压光椭圆孔螺旋拉刀

我厂在固体激光器的生产中,经常遇到加工各种形状和尺寸的椭圆腔体,其材料为黄铜,表面光洁度要求达10。为此,设计制造了一种压光椭圆孔螺旋拉刀。通过使用证明,该刀具具有振动小,工作平稳、加工精度高、光洁度好(可达9～12)、生产效率高、制造简单等特点。刀具结构及参数的确定: 刀具共分两把,粗拉刀用于拉出预加工椭圆孔,担负主要余量的切削加工;精加工拉刀用于压光,保证加工孔的几何精度和光洁度。压光拉刀加工余量一般取0.06～0.2毫米,由于工件产生弹性变形,使孔径收缩,因此,拉刀直径应大于被加工孔的直径,其拉刀长轴2Amax=2 amax δ、短轴2Bmax=2bmax δ。式中:2a-工件的长轴、2b-工件的短轴、δ-工件     

轮切式不等齿距圆拉刀

过去用普通轮切式等齿距圆拉刀拉削齿轮内孔工件,经常产生挖刀、环状痕迹、波纹、喇叭口、鱼鳞斑点等缺陷,质量不易保证。针对这个问题,我们试验用轮切式不等齿距圆拉刀,并对其部分修改补充,实践证明,改进后的轮切式不等齿距圆拉刀是加工齿轮内孔比较理想的刀具。如图1所示,轮切式不等齿距圆拉刀主要是对普通圆拉刀容易造成摆动的结构进行了改进,其结构特点是:     

圆拉刀设计中一些问题的探讨

圆拉刀设计时常因拉削余量、齿升量、齿形和分屑槽等参数选用不当,而使拉刀使用寿命降低、工件表面质量变差、拉刀长度增加和制造成本提高。分析了产生这些问题的原因,指出了一些刀具设计资料中某些数据欠妥之处,并提出了相应的修改建议。     

圆拉刀设计中一些问题的探讨

圆拉刀设计时常因拉削余量、齿升量、齿形和分屑槽等参数选用不当，而使拉刀使用寿命降低、工件表面质量变差、拉刀长度增加和制造成本提高。分析了产生这些问题的原因，提出了一些刀具设计资料中某些数据欠妥之处，并提出了相应的修改建议。     

机夹式圆孔螺旋拉刀

圆孔螺旋拉刀在机械制造业中是一种结构先进的孔加工刀具。它与普通的拉刀相比具有一系列优点:螺旋拉刀拉削内孔时处于“半封闭”状态,切削区有刀齿的螺旋槽与外部相通,冷却润滑液可以直接进入切削区,冷却、润滑和冲刷刀齿和工件,从而改善了切削条件,提高了拉刀使用寿命和工件的表面质量;螺旋拉刀拉削属“斜刃切削”,这和现代许多大螺旋角、大刃倾角的     

新型圆孔拉刀

<正> 目前,圆孔拉削存在着质量不稳定、被加工表面粗糙度较差,常出现一些纵向带状区域,且拉刀寿命较短等问题。为此,我们设计了新型圆孔拉刀,并已用于生产,收到了明显的效益。新型圆孔拉刀的主要特点是:拉刀切削齿的首部为三角花键齿,后部为圆拉齿,不开分屑槽,或者仅在个别(1～3个)精切齿开窄分屑槽。我们知道,在拉削过程中,为了断屑,传统的拉刀齿上开出许多分屑槽,这些沟槽在拉刀的切削部分形成了后角很小的副切削刃。因而在主副切削刃的过渡区形成许多易损段(即转角),这些区段的磨损远远大于线型刃段的磨损,使加工表面质量变坏,并降低拉刀     

矩形花键拉刀的几种不同结构形式

矩形花键拉刀是拉削内花键的拉刀。按所加工花键定心方式的不同,有大径定心的内花键和小径定心的内花键两种形式。上述两种形式的花键拉刀均可带有拉削圆孔和倒角的刀齿。根据工件被加工表面要求的不同,矩形花键拉刀的刀齿配置也不同,加工内花键的花键刀齿是最基本的刀齿,根据需要,可配置倒角刀齿,对内花键进行倒角;有时为了提高内花键大、小径的同轴度可配置圆孔刀齿。根据一把拉刀配置的刀齿形式不同,矩形花键拉刀也有不同的形式,有仅仅拉削花键的矩形花键拉刀,也有拉削圆孔—花键、倒角—花键、倒角—圆孔—花键等各种型式的复合矩形花键拉刀。当然各种花键拉刀刀齿的排列顺序也会有不同,由于刀齿排列顺序的不同,拉刀的制造和对拉削工件的表面质量也会存在不同。下面就从以下几种不同的结构形式来分析花键拉刀的利弊。(1)只拉削花键的矩形花键拉刀。这种拉刀在设计时,只设计拉削花键键槽的刀齿,因此要求工件预制孔要有适当高的精度,否则很难保证内花键大、小径的同轴度要求。(2)圆孔—花键复合花键拉刀。这种拉刀在设计时,可以将拉刀的圆孔齿放在花键齿之前,这种结构的拉刀在拉削时是先拉削圆孔也就是小径,然后拉削花键,这种拉削形式能保证内花键大、小径有较高的同轴度,同...     

基于Deform-3D的拉刀几何参数下的同步齿套渐开线花键拉削力仿真分析

基于Deform-3D有限元软件,建立了同步齿套渐开线花键拉削仿真模型。分析了不同拉刀几何参数对拉削力结果的影响,得到了不同拉刀前角、后角及齿升量参数下的拉削力分布规律。分析结果表明,在拉刀前角为18°、齿升量为0.025 mm及后角为2.5°～3.5°时,切削力分布较为平稳,拉削加工后工件可获得较高表面精度,为拉刀的结构设计及拉削加工工艺参数优化提供数据支持。     

拉削的加工精度

<正> 1、内表面拉刀拉削拉削精度受到拉力本身精度、使用条件、使用拉床、工件形式、材料、加工前尺寸精度及工件夹持方法等的影响。 (1)圆拉刀拉削精度在内孔加工中,常常用拉削代替镗孔或铰孔。拉孔能达到的加工精度约为H_7。由于工件形状、材料和使用条件等不同,加工精度有很大差别。因此,拉刀校准齿尺寸以试拉方法来决定为佳。     

孔的压光方法

用刀具来镗削内孔时,如果同时要求尺寸准确、表面光潔和生产效率高,是很难达到的。如果采用整准拉刀或球形压刀来压光内孔,就可以得到很好的效果。用球形压刀压光工件内孔的情形如图1所示。图中1是球形压刀,2是工件,3是压床床面。球形压刀是一个淬过火的钢球,在压床的压力下挤过工件内孔,而将工件内孔表面压光。用整准拉刀压光工件内孔的方法也和这相似。应用压光的方法,可以加工平滑的圆柱孔,也可以加工具有浅槽、切口及稜面的孔。     

切削加工残余应力的有限元分析

在切削加工中,为了提高已加工工件的表面质量,需要研究切削速度和进给量对已加工工件残余应力的影响规律。根据弹塑性有限元理论,利用有限元软件建立了切削模型,得到了不同切削速度和进给量下已加工工件的残余应力。结果表明,增大切削速度有利于增大深层压应力,同时也会增大表面拉应力;增大进给量有利于增大深层压应力,但对表面拉应力的影响无明显规律。     

PCD刀具超精切削表面质量的研究

用人造聚晶金刚石 (PCD)和天然单晶金刚石 (SPD)刀具对无氧铜材料进行了切削试验 ,对加工表面质量进行了检测和分析。结果表明 :两种刀具在超精切削中获得的加工表面质量具有相似性 ,因此PCD刀具在一定程度上可替代SPD刀具进行超精切削加工。     

Experimental study on operating temperature in laser-assisted milling of silicon nitride ceramics

Operating temperature plays a significant role in laser-assisted milling (LAMill) of silicon nitride ceramics. Understanding the features of temperature variation can improve the performance of LAMill. Based on the analysis of operating temperature, this paper aims to provide guidelines on parameter selection for LAMill from three aspects: laser?Csilicon nitride interaction mechanism, effect of parameters on temperature, and evaluation of surface quality of the machined workpieces. First, the laser?Csilicon nitride interaction mechanism is explored via heating experiments. It is found that the formation of silica bubbles at the thin top layer of the workpiece can slightly increase the temperature of silicon nitride workpieces due to the heat energy released from the oxidation process. Then, the trends of temperature variations in LAMill are obtained through a parametric study. The key parameters such as laser power, laser beam diameter, feed rate, and preheat time are highlighted. At last, the surface quality of the machined workpieces under different operating temperatures is evaluated in terms of edge chipping, surface finish, and surface residual stress. It is shown that high operating temperature leads to low cutting force, good surface finish, small edge chipping, and low residual stress. In addition, the temperature range for brittle-to-ductile transition should be avoided since the cutting force decreases slowly due to the rapid increase of fracture toughness.     

快速走丝切割机床多次切割工艺及其对表面质量的影响

本文叙述了在国产快速走丝线切割机床上采用第一次电火花切割,第二次脉冲电解加工的工艺方法,使得工件的表面质量大为提高。讨论了具体的切割工艺并提出相应参数。     

Study of surface quality in machining nickel-based alloy Inconel 718

In machining operation, the surface quality is one of the most important requirements for many workpieces. Because of the special physical and chemical properties, good-machined surface quality becomes a key issue to solve in machining Inconel 718. In this paper, PVD-TiAlN-coated carbide tools were used to turn Inconel 718. Based on observing the tool wear and machined surface morphology, the main factors affecting surface quality at different cutting speeds were analyzed. The optimal cutting temperature was calculated, according to the above analysis and Archard adhesion wear model, and further cutting parameters optimization was conducted, on the basis of the proposed optimal cutting temperature. The optimized cutting parameters based on optimal cutting temperature can be considered to improve surface quality.     

基于制造企业滚刀CAD的研制

介绍开发面向制造企业的滚刀CAD系统及可视化设计 ,通过ADS VB应用程序设计和数据库管理 ,实现滚刀CAD。用该系统设计制造了花键滚刀和齿轮滚刀。结果表明滚刀系统集成化设计可大大缩短产品的设计制造周期     

TURNING STUDIES OF DEEP CRYOGENIC TREATED P-40 TUNGSTEN CARBIDE CUTTING TOOL INSERTS – TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION

In the present work, coated tungsten carbide tool inserts of ISO P-40 grade were subjected to deep cryogenic treatment at ?176°C. Turning studies were conducted on AISI 1040 workpieces using both untreated and deep cryogenic treated tungsten carbide cutting tool inserts. The turning performance was evaluated in terms of flank wear of the cutting tool inserts, main cutting force and surface finish of the machined workpieces. The flank wear of deep cryogenic treated carbide tools was observed to be lower than that of untreated carbide tools in machining of AISI 1040 steel. The cutting force during machining of AISI 1040 steel was lower with the deep cryogenic treated carbide tools when compared with the untreated carbide tools. The surface finish produced on machined AISI 1040 steel workpieces was superior with the deep cryogenic treated carbide tools as compared to the untreated carbide tools.     

干式高速车铣铝合金已加工表面形成机理研究

高速车铣加工是一种新的先进加工技术,可望在干式条件下实现回转体零件的高速切削。本文主要研究干式条件下高速车铣铝合金时已加工表面的形成机理及影响因素。     

Electrochemical machining analysis on grid cathode composed of square cells

During the electrochemical machining (ECM), the cathodes designed by the existing methods are mainly unitary cathodes, which can be only used to produce the workpieces with the same shapes. However, there are few researches on designing cathodes for machining the different workpieces with the different surfaces. This paper presents the grid cathode composed of the square cells to produce the workpieces with different shapes. Three types of the square cells, 2.5 mm′2.5 mm, 3 mm′3 mm, and 4 mm′4 mm, are utilized to construct the plane, the slant, and the blade cathode. The material of the cathode and the anode is CrNi 18 Ti 9 , and the ingredient of electrolyte is 15% NaCl and 15% NaNO 3 . The machining equilibrium machining current and time are acquired and analyzed, the machining process and the workpiece quality are compared between using the grid cathode and the unitary cathode. Moreover, the machining errors on the workpiece surface are measured and analyzed, and the error reasons are traced and discussed to obtain the better surface quality of the workpiece. The experiment and analysis results show that the grid cathode can be used to manufacture the workpieces with complex shapes in certain range of the error. The workpiece quality improves with the size of the square cell being reduced, and if the square element is small enough, the workpiece quality is almost equal to the one machined by the unitary cathode. The proposed research realizes a single cathode machining the different workpieces with the different surfaces.     

Prediction of surface roughness and dimensional deviation of workpiece in turning: a machine vision approach

In the past, roughness values measured directly on machined surfaces were used to develop mathematical models that are used in predicting surface roughness in turning. This approach is slow and tedious because of the large number of workpieces required to obtain the roughness data. In this study, 2-D images of cutting tools were used to generate simulated workpieces from which surface roughness and dimensional deviation data were determined. Compared to existing vision-based methods that use features extracted from a real workpiece to represent roughness parameters, in the proposed method, only simulated profiles of the workpiece are needed to obtain the roughness data. The average surface roughness R _a, as well as dimensional deviation data extracted from the simulated profiles for various feed rates, depths of cut, and cutting speeds were used as the output of response surface methodology (RSM) models. The predictions of the models were verified experimentally using data obtained from measurements made on the real workpieces using conventional methods, i.e., surface roughness tester and a micrometer, and good correlation between the two methods was observed.