高速纸机压榨部喷淋设备与节水技术

介绍了国外高速造纸机压榨部上的几种新型喷淋设备的原理与结构，及其应用在造纸工业清洁生产和节水方面的新技术。采用合适的喷淋水压和水温、耗水量、喷淋器的喷淋距离和角度、喷淋器的摆动速度等，能明显改进喷淋器的清洁和节水效果。还可以采用抗粘附化学品助剂和中性毛毯，防止毛毯受到污染，从而降低清洗喷淋的耗水量。     

环Ⅲ型浸出器喷淋装置剖析与改进

对环Ⅲ型浸出器的4种喷淋装置(喷淋器)的构造、性能作了剖析与评价,重点分析了常用的V形底溢流槽式喷淋器存在的问题和产生原因.介绍了改造改进后的圆形底溢流槽式喷淋器.生产实践表明,该喷淋器结构简单,便于制造组装,性能得到改善,强化提高了浸出效果.     

虹吸式间歇大喷淋装置设计制造及其应用

介绍虹吸式间歇大喷淋重要作用、设计制造及其应用。它是浸出器配套的首选设备，克服了阀式大喷淋开启时机械传动给浸出生产带来的麻烦，去掉了操作工排除故障的苦恼。没有翻斗式大喷淋设备的震动和机械磨损。制做简单、使用简便、没有事故、性能可靠，所以虹吸式间歇大喷淋倍受浸出厂家欢迎。     

旋流喷淋器在糖厂的应用

介绍在糖厂的各种液体喷淋系统中，使用旋流喷淋器在替代各种环形管式、帽式液体散布器，收到了较好的效果。旋流喷淋器的特点是：结构简单，不易堵塞，喷散度高，压强及介质的适应性广。     

离子注入工艺中等离子喷淋技术

阐述等离子喷淋技术的工作原理,在离子注入工艺上的应用;分析等离子喷淋器对注入工艺中的电荷累积以及注入均匀性改善。并提出在先进制程下对等离子喷淋技术的要求。     

虹吸式间歇大喷淋装置的应用与探讨

一、虹吸间歇大喷淋装置 该装置是由油脂加工行业中配套平转浸出器的一种比较理想的新型喷淋装置。工作时,只要将新鲜溶剂连续注入本装置内,就可能在连续生产中,使本装置重复往返地向浸出器料格内间歇喷淋新鲜溶剂,使平转浸出器料格内的料坯得到溶剂的均匀浸泡和渗透。因而使粕中残油大大降低。使用该装置,操作简单,变通常使用的机械顶杆式阀门控制的间歇大喷淋为虹吸原理控制的间歇大喷淋。虹吸式间歇大喷淋装置特别适用于粉末度较高或一次性浸出的各种油料。 二、主要结构及工作原理 虹吸式间歇大喷淋装置(如图所示)由简体,虹吸管,喷淋管、喷淋座等部分组     

大型平转浸出器应用实践

讨论了平转浸出器的设计和应用 ,对国产大型平转浸出器存在问题 ,如喷淋与料格的配合 ,料格和集油斗的配合 ,混合油泵配置和进料密封绞龙进行改进 ,降低粕残油在 0 7%— 0 8%。提出加强设计理论研究 ,如喷淋和料层渗透 ,工厂化制做 ,现场组装 ,组织测定 ,调整参数 ,改进结构等。     

高压喷淋软化堆料装置

正木质纤维提取的高压喷淋软化堆料装置,主要是通过机械自动化装置,有效对木材或植物茎秆的木质素与木浆主成分(纤维素)进行分离,实现大规模工业化生产。如图1所示,木质纤维提取的高压喷淋软化堆料装置包括浸泡池、传送带、挤压机、过滤器和高压喷淋器,传送带连接浸泡池和挤压机,高压喷淋器位于挤压机的出料口,木质素液收集器设置在过滤器下方,     

平转浸出器喷淋装置的改革

目前,国内油脂浸出设备较多采用平转型浸出器。平转浸出器是一种喷淋与浸泡兼而有之的浸出设备。为了获得较好的浸出效果,人们总是希望喷淋装置能发挥最佳的效果,即尽可能地使由循环泵来的混合油能均匀分散地向料格喷淋,使混合油与油料能充份地接触与渗透,从而达到降低干饼残油率的目的。 图一为一般的平转器喷淋装置的简图。1为喷淋管,其一端封死,另一端通过法兰周定在平转器的外壳2上,在与料格3相对应的长度上,均匀地打了一排小孔,以供混合油喷淋之用。4是弯管,它的一端与喷淋管连接,另一端与循环泵出口相连接。正常生产时,由     

对平转浸出器喷淋装置的改革探讨

目前,我国油脂浸出设备大多数采用的是平转浸出器.它是一种喷淋、浸泡及滴干兼有的混合式的浸出设备.为了提高浸出效率,制油行家们总是希望喷淋装置能发挥其最佳的性能.使混合油与料坯能充分而均匀地相互接触并渗透,从而达到降低于粕残油率的目的.然而,以往国内外一般的平转浸出器的喷淋装置均为简易式的,如图1所示,喷淋管的一端焊死,而另一端则通过法兰而固定在平转浸出器的外壳之上,在与料格相对应的长度上均匀地打一排小孔;弯管的一端通过法兰和喷淋管连接,而另一端则与混合油循环泵出口相接.生产时,由循环泵输送来的混合油通过喷淋管的喷孔对物料进行喷淋,从而达到均匀喷淋和渗透的目的.但是,由于料格底部和活络料门(假底)之间的装配间     

The Role of Irrigation Techniques in Arsenic Bioaccumulation in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The bioaccumulation of arsenic compounds in rice is of great concern worldwide because rice is the staple food for billions of people and arsenic is one of the most toxic and carcinogenic elements at even trace amounts. The uptake of arsenic compounds in rice comes mainly from its interaction with system soil/water in the reducing conditions typical of paddy fields and is influenced by the irrigation used. We demonstrate that the use of sprinkler irrigation produces rice kernels with a concentration of total arsenic about fifty times lower when compared to rice grown under continuous flooding irrigation. The average total amount of arsenic, measured by a fully validated ICP-MS method, in 37 rice grain genotypes grown with sprinkler irrigation was 2.8 ± 2.5 μg kg(-1), whereas the average amount measured in the same genotypes grown under identical conditions, but using continuous flooding irrigation was 163 ± 23 μg kg(-1). In addition, we find that the average concentration of total arsenic in rice grains cultivated under sprinkler irrigation is close to the total arsenic concentration found in irrigation waters. Our results suggest that, in our experimental conditions, the natural bioaccumulation of this element in rice grains may be completely circumvented by adopting an appropriate irrigation technique.     

Quality of white cabbage yield and potential risk of ground water nitrogen pollution,as affected by nitrogen fertilisation and irrigation practices

BACKGROUND: The effect of different fertilisation (broadcast solid NPK application and fertigation with water‐soluble fertiliser) and irrigation practices (sprinkler and drip irrigation) on yield, the nitrate content in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) and the cabbage N uptake was detected, in order to assess the potential risk for N losses, by cultivation on sandy–loam soil. The N rate applied on the plots was 200 kg N ha^?1. RESULTS: The highest yield (93 t ha^?1) and nitrate content (1256 mg kg^?1 DW) were found with treatments using broadcast fertilisation and sprinkler irrigation. On those plots the negative N balance (?30 kg N ha^?1) was recorded, which comes mainly from the highest crop N uptake (234 kg N ha^?1) indicating the lowest potential for N losses. CONCLUSION: In terms of yield quality and the potential risk for N losses, broadcast fertilisation combined with sprinkler irrigation proved to be the most effective combination among the tested practices under the given experimental conditions. The importance of adequate irrigation is also evident, namely in plots on which 50% drip irrigation was applied, the lowest yield was detected and according to the positive N balance, a higher potential for N losses is expected. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

聚氨酯喷头的研制

依据浇注型聚氨酯反应机理，研制开发了高耐磨、高弹性的聚氨酯喷头．研究了影响聚氨酯弹性体性能的因素，经分析得到了性能优良的聚氨酯弹性体配方及成型喷头的最佳工艺条件．     

SG600A型洗梗机脱水系统自动清洗装置的设计

针对SG60 0A型洗梗机脱水系统内烟垢长期以来无法自动清洗这一问题 ,设计和安装了一套自动清洗装置 ,通过增设蓄水箱和喷水器以及在控制柜内增加少量电气元件 ,实现了对脱水系统中风筒及箱体的清洗 ,消除了生产车间的空气异味     

Predicting dairy cattle heat stress using machine learning techniques

The objectives of the study were to use a heat stress scoring system to evaluate the severity of heat stress on dairy cows using different heat abatement techniques. The scoring system ranged from 1 to 4, where 1 = no heat stress; 2 = mild heat stress; 3 = severe heat stress; and 4 = moribund. The accuracy of the scoring system was then predicted using 3 machine learning techniques: logistic regression, Gaussian naïve Bayes, and random forest. To predict the accuracy of the scoring system, these techniques used factors including temperature-humidity index, respiration rate, lying time, lying bouts, total steps, drooling, open-mouth breathing, panting, location in shade or sprinklers, somatic cell score, reticulorumen temperature, hygiene body condition score, milk yield, and milk fat and protein percent. Three different treatments, namely, portable shade structure, portable polyvinyl chloride pipe sprinkler system, or control with no heat abatement, were considered, where each treatment was replicated 3 times with 3 second-trimester lactating cows. Results indicate that random forest outperformed the other 2 methods, with respect to both accuracy and precision, in predicting the sprinkler group's score. Both logistic regression and random forest were consistent in predicting scores for control, shade, and combined groups. The mean probability of predicting non-heat-stressed cows was highest for cows in the sprinkler group. Finally, the logistic regression method worked best for predicting heat-stressed cows in control, shade, and combined. The insights gained from these results could aid dairy producers to detect heat stress before it becomes severe, which could decrease the negative effects of heat stress, such as milk loss.     

Technical note: Effects of adding shade and fans to a feedbunk sprinkler system for preparturient cows on health and performance

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of adding shades and fans to a feedbunk-mounted sprinkler system on preparturient Holstein cows during summer heat stress. Outcome variables included postpartum milk production, changes in body condition score, changes in serum concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), and incidence of postparturient disorders. Four hundred and seventy-five prepartum multiparous cows, 250 to 257 d pregnant, were randomly allocated to 2 study pens. Treatments consisted of sprinklers over the feed bunk (n = 236); and sprinklers, fans, and shades over the feed bunk (n = 239). Data were used from cows spending a minimum of 14 d in their assigned pen. After parturition, all cows were housed and managed under identical conditions. Data recorders in each pen recorded environmental temperature and humidity every 30 min. Body condition scores were taken at study enrollment, parturition, and 60 d in lactation. Following parturition, the presence of retained placenta, metritis, milk fever, and displaced abomasum were recorded for the length of the study. Milk production was measured using twice-monthly Dairy Herd Improvement Association tests for the first 60 d in lactation. Blood was sampled twice weekly in 98 cows and analyzed for serum NEFA during the last 3 wk before parturition. Cows spent approximately 28 d in their respective treatments. Average daily environmental temperature (± SD) in the sprinkler only treatment was 26.4 ± 7.2 vs. 25.1 ± 8.6°C in the shade, fans, and sprinkler treatment during the length of the trial. There was no difference in body condition score changes, incidence of postparturient disorders, or serum NEFA concentrations. There was a significant difference in total 60-d milk production, and an economic benefit over the preexisting cooling system.     

Effects of shade and sprinklers on performance, behavior, physiology, and the environment of heifers

The objective was to measure effects of cooling technique (shade vs. water sprinklers) on performance, behavior, physiology, and the environmental effect of 40 Holstein heifers housed in drylot corrals during the hot summer months. The experiment was a replicated crossover design with four 21-d periods and 2 treatments: 1) shades installed in the front half of the pen or 2) sprinklers, which applied water to the pen surface at 2-h intervals from 1100 to 1900 h. Animal performance measures were dry matter intake, average daily gain, and feed efficiency (gain:feed). Behavioral measures, elimination patterns, and corral spatial distribution were measured in 5-min scan frequencies over four 24-h periods. Physiological measures were rectal temperature, respiration rate, urinary urea N, and blood urea N. Environmental measures were corral soil surface temperature and moisture, particulate matter, and surface NH₃ volatilization; meteorological measures were also collected. Shaded compared with sprinkled heifers had increased dry matter intake (3.4%), increased average daily gain (14%), and increased feed efficiency (11%). Heifers in shaded vs. sprinkler treatments had decreased respiration rates (13%). Behavioral differences between the treatments varied by time of day. Heifers spent most time in either the shaded or sprinkled areas of their corrals (65.9 and 64.2%, respectively). Elimination behavior occurred predominantly at the front of the corral in close proximity to the feed bunks and additionally at the water trough in sprinkled corrals. Sprinkler treatment had a 31.7% greater average corral surface moisture than the shaded treatment. Corral surface temperature varied based on areas of surface moisture, shade location, and elimination concentration within the corral. Sprinkled corrals had less particulate matter emissions than shaded (25%), but NH₃ emissions were 46% greater in sprinkler vs. shaded treatment. Overall, the use of shade in heifer corrals improved heifer performance and physiological measures, but sprinkler treatment had less NH₃ emissions from corral surfaces under heat stress conditions. Both cooling techniques affected spatial distribution and behaviors of the heifers, which affected pen usage and surface characteristics.     

Feasibility assessment of a tunnel-ventilated, water-padded barn on alleviation of heat stress for lactating Holstein cows in a humid area

The use of evaporative cooling for mitigating heat stress in lactating cows in humid areas is controversial. In Taiwan, Holstein cow performance is significantly restricted by hot and humid weather. This study investigated the efficacy of using a tunnel-ventilated, water-padded freestall (TP) barn for reducing heat stress in lactating cows. From August to October 2006, 36 cows allocated in a 3 × 3 Latin square were raised in 3 barn cooling treatments: a conventional freestall barn with fans and sprinklers in the feed line (Fan+SP, control), a TP barn, and a TP barn with sprinkler cooling (TP+SP). Daytime air speeds in the 3 barns were 1.23, 2.38, and 2.06 m/s, respectively. Both TP barns were more efficient than the control in reducing the daytime temperature and temperature-humidity index. The barn temperature was <26°C for an extra 4.2 h per day, but the relative humidity was >96% in both TP barns. Cows in both TP barns had higher respiration rates and skin temperatures at 0300 h than cows in the Fan+SP barn. The TP environment increased the cows’ serum cholesterol level and the activities of alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase, but blood partial pressure of CO₂ was not affected. Vaginal temperature was persistently high in cows in the TP barn; in the 2 SP barns, it decreased 0.4 to 0.6°C following sprinkling and milking. The intake activity and rumen digestion of cows raised in the 3 environments were similar. Cows in both TP barns ingested more dry matter. Cows in the TP+SP barn tended to produce more milk than those in the Fan+SP barn (25.4 vs. 24.7 kg). Although heat stress was not completely alleviated in these 3 barns, the TP+SP treatment resolved the negative effect of a previous TP barn built in 2004 on intake and milk yield by increasing air speed and using sprinkler cooling. Thus, it is expected that TP+SP barns will be beneficial in regions with high humidity. Adequate air speed and sprinkler cooling are likely to be key factors for further study.     

Fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in field-inoculated lettuce

Impact of drip and overhead sprinkler irrigation on the persistence of attenuated Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the lettuce phyllosphere was investigated using a split-plot design in four field trials conducted in the Salinas Valley, California, between summer 2007 and fall 2009. Rifampicin-resistant attenuated E. coli O157:H7 ATCC 700728 (BLS1) was inoculated onto the soil beds after seeding with a backpack sprayer or onto 2- or 4-week-old lettuce plant foliage with a spray bottle at a level of 7 log CFU ml⁻¹. When E. coli O157:H7 was inoculated onto 2-week-old plants, the organism was recovered by enrichment in 1 of 120 or 0 of 240 plants at 21 or 28 days post-inoculation, respectively. For the four trials where inoculum was applied to 4-week-old plants, the population size of E. coli O157:H7 declined rapidly and by day 7, counts were near or below the limit of detection (10 cells per plant) for 82% or more of the samples. However, in 3 out 4 field trials E. coli O157:H7 was still detected in lettuce plants by enrichment 4-weeks post-inoculation. Neither drip nor overhead sprinkler irrigation consistently influenced the survival of E. coli O157:H7 on lettuce.     

VERSATILE SMALL-SCALE MALTING EQUIPMENT

Small drum-type equipment has been constructed capable of malting 8 × 1 kg. samples of barley according to a variety of steeping and germination schedules. Barley is loaded into drums which oscillate twice a minute, through 320°, an arrangement that allows liquid lines to sprinkler bars, gas lines and vacuum lines to be joined to the drums with flexible tubing, without the added complexities and expense of gas-tight sliding seals. Heat is lost from the germinating barley chiefly through the walls of the drums so that they may be completely sealed. The whole equipment is mounted in a constant temperature, high humidity cabinet.