Al/AP对RDX基复合炸药水中爆炸参数的影响

以RDX为主炸药,通过添加不同含量的Al粉和AP制成6种RDX基复合炸药,采用水中爆炸实验研究,从冲击波参数和气泡参数等方面分析了Al粉和AP对复合炸药水中爆炸性能的影响。结果表明,主炸药含量不变时,随着Al与AP摩尔比的增大,冲击波峰值压力、时间常数、冲量和能流密度都逐渐减小,气泡周期、气泡能和最大气泡半径先增大后减小,当Al与AP的摩尔比为3.8左右时,达到最大值。     

Underwater detonation performance of the aluminum film explosive

A new aluminized explosive is proposed, and the approach is to replace the aluminum powder in the traditional aluminized explosive with an aluminum film. The purpose is not only to improve mechanical properties and lower the impact sensitivity of traditional aluminized explosives, but also to reduce environmental pollution in the aluminum particle production process. The pressure-time curves of the aluminum film explosive and RDX are measured in underwater explosion experiments. The peak pressure, impulse, shock wave energy, and bubble energy are obtained by analyzing the curves. The results of the study indicate that the peak pressure of the aluminum film explosive is lower than that of RDX. However, the aluminum film explosive maintains a high pressure for a longer period of time. The large amount of energy is found to liberate by subsequent reactions of the Al film with the primary detonation products. The increase in the explosion energy of the aluminum film explosive is based mainly on the increase in the bubble energy.     

RDX基铝薄膜炸药与铝粉炸药水下爆炸性能比较

为了减少铝粉炸药在生产过程中因铝粉对环境污染,降低铝粉炸药的撞击感度,提高含铝炸药的成型性及力学性能,将RDX用铝薄膜分层包裹得到新型的铝薄膜混合炸药。将铝薄膜混合炸药与铝粉炸药进行水下爆炸实验与爆速实验,得到两种炸药的爆速与压力时程曲线,经过分析计算得到两种炸药的压力峰值、冲量、冲击波能、气泡脉动周期与气泡能。结果表明：铝薄膜炸药药柱的轴向为RDX与铝薄膜独立贯通的结构,有利于降低混合炸药中添加物对基体炸药爆轰波传播的影响,从而使铝薄膜混合炸药的爆速高于铝粉炸药,导致铝薄膜炸药的冲击波损失系数高于铝粉炸药,使铝薄膜混合炸药的总能量、比气泡能与铝粉炸药相当情况下,其比冲击波能却降低了10.16%～10.33%,计算过程说明铝薄膜混合炸药的C-J压力计算公式具有合理性。     

MgH2型复合敏化储氢乳化炸药的制备及其爆轰性能

为了提高乳化炸药的爆炸威力,研制出了一种MgH₂型复合敏化储氢乳化炸药。该乳化炸药采用包覆后的MgH₂与玻璃微球复合敏化,两种材料分别起到含能添加剂和敏化剂的作用。通过研究“热点”数量和包覆材料对炸药爆轰性能的影响,确定了MgH₂型复合敏化储氢乳化炸药的配方。利用水下爆炸实验和猛度实验,研究了MgH₂型复合敏化储氢乳化炸药的爆轰特征参数和水下爆炸特性。实验结果表明,MgH₂型复合敏化储氢乳化炸药的铅柱压缩量为24.3 mm,达到军用炸药的猛度;与传统玻璃微球型乳化炸药相比,其水下爆炸峰值压力虽然下降了4.90%,但比冲击波能、比气泡能和总能量分别提高了7.83%、22.94%和18.32%。MgH₂型复合敏化储氢乳化炸药的猛度和做功能力得到了显著提高。     

炸药爆炸能量的水中测试与分析

介绍了炸药爆炸能量的水中测试方法,对TNT和3种新设计的含铝炸药进行了水中爆炸的实验研究,比较了各炸药的爆炸性能.结果表明,发现冲击波峰值超压、冲量和冲击波能流密度等参数较好地符合爆炸相似律,得到了新配方各参数的爆炸相似律系数.计算了炸药的冲击波能和气泡能,并提出了计算爆炸总能量的方法.把实验测得的炸药的总能量与KHTR程序计算的爆热进行对比,二者符合得较好,说明了KHTR程序可用.     

Effect of Al/O Ratio on the Detonation Performance and Underwater Explosion of HMX‐based Aluminized Explosives

The performance of detonation and underwater explosion (UNDEX) of a six‐formula HMX‐based aluminized explosive was examined by detonation and UNDEX experiments. The detonation pressures, detonation velocities, and detonation heat of HMX‐based aluminized explosive were measured. The reliability between the experimental results and those calculated by an empirical formula and the KHT code was verfied. UNDEX experiments were carried out on the propagation of a shock wave and a bubble pulse of a 1 kg cylindrical HMX‐based aluminized explosive underwater at a depth of 4.7 m. Based on the experimental results of the shock wave, the coefficients of similarity law equation for the peak pressure and attenuation time constant of shock wave were in acceptable agreement. The bubble motion during UNDEX was simulated using MSC.DYTRAN software, and the radius time curves of bubbles were determined. The effect of the aluminum/oxygen ratio on the performance of the detonation and UNDEX for an HMX‐based aluminized explosive was discussed.     

铝粉含量和粒径对乳化炸药作功能力的影响

为研究铝粉对乳化炸药作功能力的影响,在负氧平衡的乳化炸药中分别添加不同含量和粒径的铝粉,采用测时仪法测定其爆速;通过水下爆炸实验计算出含铝乳化炸药的比冲击波能、比气泡能和总能量等参数。结果表明,当铝粉(粒径为5μm和35μm)质量分数为5%时,含铝乳化炸药的爆速最大,分别为5 128、5 071m/s;当铝粉(粒径为5μm和35μm)质量分数为20%时,乳化炸药的比冲击波能、比气泡能、总能量均随着铅粉含量的增加而增大,比冲击波能分别增加19.7%、15.3%;比气泡能分别增加12.6%、13.7%,总能量分别增加15.1%、14.5%。     

铝粉粒度对乳化炸药能量输出特性及热安定性的影响

为了研究铝粉粒度对乳化炸药水下爆炸能量输出的影响，在相同乳化炸药中分别添加3种不同粒度的铝粉制得含铝乳化炸药。利用水下爆炸实验，获得冲击波压力时程曲线，经分析计算得到峰值压力、冲击波冲量、比冲击波能、比气泡能、总能量等水下爆炸能量参数。并运用DSC-TG联用技术测试添加不同粒度铝粉的乳化炸药在不同升温速率下的热安定性。结果表明：铝粉粒度对乳化炸药水下爆炸的能量有较大的影响，添加了中粒度（平均粒度为177.2 μm）铝粉的乳化炸药各能量参数均达到最大值，而3组样品的热安定性则随着铝粉粒度的减小而降低，活化能的最大降幅达3.7%。     

含铝炸药与理想炸药能量输出结构的数值模拟

采用AUTODYN计算软件,对含铝炸药与理想炸药水中爆炸能量输出结构进行了数值模拟,讨论了人工黏性对计算结果的影响,对冲击波压力历程进行了对比分析.结果表明,含铝炸药PBXN-105水中爆炸时由于铝粉的二次燃烧放热,能够在较远距离处保持较大的冲击波能,作功能力高于理想炸药PBX9010.含铝炸药水中爆炸能量输出结构的数值模拟可以为炸药的配方设计提供一定的依据.     

Experimental study on the effect of titanium hydride content on the detonation performance of emulsion explosives

In order to improve the explosion characteristics of emulsion explosives, titanium hydride was added to emulsion explosives to produce a new type of hydrogen storage emulsion explosives. Charges with different contents of titanium hydride were evaluated through underwater explosion experiments and detonation velocity tests. The tests on underwater explosion and detonation velocity reveal that compared to pure emulsion explosives, the detonation parameters of emulsion explosives containing titanium hydride showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. When the mass ratio of titanium hydride in the emulsion explosive is 1 % to 3 %, all detonation parameters have been improved to a certain extent. When the mass ratio of titanium hydride in the emulsion explosive is 3 % to 10 %, only part of the detonation parameters (specific impulse, specific shock energy, specific total energy and volume energy density) has been improved. The maximum increase of specific impulse, specific shock energy, specific total energy and volume energy density of emulsion explosive containing titanium hydride is 7.06 %, 8.95 %, 3.97 % and 8.22 %, respectively. Based on the analysis, it is evident that though powdered TiH₂ participates in the detonation reaction process of the emulsion explosive, the majority of TiH₂′s energy is released during the secondary reaction occurring after the detonation wave front. Therefore, the detonation performance of emulsion explosives can be effectively improved by adding a certain mass ratio of titanium hydride.     

RDX基含铝炸药水中爆炸近场冲击波特性

通过水中爆炸试验,得到了RDX基含铝炸药在不同比例距离((-R))处的水中冲击波峰值压力、冲量和冲击波能.结果表明,在测试范围内,(-R)＜1.5 m/kg1/3,Al的质量分数为10%～20%时,冲击波峰值压力基本不变;(-R)≥1.5 m/kg1/3时,Al的质量分数为0～30%时,冲击波峰值压力基本不变.测试范围内,Al的质量分数为20%～30%时,冲量基本不变;Al的质量分数小于20%,冲量随Al含量的增加不断增大.(-R)＜1.0 m/kg1/3时,冲击波能随比例距离的增加而不断衰减;(-R)≥1.0 m/kg1/3时,冲击波能随比例距离的增加基本保持不变.(-R)=0.79 m/kg1/3(药柱18倍半径处)时,冲击波能量利用率只有25%左右,初始冲击波能损失了近1/2～3/5.     

Study on Key Factors Affecting Energy Output of Emulsion Explosives in Underwater Explosion

In this paper, emulsion explosives were investigated. Rules for the change of output energy of emulsion explosives with different oxygen balance, aluminum powder content, charge condition, decoupling media etc. were studied by means of an explosion water pool. The p–t curves and peak pressure values were obtained. The effects of these factors on shock wave energy, bubble energy and total energy were given. The results show that output energy of emulsion explosives without aluminum powder is lower than that of standard TNT explosives. The total energy of emulsion explosives with zero oxygen balance is only 86 % of that of TNT. In the experiment, output energy of the explosives tends to increase with the increase of aluminum powder content. With aluminum contents from 10 % to 15 %, the total energy is 1.05 and 1.14 time of that of TNT respectively. Energy efficiency is affected with change of decoupling coefficient and media.     

水中爆炸作用机理及毁伤效应研究综述

为深入揭示水中爆炸的作用机理及毁伤效应特性,从不同炸药水中爆炸机理、水中爆炸冲击波传播、水中爆炸气泡脉动、水中爆炸结构破坏效应与动态响应、水中爆炸测试试验技术、水中爆炸数值模拟与毁伤评估等6个方面,综述了国内外对水中爆炸作用机理及毁伤效应的研究进展。提出急需解决的关键技术问题为:非理想炸药水中爆炸能量释放与传播、冲击波/气泡耦合作用对结构的毁伤、水中爆炸结构毁伤评估方法、水中爆炸多尺度模拟技术等。附参考文献86篇。     

Effect of TiH2 Particle Size and Content on the Underwater Explosion Performance of RDX‐Based Explosives

Experiments were conducted to study the underwater explosion performance of titanium hydride/RDX‐based (TiH₂/RDX) composite explosive. Cylinder charges with different TiH₂ particle sizes and contents were prepared and tested. Explosion parameters like peak overpressure, impulse, shock energy, and bubble energy were analyzed. It was notable that underwater explosion performance of TiH₂/RDX composite explosive was promoted by addition of small particle size TiH₂ (D₅₀=0.96 μm), in which case increasing TiH₂ content also showed a favorable effect. The maximum increments of specific initial shock energy, bubble energy, and total energy were 10.5%, 6.4%, and 7.1% respectively. However, with bigger TiH₂ particle sizes (D₅₀=20.78 μm, D₅₀=136.74 μm), the explosion parameters and the TiH₂ content showed a negative relationship, which reveals that TiH₂ particle size plays an important role in determining the reactivity of TiH₂. Meanwhile, the interaction between TiH₂ particle size and content was significant.     

Numerical Modeling of Underwater Explosion Properties for an aluminized explosive

Underwater explosion properties of an aluminized explosive, DXD-03, were numerically modeled by two burn techniques; a programmed-burn technique and a rate equation calibrated from two-dimensional steady-state detonation experiments based on the detonation shock dynamics. The modeling by using the programmed-burn technique did not reproduce experimental data well; 12% to 34% error in peak pressure and 20% error in bubble period. The modeling by using the rate equation reproduced the experimental observations very well. Although there was some difference in peak pressure, the shock profile agreed very well with experimental observation. The calculated bubble period agreed with the experimental data within 1%. This result demonstrates that the underwater explosion properties for aluminized explosives can be calculated only when the slow energy release of aluminium is modeled properly.     

炸药水下爆炸冲击波参数的修正

根据有限水域中TNT、钝化RDX的测试结果,结合所采用传感器的特点．得出了一种修正冲击波参数(峰压、比冲能)的方法。结果表明,修正后的峰压与计算值接近,TNT、钝化RDX的比冲能分别占其总能量的46％、44％左右,并使测试总能量占其爆热值的95％以上。     

含硼金属炸药水下能量的实验研究

通过水下试验测试了含硼铝、硼镁、硼镁铝合金、硼钛、硼锆等混合金属粉炸药的水下能量,并与相应含铝炸药的水下能量进行了对比.结果发现,以HMX为基金属粉的质量分数20%时,镁粉、镁铝合金与硼粉混合后水下(总能量)比单独使用硼粉时约提高40%;含硼铝质量分数20%的炸药的水下总能量比含铝质量分数20%炸药高约7%;以RDX为基,含硼铝、硼镁、硼镁铝合金质量分数20%炸药的水下总能量比含铝20%的炸药均有提高,其中硼镁达到9%.随着硼铝金属粉含量的增加,水下总能量不断提高,均高于相应含铝炸药,当硼铝金属粉质量分数为35%时达到最高,比含铝35%炸药约高7%,含量40%后开始降低.硼粉与铝粉混合使用,可提高硼粉氧化效率和炸药水下总能量.     

Evaluation of Plastic Bonded Explosive (PBX) Formulations Based on RDX,Aluminum, and HTPB for Underwater Applications

Aluminized high explosives are known to give better underwater performance. All explosive formulations for underwater targets are filled into warheads and shells by casting method. TNT, a high explosive is used as casting medium due to its lower melting point. Plastic bonded explosives are fast replacing TNT‐based high explosive formulations for the reasons that they are more insensitive and low vulnerable explosives with better shelf life. Few aluminized plastic bonded explosive formulations based on RDX, aluminum, and HTPB have been processed, varying the aluminum content from 0 to 35% and evaluated underwater. The present paper discusses the experimental methodology adopted to evaluate the above formulations for their ballistic parameters, viz., peak over pressure and impulse. Explosion bulge tests have been conducted with each explosive formulation and extent of bulge in test plates is presented and compared with a standard underwater explosive, viz., HBX‐3.     

Combustion heat of the Al/B powder and its application in metallized explosives in underwater explosions

An underwater explosion test is used to determine the detonation properties of metallized explosives containing aluminum and boron powders. An oxygen bomb calorimeter (PARR 6200 calorimeter, Parr Instrument Company, USA) is used to obtain the heat of combustion of the metal mixtures. As the content of boron powders is increased, the heat of combustion of the metal mixtures increases, and the combustion efficiency of boron decreases. The highest value of the combustion heat is 38.2181 MJ/kg, with the boron content of 40%. All metallized explosive compositions (RDX/Al/B/AP) have higher detonation energy (including higher shock wave energy and bubble energy) in water than the TNT charge. The highest total useful energy is 6.821 MJ/kg, with the boron content of 10%. It is 3.4% higher than the total energy of the RDX/Al/AP composition, and it is 2.1 times higher than the TNT equivalent.     

Energetic Characteristics of HMX‐Based Explosives Containing LiH

The high energy density compound octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine (HMX) and the strong exothermic compound LiH represent an excellent principal explosive and an active fuel, respectively. Herein, the energetic characteristics of HMX‐based explosives are explored by adding LiH as fuel additive. The detonation parameters of HMX‐based explosives containing LiH were tested with free‐field explosion experiments and compared with those of traditional TNT, HMX, and aluminized explosives. The results show that the explosives exhibit higher energy and present preferable explosion effect when LiH is added as an explosive ingredient. The improvement of impulse is more than 32.8 % at 2 m. The shock wave peak overpressure increases by almost 40 % at a distance of 3 m from detonation center specially for the explosive containing both LiH and Al additives. Elemental H and Li are expected to release tremendous energy to effectively improve the explosives instant damage power, but the detonation duration is shorter than that of Al‐containing mixed explosives, which may limit the advantage over Al in the impulse. Li₂CO₃ powder is the solid product of HMX/LiH, which explains the LiH oxidation during the explosion. The exothermic processes in the formation are the reason for the increased energy of HMX/LiH explosives. These results can provide guidance to a potential energetic system formed by HMX and LiH.