用于低功耗微型磁通门的Co77Fe2.5Mn1.4Mo2.1Si13B4非晶薄膜研究

采用直流磁控溅射方法制备了一种适用于微型磁通门的Co77Fe2.5Mn1.4Mo2.1Si13B4非晶软磁铁芯薄膜,并对薄膜进行了200℃外加面内横向磁场的真空退火。利用振动样品磁强计(VSM)、X射线扫描仪(XRD)以及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)测试了薄膜的磁滞回线、相组成、表面形貌并进行了成分分析;使用制备得到的薄膜作为双铁芯磁通门的铁芯,测试了磁通门的激励电流、灵敏度和线性范围。结果表明,制备得到的薄膜主要呈非晶态,具有较大的相对磁导率并且磁滞回线在小磁场下出现明显的拐点;用作磁通门铁芯薄膜时,能得到类似使用Co基非晶带材铁芯时的明显的磁通门信号;工作在40kHz时,磁通门传感器能以有效值22mA的激励电流获得2700V/T的输出电压灵敏度。因此,制备得到的薄膜适用于低功耗、高灵敏度微型磁通门传感器。     

基于电容检测MEMS磁传感器的设计与制作

为实现微型化、低功耗、低成本和高灵敏度的磁传感器,提出了一种基于微型磁扭摆结构的磁传感器,并利用对角度变化非常敏感的差分电容检测技术对磁扭摆的扭转角度进行检测．设计的磁传感器包括微扭摆结构、磁性敏感薄膜和差分检测电容等部分．分析了器件的磁敏感原理和电容检测原理,给出了器件的结构参数和综合设计考虑．利用体硅加工工艺成功制作出了磁传感器样品,并进行了实验测试．测试结果表明磁传感器有良好的线性度和重复性,其磁场检测的电容灵敏度可达到0．2fF／Gauss．根据对磁传感器的热噪声分析,可得到磁传感器最小可分辨的磁场为6．72μT．该磁传感器结构简凑、工艺简单,无需电流激励,大大降低了磁传感器功耗．     

Cu/Co双层膜微观结构和磁学性能

用原子力显微镜(AFM)和X射线衍射(XRD)研究了不同厚度Cu/Co双层膜的表面形貌和微观结构,并用振动样品磁强计(VSM)测量了磁滞回线。实验结果表明,薄膜表面由均匀岛状结构组成,随着Co薄膜厚度增加,"小岛"高度升高,之后部分"小岛"发生合并长大。当Co薄膜厚度为5和15nm时,Co为fcc结构;当Co薄膜厚度为30nm时,fcc结构和hcp结构同时存在。此外,随着Co薄膜厚度增加,对应磁滞回线矩形度逐渐变大,并且矫顽力和饱和磁化强度逐渐增大。     

磁势自平衡回馈补偿式直流传感器特性研究

在磁势自平衡回馈补偿式直流传感器中，检测补偿回路对系统的精度有很大影响。检测回路利用一对铁芯和线圈对一次被测电流和二次平衡电流磁势之差进行检测。根据铁芯近似矩形磁化曲线在分析其磁通变化的基础上，对检测回路进行了理论研究，给出了检测灵敏度的计算表达式。通过分析表达式，认为通过增大激励电压和总电流，提高取样电阻，增加铁芯材料相对磁导率、检测绕组匝数，增大铁芯截面积，减小平均等效磁路长度可以提高检测灵敏度，这些措施在实验中得到了验证，灵敏度最高达到了124mV／AT。根据磁势自平衡回馈补偿式直流传感机理，设计了实验样机，实验结果证明了这种新理论的正确性。     

非晶CoFeSiBMo合金微带磁性能及在MI磁敏感元件中的应用

采用单辊快淬法制备(Co0.942Fe0.058)71-x Si6.4B22.6Mox(x=0~5)非晶微带。合金微带的玻璃转化温度(Tg)随着Mo含量的增加由805K单调升高至832K;Mo含量为x=5时,过冷液相区ΔTx达最大值,表明添加Mo提高了该体系合金的非晶形成能力。饱和磁化强度(Ms)随Mo含量的增加而减小,但在Mo元素含量x=2时,矫顽力(Hc)值最小,有效磁导率(μe)最大。磁学性能测试结果显示,与常规热处理相比,磁场热处理对微带软磁性能改善更加明显。经过纵向磁场热处理,(Co0.942Fe0.058)69Si6.4B22.6Mo2非晶微带饱和磁化强度和有效磁导率分别达到80.99A·m2/kg和12 510,与制备态相比,分别增加40.15%和65.52%;而矫顽力为0.64A/m,减小48.39%。在驱动频率为43kHz时,以(Co0.942Fe0.058)69Si6.4B22.6Mo2为磁芯的MI磁敏感元件,对磁场灵敏度最大为136%/(A·m-1),对弱磁场响应灵敏。     

Pr2/3Sr1/3MnO3薄膜外场诱导自旋输运特性

采用脉冲激光沉积法制备了稀土掺杂钙钛矿锰氧化物Pr2/3Sr1/3MnO3(PSMO)外延薄膜,研究了薄膜在磁场、激光和电流作用下的自旋输运特性.在低温铁磁金属相,激光作用使薄膜的电阻增大,而磁场和电流则诱导电阻减小;在高温顺磁绝缘态,外场诱导均使电阻减小.在铁磁金属相,外场诱导输运特性的变化可归结于外场对体系电子自旋系统的影响:磁场和电流加强材料中eg电子和t2g局域电子间的自旋平行,增强了双交换作用;激光作用可产生光致退磁效应,减弱双交换作用.在顺磁绝缘态,场致电阻降低源于外场致使小极化子的退局域化效应.     

基于稳恒磁场环境下Sm-Fe-B GMF成膜及其性能测试与模拟

在施加不同磁场强度及方向的稳恒磁场环境中,采用离子束溅射沉积法,在玻璃衬底上制备SmFe-B超磁致伸缩薄膜(GMF)。使用LS-7010M-KC激光微位移传感器与交变梯度磁强计(AGM)分别测试薄膜悬臂梁磁偏转量与磁滞回线,以研究制备时施加稳恒磁场对薄膜磁致伸缩性能及软磁性能的影响。利用微磁学软件OOMMF,模拟研究了在外加相同实验磁场强度下,施加不同稳恒磁场强度对Sm-Fe-B薄膜磁矩分布的影响。实验研究结果表明,施加稳恒磁场下制备的薄膜样品,其饱和磁致伸缩性能明显优于无磁场环境所制备的样品;在实验条件下,薄膜样品的磁致伸缩性能随着施加稳恒磁场强度的增大而提高。模拟与实验研究结果均表明,Sm-Fe-B GMF的易磁化轴与沉积过程中所施加的稳恒磁场方向一致。在特定的悬臂梁结构应用中,薄膜沉积过程中通过改变施加不同稳恒磁场方向与其强度大小,可获得达到所需易磁化轴方向且具有较大磁偏转量的薄膜元件。     

Fe78Co2Zr8Nb2B10-xGex（x=1,2,3）合金的晶化过程和磁性能研究

采用单辊快淬法制备Fe78Co2Zr8Nb2B10-xGex(x=1,2,3)系非晶合金,在不同热处理条件下对两种合金进行热处理。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)和振动样品磁强计(VSM)等测试手段对合金的微观结构和磁性能进行研究。研究结果表明,3种合金的晶化过程相似:非晶→非晶+α-Fe(Co)→α-Fe(Co)+Fe3Zr+Fe2B。3种合金的比饱和磁化强度(Ms)大体上随退火温度的升高而增大;3种合金的矫顽力(Hc)随退火温度的升高均呈现先增加、后降低、再增加的复杂变化趋势。     

[NiFe/Cu/Co/Cu]_n多层纳米线在巨磁电阻位移传感器中的应用

采用双槽电沉积法制备了巨磁电阻(Giant Magnetorsistance;GMR)材料[NiFe/Cu/Co/Cu]_n多层纳米线阵列,并以其为磁传感器芯片,设计并制备了GMR位移传感器,在不同温度下测试了其灵敏度。研究表明,该GMR位移传感器的输出电压与位移具有较好的线性关系,在10~40℃环境温度内具有良好的稳定性。与[NiF e/Cu/Co/Cu]_n多层膜作传感器芯片相比,以[NiFe/Cu/Co/Cu]_n多层纳米线作为芯片时传感器灵敏度更高。     

基于新型鼓包法测试NiFe2O4薄膜的力磁性能

为表征NiFe_2O_4(NFO)薄膜材料的力磁性能,利用自主研发的新型多场耦合鼓包测试系统和发展的铁磁材料鼓包力磁本构方程,采用溶胶-凝胶法和化学腐蚀法制备了NFO薄膜鼓包样品,并在不同力磁条件下研究了NFO薄膜力磁耦合性能。结果表明,在外加磁场为0Oe时,NFO薄膜弹性模量和残余应力分别为187.8GPa和500.8 MPa。随着外加磁场的增大,NFO薄膜弹性模量由0Oe时的187.8GPa逐渐增大到800Oe时的484.6GPa;磁致伸缩系数由200Oe时的-94.2×10~(-6)增大到800Oe时的-326.2×10~(-6)。当鼓包油压由0kPa增大到50kPa时,NFO薄膜剩余磁化强度降低75%,矫顽磁场降低44%。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.