Performance of a laser disdrometer with hydrometeor imaging capabilities and fall velocity estimates for snowfall

A low‐cost laser disdrometer (LLD), which is a type of high‐speed line‐image scanner, has been developed and calibrated for raindrops. The disdrometer measures hydrometeor's particle‐size distribution (PSD) and fall velocities, as well as record hydrometeor images. Hydrometeor imaging is advantageous for hydrometeor classification. All hydrometeor types, raindrops, graupels, snowflakes, and ice crystals, can mix with snowfall. Snowfall sensing requires a wide sensing light sheet to capture large‐sized snowflakes. Accordingly, a new LLD equipped with a 35‐mm sensing light sheet has been developed. This paper demonstrates and evaluates the new drisdrometer's snowfall‐evaluation performance. The wide sensing light sheet captures images of large‐sized (14 mm) snowflakes reasonably well, and the PSD and the fall velocities correlate with those measured with the commercially available Parsivel laser disdrometer. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

雨雾天气对导线电晕放电的影响分析

分析了雨雾天气高压输电导线上悬挂的水滴受电场力形变过程,对水滴引起的电场畸变进行了动态数值计算。计算结果表明：水滴受到重力和电场力的作用被拉长而曲率半径变小,最大场强值变大。解释了雨雾天气输电线路电晕放电变得强烈的原因。     

Low‐cost laser disdrometer with the capability of hydrometeor imaging

Precision of microwave precipitation remote sensing is ensured by studying different hydrometeor classes (raindrops, snowflakes, graupel, and so on), shapes, and drop size distribution (DSD). Recently, DSD estimates and hydrometeor classification algorithms using polarimetric radars were proposed. These algorithm developments require a validation tool providing in situ hydrometeor measurement. We are working toward the development of a low‐cost, light‐weight, and disposable ballooning hydrometeor imaging probe with DSD measurement capabilities. This paper describes the performance of a new line‐scanning laser hydrometeor imaging probe (called PROBE) and validates the DSD using a commercially available impact‐type disdrometer. PROBE captures raindrop images with 0.125 mm horizontal resolution and more than six slices at the 33‐kHz slice rate, providing a reasonable raindrop diameter. DSD validation shows that PROBE acquires adequate DSD shapes during every 2‐min interval. These results demonstrate PROBE's performance in hydrometeor imaging and DSD measurement capabilities in a rainfall. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

雨滴对高压直流输电线路地面离子流场的影响

HVDC输电线路离子流场的计算对于输电线路的设计和电磁分析具有重要意义,其中降雨条件下输电线路的电磁环境问题尤为突出,然而目前关于雨滴对离子流场影响的研究较少。为此,在Deutsch假设的基础上,针对空间存在的雨滴对离子流场的影响因素,进一步假设雨滴为输电线路新的电荷背景,同时采用雨滴局部畸变电场值替代标称电场值,从而考量雨滴对离子流场的影响效果。实例计算表明,与Teshmont公司的计算结果相比,良好天气下该模型的计算结果与其一致;与良好天气相比,雨天下地面离子流密度与电场的值分别约增大至2倍和1.5倍。     

采用混合式烟气再热技术治理火电厂“石膏雨”

在我国大型火电机组中,采用湿法烟气脱硫系统但未设置烟气再热器（GGH）的电厂经常在烟囱周围飘落大量的细小液滴（石膏雨）,严重影响电厂周围的环境与居民生活。石膏雨生成的主要原因是湿法脱硫系统排出的烟气温度低、湿度大,为此,确定采用锅炉系统热二次风加热脱硫净烟气的混合式烟气再热技术,对石膏雨问题进行治理。结合抚顺某热电厂的实际,介绍混合式烟气再热技术的原理、实施要点、系统主要设计参数;通过锅炉热效率、锅炉辅机功耗、机组供电煤耗等试验分析数据对混合式烟气再热系统进行技术经济分析;同时以300 MW机组为例,将混合式烟气再热技术与热媒式、回转式GGH进行经济性和安全性比较。实践结果表明,采用混合式烟气再热技术可完全消除石膏雨现象,与传统GGH相比,一次性投资少,年运行费用相对较低,且无腐蚀与堵塞问题,经济效益和社会效益显著。     

面平均雨量的系统响应曲线修正方法及其在富春江流域洪水预报中的应用

空间集总式水文模型的洪水预报精度会受到面平均雨量估计误差的严重影响。点雨量测量值的误差类型、误差大小以及流域的雨量站点密度和站点的空间分布都会影响到面平均雨量的计算,这种误差的影响在雨量站个数较少的大流域尤为明显。为提高实时洪水预报精度,本文提出了一种基于降雨系统响应曲线洪水预报误差修正方法。此方法将水文模型作为输入和输出之间的响应系统,用实测流量和计算流量之间的差值作为信息,通过降雨系统响应曲线,采用最小二乘估计方法,对面平均雨量进行修正,再使用修正后的面平均雨量重新计算出流过程。将此修正方法与新安江模型相结合,首先使用理想案例进行检验,然后将此方法应用于浙江富春江流域实时洪水预报中,通过2010—2014年间的14场历史洪水的应用检验,结果表明该方法具有明显修正效果,是一种结构简单、不增加模型参数且不改变预报模型结构的实时洪水预报修正的新方法。     

Long-term reproducibility of phantom signal intensities in nonuniformity corrected STIR-MRI examinations of skeletal muscle

Object  Nerve regeneration could be monitored by comparing MRI image intensities in time, as denervated muscles display increased signal intensity in STIR sequences. In this study long-term reproducibility of STIR image intensity was assessed under clinical conditions and the required image intensity nonuniformity correction was improved by using phantom scans obtained at multiple positions. Methods  Three-dimensional image intensity nonuniformity was investigated in phantom scans. Next, over a three-year period, 190 clinical STIR hand scans were obtained using a standardized acquisition protocol, and corrected for intensity nonuniformity by using the results of phantom scanning. The results of correction with 1, 3, and 11 phantom scans were compared. The image intensities in calibration tubes close to the hands were measured every time to determine the reproducibility of our method. Results  With calibration, the reproducibility of STIR image intensity improved from 7.8 to 6.4%. Image intensity nonuniformity correction with 11 phantom scans gave significantly better results than correction with 1 or 3 scans. Conclusions  The image intensities in clinical STIR images acquired at different times can be compared directly, provided that the acquisition protocol is standardized and that nonuniformity correction is applied. Nonuniformity correction is preferably based on multiple phantom scans.     

Comparison of Double-Gate MOSFETs and FinFETs with Monte Carlo Simulation

A full-band Monte Carlo simulator has been used to analyze and compare the performance of n-channel double-gate MOSFETs and FinFETs. Size quantization effects were accounted for by using a quantum correction based on Schrödinger equation. FinFETs are a variation of typical double-gate devices with the gate surrounding the channel on three sides. From our simulations, we observed that the quantization effects in double-gate devices are less significant as compared to bulk MOSFETs. The total sheet charge density drops only slightly as the depletion of charge at the interface is counterbalanced by the increased volume inversion effect. We also observed an appreciable drop in average velocity distribution when quantum corrections were applied. For FinFETs, the fin extension lengths on either side of the gate affect the device performance significantly. These underlap regions have low carrier concentration and behave as large resistors. The current drops non-linearly with increasing fin extension lengths.     

降雨环境下弓网电弧动态特性研究

弓网电弧的危害严重阻碍了高速铁路的发展,恶劣的环境条件会促使弓网离线电弧频发,造成滑板和接触网导线磨耗加剧,受流质量下降。为提高高速铁路运行的安全性和稳定性,研究了降雨条件下弓网电弧运行动态特性。基于自制的弓网电弧实验系统,分别采集正常运行、小雨(降雨量30 g)及大雨(降雨量150 g)环境下电流电压波形,并利用高速摄像机拍摄弓网电弧图像。研究结果表明,工况条件一定时,降雨环境下弓网电弧被拉伸,呈现不规则状态,电弧面积和周长增大,且小雨环境下电弧周长和面积最大;降雨环境使电流纹波加重,零休时间变长,电弧尖峰电压增大,缩短了弓网电弧燃弧时间,提高了电弧发生率,其中小雨环境变化最为明显;降雨环境下电弧功率增大,电弧最小电阻值出现在电流峰值附近,且较无雨环境电弧最小电阻值增大。     

机载设备视情维修及其决策建模分析

针对传统维修方式因"维修不足"或"维修过度"而不可避免地造成安全风险和投入浪费等问题。首先,介绍了视情维修产生的背景及视情维修的实施依据,并分析了视情维修的特点;然后,为方便机载设备视情维修决策建模,明确了视情维修决策的内容及目标;最后,从机载设备劣化模型的角度,研究并分析了比例危险模型、冲击模型、延迟时间模型及随机过程模型等常用的视情维修决策建模方法。研究对视情维修方式在机载设备中的应用具有一定的理论价值。     

流量式雨量检定装置在气象计量中应用

流量式雨量检定装置以电子测量传感器为核心,以目前我国雨量检定、校准工作标准与规程为依据设计研发并投入业务运行。从流量式雨量检定装置的系统组成、工作原理、技术指标等方面对其进行详细论述,并以使用流量式雨量检定装置进行翻斗式雨量计检定为例,对其检定过程进行简要的误差分析。结论说明,流量式雨量检定装置相较于标准球雨量检定标准器在进行雨量检定、校准工作中具备一定的优势,符合气象计量自动化发展的趋势与要求。     

Waveform Distortion and Correction Circuit for PWM Inverters with Switching Lag-Times

The switching lag-time that prevents the phase shortage of inverter arms causes serious waveform distortions and fundamental voltage drops in pulsewidth-modulated inverter output. Distortions in the PWM inverter-fed induction motor system over the various frequencies of the carrier are investigated and a correction circuit with PWM potential feedback is proposed; the effectiveness of that circuit is shown by experiments.     

The simulation and error analysis of raindrop size distribution obtained by Micro Rain Radar

Observation of rain drop size distribution (DSD) with a vertical pointing micro rain radar (MRR) has important significance in the precipitation measurement field. The Mie theory of large particle, vertical wind and air turbulence have great influences on the retrieval of DSD measured by MRR. This paper simulates the process of how three factors affect the inversion of DSD and the calculation of other precipitation parameters, then makes the errors analysis. The Mie theory of large particle is more suitable for the scattering of the precipitation particle than Rayleigh approximation, which can have a correction for the underestimation of number density of small droplets and the overestimation of that in middle field. The vertical wind results in inaccurate estimation of particle terminal velocity, so its diameter is measured with some errors by empirical relationship, which affects the calculating accuracy of radar reflectivity and rain rate. Air turbulence can broaden the power spectral density, of which the impact on the inversion results of DSD are concentrated in small droplets field. Then the measured data by MRR is analyzed and the results prove the impacts of those factors. Finally, according to the analysis and application limits, the prospect of the future research trend of particle size distribution is conducted.     

Broadband amplification of 800-nm pulses with a combination of negatively and positively chirped pulse amplification

It is experimentally proved that successive amplification of negatively and positively chirped laser pulses (NPCPA) counteracts the gain narrowing effect typical in chirped pulse amplification (CPA) lasers. The scheme is robust and easy to adopt to even petawatt (PW) level high power laser systems. As a demonstration, a multi-terawatt (TW) Ti:sapphire laser system was modified to the NPCPA. The bandwidth of the 150 mJ output pulses exceeds 50 nm without any additional spectral correction, which is 30% broader than those currently available from conventional CPA lasers. Moreover, the NPCPA scheme gives an opportunity to increase an intensity temporal contrast without any compromise in pulse energy.     

Corneal refractive surgery with femtosecond lasers

We investigated the use of ultrashort pulsed (femtosecond) laser technology in corneal refractive surgery. When compared to longer pulsewidth nanosecond or picosecond laser pulses, femtosecond laser-tissue interactions are characterized by significantly smaller and more deterministic photodisruptive energy thresholds, as well as reduced shock waves and smaller cavitation bubbles. We utilized a highly reliable all-solid-state femtosecond laser system for all studies to demonstrate practicality in real-world operating conditions. Contiguous tissue effects were achieved by scanning a 5-μm focused laser spot below the corneal surface at pulse energies of approximately 2-4 μJ. A variety of scanning patterns was used to perform three prototype procedures in animal eyes; corneal flap cutting, keratomileusis, and intrastromal vision correction. Superior dissection and surface quality results were obtained for lamellar procedures (corneal flap cutting and keratornileusis). Preliminary in vivo studies of intrastromal vision correction suggest that consistent refractive changes can also be achieved with this method. We conclude that femtosecond laser technology may be able to perform a variety of corneal refractive procedures with high precision, offering advantages over current mechanical and laser devices and techniques     

软岩堆石料降雨湿化变形试验研究北大核心CSCD

软岩堆石料受外部降雨引起的填筑体湿化变形显著,对工程变形控制和运行安全带来挑战。本文分析了降雨条件下材料湿化应变基本规律,发现早期降雨湿化应变占比较高,且与时间的关系可用双曲线较好描述;探讨了单次降雨材料湿化应变发展规律,发现前期单次降雨时湿化应变随时间的变化也具有双曲线特点;同时分析了降雨强度对整体湿化应变规律的影响,结果表明随降雨强度增大,材料湿化应变速率增加,但应变量值却有一定程度的下降。此外,也研究了降雨强度对单次降雨湿化应变的影响,建立了基于降雨条件的非饱和入渗双曲线湿化变形计算模型,基本能反映降雨导致的软岩堆石料湿化变形规律。     

基于雨水混合物模型的平抗直流套管的雨闪故障分析

雨闪故障一直是电力系统外绝缘研究领域的热点。结合有限元方法,进行500 k V直流系统平波电抗器出线套管的雨闪故障分析。通过引入雨水在空气中所占体积比的方法,将水滴和空气等效成单一的混合物介质。通过流体场-电场的耦合分析实现了下雨条件下套管电场的求解。计算表明,下雨时套管上端更易受到雨水的碰撞、集聚,致使局部电场强度增大,此时套管上端表面电场强度相比于干燥环境下更高,更易形成闪络。通过与雨闪故障现场图片对比,仿真结果与实际事故中发生闪络的位置一致,验证了考虑雨水混合物模型在雨闪故障分析中的准确性。     

PC-controlled laser diode system application

This paper presents a system with a personal-computer (PC)-controlled laser-diode beam to make film exposures for generating 256 gray-level images. The hardware equipment of this system includes an IBM PC, an 8255 interface card, and an XY table. Control software is developed to receive image data from commercially available software, such as PAINT SHOP, then convert them to signals for the laser diode and XY table. The gray level of each pixel (picture element) in an image file is represented by an 8-bit binary number. Two ways of control are demonstrated. One way uses this 8-bit number as a parameter for timing delay when the laser diode is on with a constant power output. The other way uses this 8-bit number to go through a D/A converter to control the laser diode for outputting beams with varying intensity. This way may gain higher operation speed, but requires extra hardware. There are two potential applications for this system. One is direct image exposure of yellow, magenta, cyan, and black for all image processing software data outputs, as long as their format is available. The other is for an educational training program to demonstrate the technologies of integrating computer, laser, and color printing     

应用人工神经网络预测棒-板短空气间隙在淋雨条件下的交流放电电压

为了获得降雨条件下能预测空气间隙击穿电压的数学模型,根据在人工气候室试验得到的降雨条件下空气间隙击穿电压数据,运用神经网络原理,建立了降雨条件下的交流棒-板短空气间隙击穿电压的人工神经网络模型。利用该模型可以对一定降雨条件下的交流棒-板短空气间隙击穿电压进行预测,预测结果满足精度要求,同时,该文根据建立的人工神经网络模型模拟了降雨时单个及多个环境因素对空气间隙击穿电压的影响,并对模拟结果进行了分析,结果表明:大气压强一定时,随着降雨强度、雨水电导率的增加以及环境温度的降低,空气间隙的击穿电压随之降低;当降雨强度、雨水电导率和环境温度其中任一环境因素改变时,另两个因素对空气间隙击穿电压的影响程度也随之改变。人工神经网络模型对训练数据的依赖较大,对训练范围以外的数据预测精度较差。     

High‐speed imaging of laser intensity distribution using an acousto‐optic deflector

An acousto‐optic laser deflector was used to image the intensity distribution of a continuous wave laser of microsecond order. Undeflected light was blocked while the deflected light was directed to a CCD camera, which allowed imaging of the incident laser intensity distribution of microsecond order. Experiments using a test pattern showed that there was no distortion in the deflected image. The resolution limit, estimated from diffractive effects, was about 0.2 mrad. Using this method of high‐speed imaging, density variations accompanying laser‐induced breakdown in air were visualized by shadowgraphy and interferometry. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 156(3): 55–61, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20386