基于HMM-SVM的故障诊断模型及应用

针对直升机减速器故障诊断中机器学习方法存在的问题，根据隐马尔可夫模型（HMM）适合于处理连续动态信号与支持向量机（SVM）适合于模式分类的长处，提出了基于HMMSVM串联结构的故障诊断模型。通过从减速箱振动信号中有效提取AR特征，利用HMM汁算未知信号与减速器各状态的匹配程度，形成特征向量提供给SVM最后判别，实验结果表明该方法优于单纯的HMM或SVM诊断方法，能利用少量训练样本有效地完成直升机减速器的故障诊断。     

基于等距特征映射和支持矢量机的转子故障诊断方法

针对振动信号的非线性特征,提出一种基于等距特征映射(Isometric feature mapping,ISOMAP)和支持矢量机(Support vector machine,SVM)的转子故障诊断方法。利用ISOMAP把数据从高维空间投影到低维空间而不改变数据内在属性的特点,对高维的故障振动信号降维并提取出低维的数据作为特征矢量,采用一种新核函数支持矢量机作为分类器进行故障诊断。将该方法应用于转子故障诊断,结果表明,ISOMAP-SVM方法不仅具有较高的故障诊断率,而且取得振动信号在低维空间的可视化表示。与其他核函数相比新核函数支持矢量机具有较好的诊断效果。     

基于GMKL-SVM的模拟电路故障诊断方法

提出了一种新颖的基于广义多核支持向量机(GMKL-SVM)的模拟电路故障诊断方法。首先,应用Haar小波分析提取被测电路时域响应信号的小波系数作为特征参量,并生成样本数据;然后,基于样本数据,应用量子粒子群算法对GMKL-SVM的参数进行优化,并以此建立基于GMKL-SVM的故障诊断模型,用于区分模拟电路的各个故障。实例电路的单故障和双故障诊断实验结果表明,所提出的GMKL-SVM方法能较好地实现模拟电路故障诊断,与传统的GMKL-SVM方法相比,表现出了更好的性能,获得了更高的故障诊断正确率。     

Fault diagnosis method based on FFT-RPCA-SVM for Cascaded-Multilevel Inverter

Thanks to reduced switch stress, high quality of load wave, easy packaging and good extensibility, the cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter is widely used in wind power system. To guarantee stable operation of system, a new fault diagnosis method, based on Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Relative Principle Component Analysis (RPCA) and Support Vector Machine (SVM), is proposed for H-bridge multilevel inverter. To avoid the influence of load variation on fault diagnosis, the output voltages of the inverter is chosen as the fault characteristic signals. To shorten the time of diagnosis and improve the diagnostic accuracy, the main features of the fault characteristic signals are extracted by FFT. To further reduce the training time of SVM, the feature vector is reduced based on RPCA that can get a lower dimensional feature space. The fault classifier is constructed via SVM. An experimental prototype of the inverter is built to test the proposed method. Compared to other fault diagnosis methods, the experimental results demonstrate the high accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method.     

基于AR-连续HMM的故障诊断模型及应用

在状态监测与故障诊断中,被测设备的状态一般不能直接观察到,要通过测量被测设备的表现来感知,这和隐马尔可夫模型(HMM)在本质是相通的。因此可以利用连续高斯密度混合HMM分析被测设备的振动信号,首先以AR模型系数为特征,研究不同状态数与不同混合高斯数对HMM模型分类的影响,再利用较优的状态数与混合高斯数HMM模型进行状态监测和故障诊断,诊断与对比实验结果表明该方法能利用少量样本进行训练和有效诊断。     

多尺度排列熵及其在滚动轴承故障诊断中的应用

引入多尺度排列熵（MPE）的概念,用来检测振动信号不同尺度下的动力学突变行为,并将其应用于机械故障诊断中滚动轴承故障特征的提取,结合支持向量机(SVM),提出了一种基于MPE和SVM的滚动轴承故障诊断方法,将新提出的滚动轴承故障诊断方法应用于实验数据分析,并通过与BP神经网络对比,结果表明,该方法能够有效地提取故障特征,实现故障类型的诊断。     

Intelligent diagnosis of short hydraulic signal based on improved EEMD and SVM with few low-dimensional training samples

The high accurate classification ability of an intelligent diagnosis method often needs a large amount of training samples with high-dimensional eigenvectors, however the characteristics of the signal need to be extracted accurately. Although the existing EMD(empirical mode decomposition) and EEMD(ensemble empirical mode decomposition) are suitable for processing non-stationary and non-linear signals, but when a short signal, such as a hydraulic impact signal, is concerned, their decomposition accuracy become very poor. An improve EEMD is proposed specifically for short hydraulic impact signals. The improvements of this new EEMD are mainly reflected in four aspects, including self-adaptive de-noising based on EEMD, signal extension based on SVM(support vector machine), extreme center fitting based on cubic spline interpolation, and pseudo component exclusion based on cross-correlation analysis. After the energy eigenvector is extracted from the result of the improved EEMD, the fault pattern recognition based on SVM with small amount of low-dimensional training samples is studied. At last, the diagnosis ability of improved EEMD+SVM method is compared with the EEMD+SVM and EMD+SVM methods, and its diagnosis accuracy is distinctly higher than the other two methods no matter the dimension of the eigenvectors are low or high. The improved EEMD is very propitious for the decomposition of short signal, such as hydraulic impact signal, and its combination with SVM has high ability for the diagnosis of hydraulic impact faults.     

整体改进的基于支持向量机的故障诊断方法

为了消除噪声或野值样本对支持向量机分类器推广性能的不利影响,从数据预处理、特征提取和分类器设计等几个方面对现有的基于支持向量机的故障诊断方法进行了整体改进。一方面,在独立分量分析的基础上提出一种残余总体相关分析时域特征提取方法,利用独立分量分析的冗余取消特性以及残余总体相关分析的整体约简能力,抽取描述不同故障模式类的典型低维特征,削减原始数据中的噪声干扰;另一方面,对各模式类特征样本进行模糊C-均值聚类,然后以类内平均距离和类间平均距离共同构建一个有效性判别准则,用于区分特征空间中的有效样本与野值点,去除野值对支持向量机目标函数的影响。在此基础上引入具有可控稀化解的前向最小平方近似支持向量机算法,并采用基于复杂多故障模式分级识别的二分类策略,共同形成一种整体改进的基于支持向量机的故障诊断方法。对齿轮箱故障的诊断结果验证了该方法的有效性,对于受强噪声干扰的小样本数据,所构建的故障分类器也具有良好的推广能力。     

钢筋混凝土框架近断层速度脉冲地震响应分析

针对滚动轴承的故障诊断问题，提出了一种基于栈式稀疏自编码网络(stacked sparse auto encoder，简称SSAE)、改进灰狼智能优化算法(improved grey wolf optimization，简称IGWO)以及支持向量机(support vector machine，简称SVM)的混合智能故障诊断模型。首先，利用栈式自编码网络强大的特征自提取能力，实现故障信号深层频谱特征的自适应学习，通过引入稀疏项约束提高特征学习的泛化性能；其次，利用改进的灰狼算法实现支持向量机的参数优化；最后，基于优化后的SVM完成对故障特征向量的分类识别。所提混合智能故障诊断模型充分结合了深度神经网络强大的特征自学习能力和支持向量机优秀的小样本分类性能，避免了手工特征提取的弊端，可对不同故障类型的振动信号实现更精准的识别。多组对比实验表明，相比传统方法，笔者所提出的模型具有更优秀的故障识别能力，诊断准确率可达98%以上。     

基于连续高斯密度混合HMM的滚动轴承故障诊断研究

滚动轴承在直升机的传动系统中占有十分重要的地位，对其进行快速有效的状态监测与故障诊断具有重大意义。由故障诊断和隐马尔可夫模型(Hidden Markov Model，HMM)本质上的相通性，利用连续高斯密度混合隐马尔可夫模型分析滚动轴承的振动信号，先以基于短时傅里叶变换的倒谱系数为特征训练模型，再利用模型进行状态监测和故障诊断，实验结果表明该方法能利用少量样本进行训练和有效诊断，且具有训练时间短、诊断速度快的优点。     

Intelligent fault diagnosis method for marine diesel engines using instantaneous angular speed

The normal operation of marine diesel engines ensures the scheduled completion and efficiency of a trip. Any failures may result in significant economic losses and severe accidents. It is therefore crucial to monitor the engine conditions in a reliable and timely manner in order to prevent the malfunctions of the plants. This work describes and evaluates the development and application of an intelligent diagnostic technique based on the integration of the empirical mode decomposition (EMD), kernel independent component analysis (KICA), Wigner bispectrum and support vector machine (SVM). It is an extension of the previous work on the fault detection for a diesel engine using the instantaneous angular speed (IAS). In this study, in order to solve the underdetermined blind source separation (BSS) problem the combination of EMD and KICA is firstly presented to estimate IAS signals from a single-channel IAS sensor. The KICA is also applied to select distinguished features extracted by Wigner bispectrum. The SVM is then employed for the multi-class recognition of the marine diesel engine faults in an intelligent way. Numerical simulations using a 6-cylinder engine model and real IAS data measured on the ship named ??Hangjun 20?? are used to evaluate the proposed method. Both the numerical and experimental diagnostic results have shown high efficiency of the proposed diagnostic method. Distinct fault features of the IAS signals have been extracted by the EMD-KICA and Wigner bispectrum, and the fault detection rate of the SVM is beyond 94.0%. Thus, the proposed method is feasible and available for the fault diagnosis of marine diesel engines.     

基于DBN的故障特征提取及诊断方法研究

随着装备日趋复杂化,依靠专家经验或信号处理技术人工提取和选择故障特征变得越来越困难。此外,以BP神经网络、SVM为代表的浅层模型难以表征被测信号与装备健康状况之间复杂的映射关系,且面临维数灾难等问题。结合深度置信网络(DBN)在提取特征和处理高维、非线性数据等方面的优势,提出一种基于深度置信网络的故障特征提取及诊断方法。该方法通过深度学习利用原始时域信号训练深度置信网络并完成智能诊断,其优势在于能够摆脱对大量信号处理技术与诊断经验的依赖,完成故障特征的自适应提取与健康状况的智能诊断,该方法对时域信号没有周期性要求,具有较强的通用性和适应性。在仿真数据集和轴承数据集上进行了故障特征提取和诊断实验,实验结果表明:本文提出的方法能够有效地从原始信号中进行多种工况、多种故障位置和多种故障程度的故障特征提取和诊断,并且具有较高的故障识别精度。     

A weighted hidden Markov model approach for continuous-state tool wear monitoring and tool life prediction

Tool wear is one of the important indicators to reflect the health status of a machining system. In order to obtain tool’s wear status, tool condition monitoring (TCM) utilizes advanced sensor techniques, hoping to find out the wear status through those sensor signals. In this paper, a novel weighted hidden Markov model (HMM)-based approach is proposed for tool wear monitoring and tool life prediction, using the signals provided by TCM techniques. To describe the dynamic nature of wear evolution, a weighted HMM is first developed, which takes wear rate as the hidden state and formulates multiple HMMs in a weighted manner to include sufficient historical information. Explicit formulas to estimate the model parameters are also provided. Then, a particular probabilistic approach using the weighted HMM is proposed to estimate tool wear and predict tool’s remaining useful life during tool operation. The proposed weighted HMM-based approach is tested on a real dataset of a high-speed CNC milling machine cutters. The experimental results show that this approach is effective in estimating tool wear and predicting tool life, and it outperforms the conventional HMM approach.     

GRINDING WHEEL CONDITION MONITORING WITH HIDDEN MARKOV MODEL-BASED CLUSTERING METHODS

Hidden Markov model (HMM) is well known for sequence modeling and has been used for condition monitoring. However, HMM-based clustering methods are developed only recently. This article proposes a HMM-based clustering method for monitoring the condition of grinding wheel used in grinding operations. The proposed method first extract features from signals based on discrete wavelet decomposition using a moving window approach. It then generates a distance (dissimilarity) matrix using HMM. Based on this distance matrix several hierarchical and partitioning-based clustering algorithms are applied to obtain clustering results. The proposed methodology was tested with feature sequences extracted from acoustic emission signals. The results show that clustering accuracy is dependent upon cutting condition. Higher material removal rate seems to produce more discriminatory signals/features than lower material removal rate. The effect of window size, wavelet decomposition level, wavelet basis, clustering algorithm, and data normalization were also studied.     

GRINDING WHEEL CONDITION MONITORING WITH HIDDEN MARKOV MODEL-BASED CLUSTERING METHODS

Hidden Markov model (HMM) is well known for sequence modeling and has been used for condition monitoring. However, HMM-based clustering methods are developed only recently. This article proposes a HMM-based clustering method for monitoring the condition of grinding wheel used in grinding operations. The proposed method first extract features from signals based on discrete wavelet decomposition using a moving window approach. It then generates a distance (dissimilarity) matrix using HMM. Based on this distance matrix several hierarchical and partitioning-based clustering algorithms are applied to obtain clustering results. The proposed methodology was tested with feature sequences extracted from acoustic emission signals. The results show that clustering accuracy is dependent upon cutting condition. Higher material removal rate seems to produce more discriminatory signals/features than lower material removal rate. The effect of window size, wavelet decomposition level, wavelet basis, clustering algorithm, and data normalization were also studied.     

A novel fault diagnosis model for gearbox based on wavelet support vector machine with immune genetic algorithm

A novel intelligent diagnosis model based on wavelet support vector machine (WSVM) and immune genetic algorithm (IGA) for gearbox fault diagnosis is proposed. Wavelet support vector machine is a powerful novel tool for solving the diagnosis problem with small sampling, nonlinearity and high dimension. Immune genetic algorithm is developed in this study to determine the optimal parameters for WSVM with the highest accuracy and generalization ability. Moreover, the feature vectors for fault diagnosis are obtained from vibration signal that preprocessed by empirical mode decomposition (EMD). The experimental results indicate that this proposed approach is an effective method for gearbox fault diagnosis, which has more strong generalization ability and can achieve higher diagnostic accuracy than that of the artificial neural network and the SVM which has randomly extracted parameters.     

机电系统BIT的非永久故障分析建模与诊断

非永久故障是导致机电系统BIT（built-in test）虚警的一个主要原因，诊断非永久故障既可保证BIT的高故障检测率，同时又可有效地抑制虚警。但是目前缺乏对非永久故障的机理分析与建模，相应的诊断研究也很少。在分析研究非永久故障的表现形式、产生原因与机理的基础上，对被测系统的状态进行马尔可夫建模，再根据被测系统和隐马尔可夫模（hidden Markov model，HMM）的状态都是通过表现来感知的特点，利用HMM对BIT被测系统建模，并提出基于HMM的BIT非永久故障诊断方法，最后通过实验验证表明，此方法能有效地诊断非永久故障，降低BIT虚警。     

一种基于SVM和EMD的齿轮故障诊断方法

支持矢量机(Support vector machine,SVM)有比神经网络更强的泛化能力,且能保证找到的极值解就是全局最优解,同时它还较好地解决了小样本的学习分类问题。针对齿轮振动信号的非平稳特征和现实中难以获得大量故障样本的实际情况,提出了一种基于经验模态分解(Empirical mode decomposition,EMD)和支持矢量机的齿轮故障诊断方法。首先对原始信号进行经验模态分解,将其分解为多个平稳的固有模态函数(Intrinsic mode function,IMF)之和,然后对每一个IMF分量建立AR模型,最后提取模型的自回归参数和残差的方差作为故障特征矢量,并以此作为SVM分类器的输入参数来识别齿轮的工作状态和故障类型。试验结果表明,在小样本情况下仍能准确、有效地对齿轮的工作状态和故障类型进行分类。     

基于多重分形与SVM的齿轮箱故障诊断研究

针对齿轮箱振动信号的非平稳性和非线性,提出一种多重分形和支持向量机相结合的故障诊断方法。运用多重分形理论方法对齿轮振动信号进行分析,通过分析发现多重分形谱和广义维数作为故障特征能够很好地反映齿轮箱的工作状态;对支持向量机的参数利用粒子群优化算法进行优化,并将齿轮箱振动信号的多重分形特征量作为支持向量机的输入参数以识别齿轮的故障类型。实验结果表明,该方法在样本较小的情况下能够准确对齿轮箱的故障类型进行分类。     

Multi-fault diagnosis study on roller bearing based on multi-kernel support vector machine with chaotic particle swarm optimization

A novel intelligent fault diagnosis model based on multi-kernel support vector machine (MSVM) with chaotic particle swarm optimization (CPSO) for roller bearing fault diagnosis is proposed. Multi-kernel support vector machine is a powerful new tool for roller bearing fault diagnosis with small sampling, nonlinearity and high dimension. Chaotic particle swarm optimization is developed in this study to determine the optimal parameters for MSVM with high accuracy and great generalization ability. Moreover, the feature vectors for fault diagnosis are obtained from vibration signal that preprocessed by time-domain, frequency-domain and empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and the typical manifold learning method LTSA is used to select salient features. The experimental results indicate that this proposed approach is an effective method for roller bearing fault diagnosis, which has more strong generalization ability and can achieve higher diagnostic accuracy than that of the single kernel SVM or the MSVM which parameters are randomly extracted.