高温鼓泡流化床的流化行为

床层温度在20－1000℃范围内,以4种粒径的煤灰为实验物料,研究了不同表观气速下最小流化速度,床层平均空隙率,压力波动标准偏差和主频的变化规律,最小流化速度随床层温度升高而减小;相同床温下,平均空隙率随表观气速升高而增大,不同床温下,压力波动偏差随流化数增加而增大。相同流化数时,B类颗粒的压力波动标准偏差受床层温度变化影响较小,而D类粒子随床层温度升高压力波动标准偏差减小,胡着流化数增加,压力波动主频减小。     

高温流化床的流化特性及结焦非流化行为

在 8 0 mm× 30 mm和 80 mm× 10 mm石英流化床中 ,以低温粘结的高密度聚乙烯和聚丙烯 ,高温粘结的玻璃珠为实验物料 ,研究了高温流化床的流化特性及高温下物料结焦产生的非流化行为。结果表明 ,在本文实验条件下 ,Geldart A、B类高温表面粘结物料 ,床层温度小于其最小粘结温度时 ,床层温度增大 ,颗粒的最小流化速度减小 ;Geldart D类高温表面粘结物料的最小流化速度随温度增加而增大。得出了不同温度下颗粒最小流化速度预测式。床层温度大于最小粘结温度时 ,流化床需在较高的表观气速下才能保持流化 ,床层温度愈高床层流化所需的表观气速越大。研究同时发现 ,颗粒物料的粒径减小 ,流化颗粒的最小粘结温度减小。     

纳米颗粒的流化特征及滞后现象研究

为研究纳米颗粒的流化特征以及滞后现象,通过实验考察SiO_2、Al_2O_3和TiO_2纳米颗粒的流化行为,详细比较了在纳米颗粒流化过程中正向和反向的流化状态及床层压降之间的差异.结果表明:在稳定流化状态下,3种纳米颗粒的床层压降和流化状态有所差异,SiO_2表现为聚团散式流态化,Al_2O_3和TiO_2表现为聚团鼓泡流态化;3种纳米颗粒的正向流化均出现了显著滞后,在正向流化过程中床层压降和膨胀高度波动较大,而反向流化时相对平稳;通过设计"正-反-正"流化实验,发现二次正向流化曲线与反向流化曲线几乎重合,没有出现滞后现象,说明初始床层纳米颗粒的堆积结构和内聚力是引起流化滞后的原因.     

木屑在循环流化床中的流动特性研究

研究了冷态实验条件下木屑在内径0.28m、高10m的循环流化床中的流体力学特性。着重研究了表观气速U_g=1.81～2.26m/s、循环流率G_s=0.42～0.76kg/(m~2·s)的工况下木屑在循环流化床上升管中颗粒速度与床层空隙率的轴向及径向分布特点。实验发现:循环流化床的下降管中保持足够料高是木屑实现先定循环的必要条件;颗粒在上升管中的流动为典型的环-核结构;面积平均空隙率沿床高呈现先增大再减小的现象。通过将截面按径向位置r/R=0～0.71,0.71～0.93,0.93～1.00分为3个区域,分析了环区、核区和环核过渡区各自的床层空隙率以及颗粒速度沿床高变化的特点。     

谷物流态化干燥过程的节能研究

为了降低多层流化床干燥器的能耗,对空塔压降随气体分布板开孔率的变化规律、空塔压降随风速的变化规律、进料时的流化操作范围与各床层及总床层的压降随风速的变化规律进行了冷态试验研究。为稻谷的流化床干燥器选择了合适的开孔率、层数并得到了合适的流化操作范围。     

鼓泡流化床生物质富氧气化中试试验研究

以鼓泡流化床为中试反应装置、木屑为原料,试验研究布风板开孔率、床料粒径、床料高度、最小流化速度以及气化介质等对气化结果的影响。结果表明:孔径和开孔率分别为Ф2 mm和0.50%的布风板布风效果较好;床料粒径为0.18~0.25 mm的石英砂,床料高度为140 mm时床内流化效果较理想;最小流化速度受床料粒径和升温速率影响;初步试验测得,富氧气化比例为50%时热值可达9.6 MJ/m~3。     

压力对流化床最小流化速度影响的冷态试验研究

为进一步探明压力对流化床最小流化速度的影响,在内径90 mm的冷模加压鼓泡流化床试验装置上测量了不同粒径的石英砂和陶粒砂两类试验物料在压力0.1～0.6 MPa内的最小流化速度Umf.结果表明:对于陶粒砂颗粒,Umf随压力的增加明显减小,但减小的幅度逐渐变小;而对石英砂颗粒,压力对Umf影响较小.基于厄贡方程和床层受力分析,得到了最小流化速度的计算式,并给出了确定增压流化床最小流化速度的合理计算步骤.计算得出的预测值与试验值吻合较好,相对误差在10%以内.     

内循环流化床大颗粒运动特性实验

内循环流化床能够有效组织颗粒在床内的运动,具有广泛的工业用途。采用荧光大颗粒示踪,运用图像处理法,在二维流化床实验台上,研究了流化风速、静止床层高度等参数对床内大颗粒的速度分布概率以及循环时间的影响。结果表明:提高流化风速和静止床层高度,循环口两侧差压增大,颗粒内循环流率增大,循环时间变短。颗粒横向和纵向速度分布概率的特征显著不同。在低速床中,颗粒纵向速度超过50%分布在负值区域,表现出明显的向下运动的特征。     

高温鼓泡流化床的压力波动

在内径82mm，高1500mm的不锈钢流化床中，采用4种不同粒径加压流化床灰为实验物料，通过统计分析，功率谱分析和小波分析研究了流化床操作温度由室温至1000℃变化时压力波动行为。研究显示，灰在不同温度下随着流化数增加压力波动偏差增大。B类颗粒，流化数相同时，床层温度升高，压力波动标准偏差减小不明显。D类灰，当流化数相同时，床层温度升高使得压力波动标准偏差减小。在同样的温度下，随着流化数的增加，主频减小。高温鼓泡流化床压力波动信号包含低频成份和高频分份，高频成份较小。压力信号通过离散小皮变换可分解为5尺度的近似信号和1到5尺度的细节信号，5尺度细节信号图上幅值大于平均幅值的尖峰数代表了气泡生成数。     

流化床生物质气化实验研究

用φ50mm流化床反应器．以木屑为物料，以水为气化剂，以硅砂作流化介质进行生物质气化工艺实验研究．在800℃得到热值为17.13MJ/m3的产品气，此时产气率为1．07m3／kg．对实验结果进行了物料平衡和热平衡计算，得出木屑的裂解热为813．5KJ/kg（干基）。     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法,这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.