric conditions. The results showed that nitrogen alloying could be accelerated by increasing nitrogen gas flow rate, prolonging residence time of bubbles, increasing gas/molten steel interfaces, and decreasing the sulphur and oxygen contents in molten steel. Nitrogen content of 069% in 18Cr18Mn was obtained using air induction furnace by bubbling of nitrogen gas from porous plug. In addition, the nickel free, high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels with sound and compact macrostructure had been produced in the laboratory using vacuum induction furnace and electroslag remelting furnace under nitrogen atmosphere by the addition of nitrided alloy with the maximum nitrogen content of 081%. Pores were observed in the ingots obtained by melting and casting in vacuum induction furnace with the addition of nitrided ferroalloys and under nitrogen atmosphere. After electroslag remelting of the cast ingots, they were all sound and were free of pores. The yield of nitrogen increased with the decrease of melting rate in the ESR process. Due to electroslag remelting under nitrogen atmosphere and the consequential addition of aluminum as deoxidizer to the slag, the loss of manganese decreased obviously. There existed mainly irregular Al2O3 inclusions and MnS inclusions in ESR ingots, and the size of most of the inclusions was less than 5 μm. After homogenization of the hot rolled plate at 1 150 ℃×1 h followed by water quenching, the microstructure consisted of homogeneous austenite.     

The Morphology and Chemistry Evolution of Inclusions in Fe-Si-Al-O Melts

This study aims to elucidate the process of inclusion precipitation in Fe-Si and Fe-Si-Al melts. Deoxidation experiments were carried out in a vacuum induction furnace (VIF) at 1873 K (1600 °C). In the Si-deoxidation experiments, spherical SiO₂ of 1~2 μm diameter was dominant. When 3 wt pct Si and 300 ppm Al were added, such that Al₂O₃ and mullite were thermodynamically stable, the resulting inclusions depended on the addition sequence. When aluminum was added before silicon, spherical aluminum oxides were dominant after the Al addition, but after the Si addition, the number and size of alumina decreased and Al-Si oxides and mullite appeared with increasing time. When silicon was added before aluminum, spherical SiO₂ was dominant after the Si addition, but after the Al addition, spherical and polygonal alumina inclusions were dominant. When Al/Si was added simultaneously, polygonal alumina inclusions were dominant initially, but with time, Al-Si oxide and mullite inclusions increased in numbers. If the Al amount in the Al/Si addition was increased to 600 ppm, only alumina was found. This study shows how, under similar thermodynamic conditions, the transient evolution of inclusions in iron melts in the Si-Al-O system differ depending on the alloy addition sequence.     

二次氧化过程IF钢中间包中夹杂物演变行为

 为了研究中间包二次氧化对IF钢洁净度的影响,针对中间包连铸过程不同时刻IF 钢钢液成分和夹杂物的性质进行系统的检测分析,结合热力学计算,揭示IF钢二次氧化过程中夹杂物的演变机理。发现开浇过程中的二次氧化主要是由于吸收空气造成的,使得夹杂物中的Al₂O₃夹杂物质量分数增加。这些增加的Al₂O₃一部分是均质形核导致钢中生成了更多小尺寸的Al₂O₃夹杂物;另一部分是非均质形核导致原来的Al₂O₃-TiO_x复合夹杂物表面形成了一层纯的Al₂O₃层,同时使得夹杂物尺寸变大。     

The melting and dissolution of low-carbon steels in iron-carbon melts

Direct experimental proof is presented in the paper for the role played by the mass transfer of carbon in accelerating or facilitating the melting and dissolution of pure iron specimens in iron-carbon melts. It is shown that pure iron may readily melt in iron-carbon melts even under conditions where the temperature of the molten phase is considerably below the melting point of the pure iron or low-carbon specimen. A mathematical interpretation is developed for these experimental results that includes the mass transfer of carbon and the unsteady state heat transfer within a moving boundary system. The results of the analysis were found to agree with the experimental data thus providing a basis for further calculations aimed at predicting the melting of scrap in the basic oxygen furnace. These calculations show that scrap melting, facilitated by carbon diffusion from the melt to the scrap surface, begins very early during the process and that melting is retarded and even terminated during the blow when the bath has insufficient superheat to provide the necessary sensible and latent heat required for melting. It follows therefore that the rate of scrap melting in steelmaking processes is accelerated if the removal of carbon in the bath is retarded or if the temperature of the bath is increased rapidly in order to maintain a high level of superheat during the refining process.     

300 kg真空感应炉熔炼08Cr9CoMo钢的氧含量研究

采用MgO坩埚真空感应熔炼08Cr9CoMo钢,纯铁经除锈与其他合金烘烤后按照0.06%C、1.3%Co、9.0%Cr、1.5%Mo、0.02%La-Ce,余量为铁配料,真空度≤10 Pa通电,熔化期控制真空度25~30 Pa,精炼期控制温度1600 ℃和真空度10 Pa,精炼20 min,出钢前添加0.02%稀土,最终分析结果为0.022%C,0.002 8%O。通过热力学计算了真空下碳脱氧能力,随着真空度的降低碳脱氧能力显著增强,热力学计算分析了MgO坩埚供氧与真空度的关系,真空度低于25 Pa后坩埚分解供氧更显著,当MgO坩埚分解供氧速率等于碳脱氧速率时钢液达到最低氧含量。     

Inclusion evolution in 50CrVA spring steel by optimization of refining slag

In order to control the CaO-Al2O3 -SiO 2 -MgO system inclusions in 50CrVA spring steel in a lower melting temperature region, high temperature equilibrium experiments between steel and slag were performed in the laboratory, under the conditions of the initial slag basicity within 3-7 and the con-tent of Al2O3 between 18-35 mass%, to investigate the formation and evolution of this type of in-clusion.The results indicate that the total oxygen content in the steel decreases with the increase of slag basicity and the decrease of Al2O3 content in slags, and CaO-Al2O3 -SiO 2 -MgO inclusions tend to deviate from the low melting point region with the increase of Al2O3 content in slags.The most fa-vorable composition for the refining slag is composed of 51-56 mass% CaO, 9-13 mass% SiO2 , 20-25 mass% Al2O3 and 6 mass% MgO.In this case, the inclusions in 50CrVA spring steel are mostly in the low melting point regions, in which their plasticities are expected to improve during steel roll-ing.The MgO-based inclusions were observed in the steel matrix and the formation mechanism was theoretically and schematically revealed.It is also found that adding around 11 mass% of MgO into the refining slags is beneficial to reducing the refractory corrosion.Further work should be carried out focusing on the evolution rates of MgO-based inclusions.