海拔对高压电气设备外绝缘放电的影响

本文阐述了海拔高度对空气间隙和绝缘子在干状态和淋雨状态下放电电压的影响,作者在人工气候室内进行了大量研究试验发现:在干状态下,海拔的影响与试品长度、试验电压波形关系很大;在淋雨状态下,海拔的影响因试品结构、雨水电阻率大小等因素的不同而差别很大。试验得出:海拔每增加100米,放电电压降低的百分数Δu％,正雷电冲击为1.06％,负雷电冲击为0.87％,工频于试为1.28％,工频湿试为0.68％。     

高海拔地区750kV线路防污闪、防雨闪措施研究

我国第1条750kV输电线路不仅处于高海拔地区，而且该地区气候条件恶劣，环境染污问题严重。根据750kV输电线路所在的高海拔地区的气候环境特点，分析了外绝缘设备在高海拔地区的污闪问题，并通过试验证实了复合绝缘子和RTV涂料技术在高海拔低气压条件下的防污闪能力，分析了高海拔地区可能出现的气象条件对硅橡胶材料憎水性的影响，发现低温和高湿度对硅橡胶憎水性的影响比低气压的影响更显著。讨论了750kV变电设备上可能出现的雨闪问题，提出了提高相关设备防雨闪能力的建议措施。     

冲击电压下沿面闪络与空气湿度的关系

研究了冲击电压下的绝缘表面空气闪络电压与湿度的关系。研究结果表明,对于支柱绝缘子,其冲击闪络电压与湿度之间的关系基本符合现行ＩＥＣ标准。但对于套管,其冲击闪络电压电压与湿度之间的着重关系与现行ＩＥＣ标准完全相反,大致成“镜像”关系。发现对于套管型沿面放电,其正极性流注的电位梯度随湿度增加而下降,这正好与现行湿度对放电影响的理论所预测的规律相反。     

Study on AC pollution flashover performance of composite insulators at high altitude sites of 2800-4500 m

The newly constructed Qinghai-Tibet Railway connecting Golumd and Lhasa is the highest railway in the world, which is located on the hinterland of Qinghai- Tibet Plateau with the average altitude of above 4000 m. Therefore, the external insulation of electric equipments will be affected by the atmospheric conditions in the high altitude regions. In contrast to many test investigations in the artificial climate chamber, there are few ones at the high altitude sites of 3000 m and above. In the paper, the ac artificial pollution tests of four types of composite insulators are carried out at three high altitude sites of 2820 m, 3575 m and 4484 m along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. The test results show that the ac pollution flashover voltages in high altitude regions are affected not only by the pollution grades but also by the atmospheric parameters. The pollution flashover voltages will decrease with the increase of air pressure but increase with the decreases of ambient temperature. The exponent characterizing the influence of equivalent salt deposit density is 0.26 to 0.32 and the exponent characterizing the influence of non-soluble deposit density is 0.12 to 0.16, the influence of non-soluble deposit density cannot be neglected. The exponent characterizing the influence of air pressure is 0.507 to 0.587. The exponent characterizing the influence of ambient temperature is about 0.20. Considering the combined influence of the air pressure and ambient temperature, the ac flashover voltage of the polluted composite insulators will decrease by 4.0% to 6.4% for the altitude increased per 1000 m.     

高海拔现场标准悬式绝缘子的交流污闪特性

绝缘子污闪特性是对高海拔地区输电线路进行外绝缘选择时需考虑的重要因素之一。目前大多数研究是在人工模拟条件下进行的,文章通过理论分析提出了高海拔条件下的污闪模型,并在高海拔现场试验研究了标准悬式绝缘子XP-70的交流污闪特性。结果表明,高海拔条件下的气压对污闪电压影响的特征指数为0.51。高海拔现场的试验研究结果表明,海拔升高,环境温度上升,污闪电压下降,污闪电压正比于绝对温度之比的幂函数,其温度影响指数为0.23。因此,文章提出研究高海拔条件下的污闪电压不仅应考虑气压的影响,而且不能忽视温度的影响。     

高海拔现场与人工气候室下绝缘子交流污闪特性的比较

高海拔下污秽绝缘子串电气性能将降低,国内外在高海拔现场和人工气候室对高海拔地区污秽绝缘子闪络特性开展了大量研究,但人工模拟试验结果与自然环境的试验结果等价性的问题罕见报道,分别在不同海拔的高海拔现场和人工气候室开展了不同型式绝缘子交流污闪特性对比试验研究,试验结果表明:蒸汽雾法下绝缘子交流污闪电压比湿污法下的高;随着海拔的增加,绝缘子串交流污闪电压将降低,其气压影响特征指数与绝缘子型式、盐密等有关;人工模拟试验结果与自然环境的试验结果具有等价性关系的研究结果可为高海拔地区输电线路外绝缘的选择和设计提供参考。     

低气压下绝缘子短波头操作冲击污闪特性

在操作冲击下绝缘子也会发生污闪,且随着海拔升高或气压降低,绝缘子操作冲击污闪电压还将降低。为满足我国高海拔地区污秽绝缘选择的需要,文章在人工气候室模拟不同海拔条件下的低气压,通过试验研究了清洁和染污7片串XP-160绝缘子在短波头操作冲击下的污闪特性,得出了盐密、气压、温度对污秽绝缘子50%操作冲击闪络电压影响的关系式,确定了三者的影响特征参数。研究结果表明,与清洁绝缘子的干闪和雾闪电压相比,污秽绝缘子在操作冲击下的污闪电压明显降低,因此工程设计时应考虑污秽绝缘子的操作冲击放电特性。     

Influence of sintering temperature on the flashover performance of alumina insulators in vacuum

This paper reports on the influence of sintering conditions on the flashover/pre-flashover characteristics of alumina insulators in vacuum under an impulse voltage. Four kinds of alumina insulator were studied, which were prepared using the same formula with different sintering conditions. The surface pre-flashover and flashover phenomena of different samples in vacuum have been observed under impulse voltage. Based on the experimental results, the characteristics of pre-flashover and flashover vary with different kinds of test samples. It was found that the insulators with a higher sintering temperature had a lower flashover voltage, and more active preflashover. From a scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of alumina insulators, we conclude that the methods of preparing alumina samples can affect their microstructure resulting in a change in the pre-flashover and flashover performance as alumina insulators.     

高海拔地区750kV输电线路绝缘子选型研究

在2种盐密、4种海拔高度下对8种典型的大吨位电瓷和玻璃绝缘子进行了人工污秽试验,得出了各种绝缘子污闪电压随海拔高度的变化规律。通过比较,三层伞型电瓷绝缘子的耐污闪性能最好,双层伞型电瓷绝缘子的耐污闪性能也较好,而且随海拔升高其污闪电压降低幅度较小,所以推荐使用三层伞或双层伞电瓷绝缘子。采用工程设计中广泛采用的爬电比距法,给出了4种污秽等级、4种海拔高度下750kV线路悬式绝缘子的片数,并用污闪试验结果对选择结果进行了验证。     

Steep Impulse Voltage Characteristics of Suspension Insulators

Transmission and distribution lines are sometimes struck by lightning and there is some risk of electrical puncture of suspension insulators due to high and steep lightning surge voltage. When the insulators suffer from steep lightning surge voltages, the solid insulating body of the insulators sometimes is punctured before external flashover in the air occurs. These characteristics were investigated on the insulators in the laboratory by using different steep impulse voltages. From the investigation results, both V-t characteristics of external flashover and internal puncture were obtained on the insulators. It was found that the puncture of the insulators is a matter of probability, depending on the dimensions of the insulators, steep impulse voltages and number of impulse voltage applications. Especially, the effect of number of voltage applications on puncture probability was clarified and partial damage by a small number of voltage applications was verified before complete puncture occurred. Based on the study results, an empirical equation relating to probability of puncture (P), impulse voltage (V) and number of voltage applications (N) was established.     

低气压下三种直流绝缘子覆冰闪络特性及其比较

根据人工气候室模拟覆冰条件所进行的直流闪络试验结果，分析了气压和覆冰水电导率对三种超高压直流绝缘子(XZP-160、LXZP．210、XZWP-160)覆冰负极性闪络电压的影响。试验结果表明：直流绝缘子覆冰负极性闪络电压与气压、覆冰水电导率等呈非线性关系；覆冰水电导率对负极性闪络电压的影响在覆冰期比在融冰期更严重；不同结构绝缘子的冰闪电压有着明显的差异，三伞型XZWP-160绝缘子受气压和污秽的影响比钟罩型XZP-160和LXZP-210绝缘子严重。由此，建议在高海拔覆冰地区要慎重选择直流绝缘子。同时对三种不同类型的绝缘子在覆冰期的闪络电压进行校正，这对我国西电东送工程中直流输电外绝缘的设计有着重要的参考价值。     

高海拔复合绝缘子污闪特性研究

3种不同伞型的复合绝缘子在亲水性状态和 4种海拔高度、两种盐密下进行了人工污秽试验 ,并和典型的电瓷绝缘子做了比较 ,同时也进行了憎水性状态下复合绝缘子的污闪试验。试验结果表明 ,复合绝缘子污闪电压随气压降低有规律地降低 ,而且即使表面丧失憎水性其耐污闪性能也远高于电瓷绝缘子。     

110~500 kV复合绝缘子的雷电闪络特性

为研究复合绝缘子的雷电冲击闪络特性,在110 kV、220 kV和500 kV电压等级下对复合绝缘子进行了大量的试验。利用Matlab分析试验数据,得到了不同电压等级绝缘子50%雷电冲击电压与干弧距离的关系曲线,拟合出了110~500 kV绝缘子50%雷电冲击电压与干弧距离的关系表达式,通过逐步提高冲击电压的峰值研究并绘制出了110 kV绝缘子的伏秒特性曲线,为复合绝缘子的选型提供了参考。     

Effects of low air pressure on AC and DC arc propagation on ice surface

The effects of air pressure on the AC and DC arc process on an ice surface, including velocity, parameters and flashover voltage, were studied. The results obtained showed that air pressure has an obvious influence on the arc propagation velocity, arc constant A, electrode voltage drop V_e and consequently on the flashover voltage of the ice surface, V_f. This decrease in V_f is explained by the decrease in the E-I arc characteristics and arc propagation velocity, and by the relatively higher density of Na atoms in the arcs at pressures below standard air pressure. Based on these results, the mechanism underlying the decrease in the flashover voltage of ice-covered insulators at high altitude was analyzed     

不同运行年限的复合绝缘子电气和机械性能

为研究运行年份不等的66kV复合绝缘子的电气和机械性能,抽取了已运行不同年份的19支复合绝缘子,利用工频试验变压器、冲击电压发生器和复合绝缘子拉力机对其进行自然污秽工频闪络试验、人工污秽工频闪络试验、50%雷电冲击闪络试验、50%机械负荷耐受试验、机械破坏负荷试验。结果表明:其电气性能仍然较好,污闪和雷击闪络电压随着绝缘子结构高度增大而增大,与运行时间无关;机械性能具有一定分散性,早期楔式结构的复合绝缘子的机械性能有所下降。建议有关部门加强对早期复合绝缘子的机械性能的检测。     

750 kV变电站支持绝缘子在高海拔地区的污闪特性研究

在2种盐密、4种海拔高度（气压）下对3种不同伞形结构的750kV电站支持绝缘子进行了人工污秽试验，得出不同支持绝缘子污闪电压随海拔高度（气压）的变化规律。对于不同结构绝缘子，分别给出750kV变电站所需的最低绝缘高度。并对伞裙结构进行了选择。     

低气压下特高压直流污秽复合绝缘子覆冰闪络特性

复合绝缘子耐污性能好,我国在建的云广±800 kV直流特高压线路将采用复合绝缘子,但该线路面临覆冰和高海 拔的影响。该文在人工气候室模拟高海拔的低气压研究了2种不同伞型结构的染污复合绝缘子直流冰闪特性。结果表明：特高压直流复合绝缘子冰闪电压随冰厚和污秽程度增加均呈幂函数规律下降,2种绝缘子冰厚影响特征指数分别为0.246、0.212,污秽影响特征指数则分别为0.174 2、0.178 4。而冰闪电压与高海拔低气压之间满足幂函数关系,其气压影响特征指数与绝缘子型式、覆冰状态和覆冰量、污秽程度等有关。在中等覆冰条件下,五三型结构复合绝缘子具有较好的覆冰电气性能。在严重覆冰条件下,复合绝缘子伞裙结构对直流冰闪电压的影响不明显。     

Effect of climatic conditions on contamination flashover voltage ofinsulators

The effects of weather conditions such as temperature and pressure on contamination flashover voltage of insulators were investigated theoretically, combining reported empirical relations. The flashover voltage theoretically calculated by the authors were compared with experimental data obtained in various parts of the world. Working curves were also presented for flashover voltage as a function of temperature and pressure for one contamination level and altitude     

长绝缘子串及长空气间隙的放电特性

本文主要为龙西线330千伏输电线路高海拨地区绝缘设计需要而进行的研究性试验,其主要内容为:在模拟铁塔下,取得XP—10型长绝缘子串(16—28片)的工频干态及淋雨时的平均放电电压值、操作冲击波干态及淋雨时的50％放电电压值及雷电冲击波时50％放电电压值,得出了回归方程并作出曲线;同时还取得了模拟实际线路长空气间隙(1—5米)的操作冲击波50％放电电压值。由试验结果得出了回归方程并作出曲线。文章对试验结果进行了分析,得到了一些实用的数据。为了确定试验结果的可靠程度,试验中还进行了对比验证,并与有关文献进行了对照。认为,在特定条件下及一定的允许误差范围内数据是可信的,可供现场设计应用。     

覆冰绝缘子串的交流闪络特性和放电过程

为了解长串绝缘子在高海拔下的冰闪特性,在气候室内对XP-70、XWP2-160绝缘子串和FXBW4-110/100合成绝缘子进行了人工覆冰电气试验研究。结果表明:气压对覆冰绝缘子串冰闪电压的影响与污秽绝缘子的相似,3种绝缘子的气压影响指数分别为0.64、0.55和0.69;在不同气压下冰闪电压与绝缘子串长均呈线性关系;绝缘子串覆冰以后的电压分布发生变化且受冰的状态的影响,这个变化是覆冰绝缘子串电气特性下降的主要原因;覆冰绝缘子串的局部电弧发展成完全闪络所需的时间比污秽绝缘子长,且受冰层的融化和冰凌状态的影响;覆冰绝缘子的临界闪络电流大于污秽绝缘子,且与绝缘子串长和类型有关,其原因有待进一步研究。