多喷嘴对置式气化炉炉壁超温的探讨及应对措施

气化炉作为气化装置的关键设备,其运行状况直接关系到气化系统的运行周期。结合气化反应原理和生产实际,分析和探讨了气化炉运行过程中炉壁超温的原因及判断依据,并提出一些相应的应对措施,为加强气化炉运行操作,保证气化炉的安全、稳定、长周期运行提供了帮助。     

研究壳牌气化炉的炉温调节

本文重点研究了我国某省市化工单位运用的壳牌气化炉的炉温控制与调节,重点分析了壳牌气化炉在工作过程当中对炉体内部的温度进行有效控制的工作原理,气化炉在工作过程当中主要作用是容纳和将煤炭与氧气、水蒸气进行一系列的气化反应,进而生成了相应的合成气,气化炉的炉温调节工作对保证计划的正常稳定运行有着重要的意义。     

多喷嘴对置式水煤浆气化技术应用总结

介绍了多喷嘴对置式水煤浆加压气化装置的运行情况,并与德士古气化炉的运行进行了对比.针对多喷嘴对置式水煤浆加压气化装置在运行过程中出现的不足之处,采取了相应的改进措施.     

25万t/a德士古水煤浆气化灰水系统NH_3-N的处理优化

为了解决气化炉对流出口温度高的问题,在气化炉废锅中引入激冷水系统,致使水煤浆气化变换系统工艺气中含水量增加,增加了汽提塔处理负荷。总结了25万t/a水煤浆气化技术在国内使用过程中存在的问题,并对其汽提塔水处理系统提出相应的优化措施。     

典型气流床煤气化炉气化过程的建模

利用Aspen Plus、基于热力学平衡模型对GSP煤粉气化炉、GE水煤浆气化炉及四喷嘴对置式水煤浆气化炉的气化过程建模。根据煤颗粒热转化的历程,将煤气化过程划分为热解、挥发分燃烧、半焦裂解及气化反应4个阶段,利用David Merrick模型计算热解过程,采用Beath模型校正压力对热解过程的影响,选用化学计量反应器模拟挥发分燃烧反应,编制Fortran程序计算半焦裂解产物收率,最后基于Gibbs自由能最小化方法计算气化反应。结果表明,采用建立的气流床气化过程模型模拟工业气化过程的结果与生产数据基本吻合,对GSP煤粉气化炉、GE水煤浆气化炉及四喷嘴对置式水煤浆气化炉等3种气化炉有效气成分（CO+H₂）体积分数模拟结果的误差均不超过2%,建立模型的可靠性得到验证。     

射流携带床气化炉内宏观混合过程研究(Ⅲ)过程分析与模拟

对射流携带床气化过程进行了分析,提出了气化过程的机理模型;建立了射流携带床气化炉的数学模型,对工业操作条件下的渣油和水煤浆气化炉进行了模拟,预测了工艺条件对气化结果的影响。     

气化炉激冷室液位的测量与控制

气化炉激冷室液位的测量与控制关系到气化炉及气化装置的安全,对于稳定料浆气化过程,延长气化炉的使用寿命具有重要的意义。本文介绍了气化炉激冷室液位的测量与控制方法,论述了用双法兰差压变送器测量气化炉激冷室液位时,变送器的量程和迁移量的计算方法以及保护双法兰差压变送器所采取的措施。     

分级气流床气化炉模型研究

为了研究分级和气化炉结构对气化效果的影响,结合对分级气化炉内流动、燃烧和气化反应的分析,采用小室模型建立了分级气化炉的动力学模型,考虑了气化炉结构尺寸对气化过程和结果的影响。利用建立的模型,对等径结构、颈缩结构和渐扩结构3种形式的分级气化炉进行了计算,得到温度、气体组成及其体积分数、碳转化率等参数沿气化炉炉膛的分布情况,并和连续气化的结果进行了对比。结果表明氧气的分级给入加强了气化炉内的物料混和,提高了平均温度,有利于提高气化效率;同时最高点温度有所降低,有利于和延长耐火砖使用寿命。同样运行条件下分级气化得到的有效气体体积分数要高于连续气化。     

水煤浆气化装置高负荷长周期运行瓶颈问题及解决

某公司GE水煤浆气化装置于2010年5月30日原始开车一次成功,运行初期由于烧嘴运行维护及装置运行管理水平不高,气化炉负荷很难达到设计要求,且气化炉运行周期较短,后经历几次年度大检修技改及烧嘴升级改造、锥底砖改型等一系列技术攻关,气化炉运行周期逐渐延长,并于2016年11月气化装置开始高负荷试运行;在之后气化炉3 a多的高负荷运行过程中,出现了气化炉烧嘴使用寿命短、烧嘴压差大、激冷水量不足、锥底砖烧蚀严重、大小黑水角阀后扩散段易磨损泄漏、气化水系统结垢严重等瓶颈问题,严重制约着气化装置的高负荷长周期运行。逐一进行原因分析并采取相应的优化改进措施后,基本上解决了上述瓶颈问题,延长了气化炉高负荷运行周期,实现了系统的节能降耗、增产增效。     

化肥厂重油气化工序流程模拟

运用HYSIM化工过程模拟系统对中型氮肥厂重油气化工序进行了流程模拟，通过气化炉模拟计算的混合模型，对气化炉进行了过程模拟。分析了模拟计算结果，对计算值与实测值进行了比较，结果表明，实测值与计算值吻合较好。对重油气化工序进行了优化，得到各主要工艺参数对气化炉操作的最适宜条件。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。