浅谈动画字幕在影片中的作用

所谓动画字幕是在一部影片中以各种形式出现在银幕上的所有文字。它包括:影片的片名、演职员表、剧中人物的对白,时间、地点、人物姓名的标注、歌词、片头、片尾字幕等等。它们在影片中分别起着各自不同的作用。而片名在所有字幕中是最主要的,它是一部影片的重要组成部分。随着高科技在电影制作中的普及运用,同时,也给动画和动画字幕的制作提供了方便的制作工具和广阔的创作空间,特别是在“形象动画”的制作中有着绝对的优势。但是,它在完成片名字幕的艺术处理和特殊效果的要求上还是远远不够的;所以,在一般情况下,片名字幕的制作还需要用传…     

MIDI简介

我第一次听到MIDI这个词是在几年前,当时它给我的感觉是一种具有魔力的,可以演奏各种音乐的笛子(迷笛)。而如今,MIDI已成为制作流行音乐的一种重要的工具,今天的上榜金曲,有相当大的一部分是用MIDI制作的,同时,随着价格的逐步下降,它强大的功能正在吸引着越来越多的传统音乐工作者,摇滚乐手,甚至业余的音乐爱好者也加入到MI-DI制作音乐的行列中。     

人声录制技术探讨

广播节目制作是一门综合的录音艺术,它把艺术家、编辑的创造设想,通过录音师的技术运用得以实现。人声录制是广播节目制作中的一个非常重要的环节,在录制工作中需要注重以下几个方面。     

数字化电影艺术制作研究

数字化电影制作是在基于传统工艺和传统技术的基础上,将现代化数字技术应用到电影制作上的一门电影制作手段。数字化技术具有一定的先进性,因为它结合高新数字图像生成技术、数字化影像与声音技术、合成修改存储影像技术以及计算机网络技术。电影是将现代化技术和艺术完美结合的产物,电影的制作是一个较为复杂的过程,而将现代化应用到电影中,每次都会为电影的发展带来超乎想象的影响。数字化电影艺术制作拥有很多优点,因此将数字化电影艺术制作应用到传统电影中就显得尤为重要。     

台湾研制出新颖电子束光阻材料

电子束光刻（electron beam lithography）是一种以电子束为工具的纳米制作技术,它是利用电子束在光阻上绘制纳米级图案,再经后续显影步骤,即可轻易制作出线宽仅数纳米的高解析结构。其中,高分子聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（poly（nlethyl methacrylate,PMMA）是一种很普遍的压克力材料,它被大量应用在电子束光阻的材料上,且己商业化。     

王晓明的辉光管精密时钟

这是一个用古老的辉光数字显示器制作的精密时钟,然而它的核心控制部分是先进的单片机技术。现代科技让古老的器件又一次熠熠生辉。暖暖的辉光,精美地制作,彰显典雅尊贵的设计理念。     

三维风景制作软件BRYCE的介绍与应用

介绍三维风景制作软件BRYCE的一些功能特点,基本操作,界面说明,以及它与其他三维制作软件交互使用的方法。     

虚拟演播室技术应用浅谈

虚拟演播室是近几年发展起来的新颖而独特的电视节目制作技术 ,它是视频技术与计算机技术相结合的产物。目前一些电视台和制作公司已经用它进行了现场直播和后期节目的制作。中央电视台 1 2 0ｍ2 演播室目前使用的是以色列Ｏ ＲＡＤ (敖威 )公司虚拟演播系统。一、虚拟演播室系统概述1 .虚拟演播室的产生虚拟演播室系统是计算机技术在电视节目制作领域的一种应用。计算机技术 ,包括计算机硬件技术、计算机处理技术和计算机图形处理技术等的发展 ,使得虚拟演播室系统的出现与应用成为可能。在虚拟演播室技术出现以前 ,色键抠像技术已经作为电…     

以数据为中心的电影母版制作方案(下)

同步光纤网 (SONET)同步光纤网是一种光纤传输系统 ,它是电信公司为数字母版制作部门提供的高速数字传输业务。同步光纤网使用时分复用 (TDM )技术 ,可以在5 1Mbits/s至39Gbits/s速率范围内同时发送多个数据流。表 2介绍了同步光纤网各项业务的准确速率。同步光纤网是一种具有自我修复功能的环型结构 ,为了确保可靠性 ,它至少有两条传输路径 ,以备一条路径失效时由另一条维持正常的传输。异步传送模式 (ATM )常用于建立逻辑端对端的环路 ,以保证优质服务。数字档案电影母版制作流程的核心是中心数字档案 ,它是当前数字母版制作部门全…     

图像规格(连载2)信号和格式及接口

2.规格的构成2 .1图像规格的各个部分图像规格 ( Video Stan-dard)非常复杂 ,其构成的目的是为了使用户能够正常接收。因此 ,图像规格包含有非常详细的图像信号内容。严格讲 ,电视广播规格是 ,使用电视图像与附属声音无线电波传送方式的一整套技术方法的设定。在电视节目制作中是不需要与无线电波有关的参数的 ,而声音制作又与图像制作不同 ,它有各种制作方式。因此 ,这里用“Video Standard”一词也就更贴切了。图像规格可以分成以下几个主要部分。扫描规格 ( Scanning Stan-dard)规定有图像的行数或每秒的帧数等。它规定的是在空间里或…     

Construction of Microfluidic Chip Structure for Cell Migration Studies in Bioactive Ceramics

Cell migration is an essential bioactive ceramics property and critical for bone induction, clinical application, and mechanism research. Standardized cell migration detection methods have many limitations, including a lack of dynamic fluid circulation and the inability to simulate cell behavior in vivo. Microfluidic chip technology, which mimics the human microenvironment and provides controlled dynamic fluid cycling, has the potential to solve these questions and generate reliable models of cell migration in vitro. In this study, a microfluidic chip is reconstructed to integrate the bioactive ceramic into the microfluidic chip structure to constitute a ceramic microbridge microfluidic chip system. Migration differences in the chip system are measured. By combining conventional detection methods with new biotechnology to analyze the causes of cell migration differences, it is found that the concentration gradients of ions and proteins adsorbed on the microbridge materials are directly related to the occurrence of cell migration behavior, which is consistent with previous reports and demonstrates the effectiveness of the microfluidic chip model. This model provides in vivo environment simulation and controllability of input and output conditions superior to standardized cell migration detection methods. The microfluidic chip system provides a new approach to studying and evaluating bioactive ceramics.     

Analysis of Chip Removal Operations via New Quick-Stop Device

Machining is obviously indispensable to industrial manufacture, a process whereby a workpiece takes its planned shape after proper chip removal. The type and the size of a chip from such a process are determined by a set of factors, the analysis of which can provide valuable insights into the cutting process. In this study, a new quick-stop device (QSD) for chip removal was designed, manufactured, and employed in an analysis of chip formation in chip removal with cutting tool at varying cutting speeds. The samples competently illustrate the differences in the formation of chips at various cutting speeds. Depending on material and cutting conditions, a chip may be continuous or discontinuous. Employing metallographic techniques, the present study analyzed the orthogonal cutting of aluminum 5000 with cutting tool. During the experiments, the built-up edges (BUEs), the surface quality, and the interactions among machining parameters were observed. At the end, a frozen chip with a BUE was divided into seven sections. The results show that the new QSD is effective and BUEs have a direct effect on the quality of a workpiece's surface and additionally can increase the penetration depth and machining forces.     

Estimation of average hazardous-event-frequency for allocation of safety-integrity levels

One of the fundamental concepts of the draft international standard, IEC 61508, is target failure measures to be allocated to Electric/Electronic/Programmable Electronic Safety-Related Systems, i.e. Safety Integrity Levels. The Safety Integrity Levels consist of four discrete probabilistic levels for specifying the safety integrity requirements or the safety functions to be allocated to Electric/Electronic/Programmable Electronic Safety-Related Systems. In order to select the Safety Integrity Levels the draft standard classifies Electric/Electronic/Programmable Electronic Safety-Related Systems into two modes of operation using demand frequencies only. It is not clear which modes of operation should be applied to Electric/Electronic/Programmable Electronic Safety-Related Systems taking into account the demand-state probability and the spurious demand frequency. It is essential for the allocation of Safety Integrity Levels that generic algorithms be derived by involving possible parameters, which make it possible to model the actuality of real systems. The present paper addresses this issue. First of all, the overall system including Electric/Electronic/programmable Electronic Safety-Related Systems is described using a simplified fault-tree. Then, the relationships among demands, demand-states and proof-tests are studied. Overall systems are classified into two groups: a non-demand-state-at-proof-test system which includes both repairable and non-repairable demand states and a constant-demand-frequency system. The new ideas such as a demand-state, spurious demand-state, mean time between detections, rates of d-failure and h-failure, and an h/d ratio are introduced in order to make the Safety Integrity Levels and modes of operation generic and comprehensive. Finally, the overall system is simplified and modeled by fault-trees using Priority-AND gates. At the same time the assumptions for modeling are described. Generic algorithms to estimate hazardous-event frequencies are derived based on the fault-trees. Thus, new definitions regarding modes of operation for the allocation of Safety Integrity Levels and shortcut methods for estimation of hazardous-event frequencies are proposed.     

芯片冷却技术的最新研究进展及其评价

芯片集成度的提高,要受到因电子元器件发热而引起的热障所限制.近年来,随着微/纳电子技术的飞速发展,更使得对高性能冷却技术的需求提到了前所未有的层面.对此的全力追求,促成了一系列激动人心的新型冷却方法的建立.本文在讨论电子元器件产热机制的基础上,对新近涌现出的若干典型芯片冷却技术及其应用情况进行了综合分析,讨论了其优缺点及有待解决的关键问题,并对这一领域的发展前景作了一定展望.     

电子雷管小孔距爆破拒爆试验研究

电子雷管由于具有安全、可控、可追溯等特点,对民用爆炸物品安全管控及社会安全稳定提供了良好的解决方案。但在井下小孔距爆破中发现,电子雷管拒爆率偏高,严重地影响了爆破安全和电子雷管的推广应用。根据现场模拟试验的结果,分析了小孔距爆破中电子雷管拒爆的原因,发现电子雷管抗冲击振动性能较差,从而出现引火药头被振碎、芯片数据混乱及电容漂移等问题。通过对比不同厂家的电子雷管爆破效果认为,选用高质量、高可靠性的电子雷管,采用合适的起爆方式,可有效地防止电子雷管拒爆。     

基于生物电阻抗的血型检测新方法及系统实现

提出了基于生物电阻抗测量技术的血型检测新方法并研制了检测系统。该系统采用单片机结合AD9850芯片实现DDS技术产生激励信号,设计椭圆滤波器消除信号干扰;运用低成本放大器AD8370设计稳幅电路,确保信号输出幅度不变;系统采用AD8302幅相检测芯片实现阻抗信息提取;基于人工神经网络判别红细胞悬浮液凝集强度,并结合判别规则得到血型结果。测试结果表明该系统精度高,稳定性好;临床实验表明,该系统能正确识别红细胞6种不同凝集程度,能100%正确地检测出正常标本的ABO和Rh血型,可更好地满足临床需求。     

生物芯片技术研究简况

生物芯片技术是基于生物大分子间相互作用的大规模并行分析方法 ,使得生命科学研究中所涉及的样品反应、检测、分析等过程得以连续化、集成化和微型化 ,现已成为当今生命科学研究领域发展最快的技术之一 .目前的生物芯片主要有核酸芯片、蛋白质芯片和糖体芯片等几大类 ;核酸芯片可测定基因表达情况或基因突变情况 ,同时也可测定多种疾病的相关基因 ;蛋白质芯片可直接从体液中检测特定蛋白质分子标记物 ,在肿瘤和传染性疾病的临床诊断领域里具有广阔的应用前景 ;糖体芯片则是最近创立的新型技术 ,芯片实验室是目前生物芯片研究和开发的趋势     

长盛不衰的51系列单片机

围绕着 51系列单片机产品种类的多样性 ,及其开发工具和操作系统的齐全性 ,介绍了虽然目前单片机界已呈现百花齐放的局面 ,但 51系列单片机仍保持长盛不衰的现象 ,并对 51系列单片机的新成员—— AD公司的 ADu C81 2给予简要介绍。     

Integrated potentiometric detector for use in chip-based flow cells

A new kind of potentiometric chip sensor for ion-selective electrodes (ISE) based on a solvent polymeric membrane is described. The chip sensor is designed to trap the organic cocktail inside the chip and to permit sample solution to flow past the membrane. The design allows the sensor to overcome technical problems of ruggedness and would therefore be ideal for industrial processes. The sensor performance for a Ba2+-ISE membrane based on a Vogtle ionophore showed electrochemical behavior similar to that observed in conventional electrodes and microelectrode arrangements.     

Label-free DNA biosensor based on localized surface plasmon resonance coupled with interferometry

In this report, we developed a new optical biosensor in connection with a gold-deposited porous anodic alumina (PAA) layer chip. In our sensor, we observed that the gold deposition onto the chip surface formed a "caplike" layer on the top of the oxide nanostructures in an orderly fashion, so we called this new surface formation a "gold-capped oxide nanostructure". As a result of its interferometric and localized surface plasmon resonance properties, the relative reflected intensity (RRI) at surface of the chip resulted in an optical pattern that was highly sensitive to the changes in the effective thickness of the biomolecular layer. We demonstrated the method on the detection of picomolar quantities of untagged oligonucleotides and the hybridization with synthetic and PCR-amplified DNA samples. The detection limit of our PAA layer chip was determined as 10 pM synthetic target DNA. The capability of observing both RRI increment and wavelength shift upon biomolecular interactions promises to make our chip widely applicable in various analytical tests.