活性氧化锌在全钢子午线轮胎胎面胶中的应用

试验研究活性氧化锌在全钢子午线轮胎胎面胶配方中的应用效果,并与普通氧化锌和纳米氧化锌进行对比.结果表明,活性氧化锌胶料的MH和MH-ML均比普通氧化锌胶料有所增大,t10和t90明显延长,与纳米氧化锌胶料差别不大;活性氧化锌硫化胶的物理性能和耐老化性能均优于普通氧化锌硫化胶,但略低于纳米氧化锌硫化胶;活性氧化锌用量不大于5份时,硫化胶的物理性能变化不明显,加入3份活性氧化锌的硫化胶耐老化性能最优.     

纳米级活性氧化锌在摩托车外胎胎面胶中的应用

研究纳米级活性氧化锌减量替代间接法氧化锌在摩托车外胎胎面胶中的应用情况。结果表明,在保持胶料含胶率不变的情况下,在配方中以用量为间接法氧化锌60%的纳米级活性氧化锌减量替代间接法氧化锌,胶料物理性能、成品轮胎物理性能、耐久性能和高速性能等与间接法氧化锌胶料或生产轮胎相比无明显差异,生产过程中各工艺性能正常,生产成本降低。     

关于减少胶料中氧化锌用量的研究(一)

使用活性氧化锌(100 nm)和标准氧化锌(1μm),利用相转移催化剂18-冠-6醚,研究减少IR和E-SBR胶料中氧化锌的用量对胶料硫化和硫化胶性能的影响.结果表明:活性氧化锌易在胶料中聚集.活性氧化锌和标准氧化锌的活性在IR胶料中比在SBR胶料中低.18-冠-6醚具有活化作用,可以催化交联反应,但会导致IR胶料硫化...     

活性氧化锌试验与应用

以胎面、ＩＩＲ内胎、垫带和钢丝覆胶配方为基础，进行活性氧化锌和间接法氧化锌对比试验。结果表明，在用量相同时，活性氧化锌与间接法氧化锌具有相近或略优的物理机械性能；焦烧时间比间接法氧化锌长，硫化速度稍慢，未发现活性氧化锌可比间接法氧化锌减量应用的迹象。     

纳米氧化锌在橡胶中的作用机理及应用

根据无机配合剂在橡胶中的分散形态，研究纳米氧化锌在橡胶中的作用机理及其对胶料性能的影响。在硫化过程中氧化锌作为活性剂与有机促进剂、硬脂酸、硫黄等的反应发生在氧化锌粒子的表面。以纳米氧化锌等量替代普通问接法氧化锌，可提高硫化胶的300％定伸应力和耐磨性，减小压缩永久变形，降低压缩疲劳温升；以纳米氧化锌减量50％替代间接法氧化锌，仍可保证硫化胶的性能要求。     

LSAPZNIC活性氧化锌在橡胶中的应用

基于胶料硫化特性和热空气老化试验前后力学性能对比结果,综合评价了不同用量LSAPZNIC活性氧化锌和间接法氧化锌对橡胶的影响。结果表明,LSAPZNIC活性氧化锌在橡胶中分散效果好;减量使用,可保证硫化胶性能要求;与间接法氧化锌相比,胶料老化性能更加优异。     

活性氧化锌在轮胎胎面胶中的应用

试验研究以活性氧化锌减量替代间接法氧化锌在斜交轮胎和半钢子午线轮胎胎面胶中的应用效果。结果表明，以3份活性氧化锌替代4份间接法氧化锌用于胎面胶中，对硫化胶的物理性能无不良影响，可提高硫化胶的耐磨性和成品性能，降低胶料成本。     

纳米氧化锌在斜交轮胎胎体胶中的应用

对纳米氧化锌在斜交轮胎胎体胶中的应用进行了试验，并与间接法氧化锌进行了对比试验。试验结果表明，由于纳米氧化锌具有粒径小，比表面积大，从而具有表面效应、高活性、高比热容和对促进剂的吸附性，所以采用纳米氧化锌可以延长胶料的焦烧时间；用纳米氧化锌减量替代间接法氧化锌，胶料的物理机械性能基本相当。     

活性氧化锌在普通输送带覆盖胶中的应用

研究了不同用量的活性氧化锌对普通输送带覆盖胶各项性能的影响,并与普通氧化锌、纳米氧化锌进行了对比。实验发现,与普通氧化锌相比,活性氧化锌延长了胶料的tc10和tc90,提高了胶料的加工安全性,与纳米氧化锌相近;加入活性氧化锌的胶料,其拉伸强度、撕裂强度和耐磨耗性能较加入普通氧化锌的胶料略有提高;70℃×168h老化后,性能变化率较普通氧化锌低,与纳米氧化锌相近。活性氧化锌用量减至3份时．其各项性能与5份时相当。     

高活性氧化锌Z80对填充炭黑NR胶料性能影响的研究

高活性氧化锌Z80的主要特点是氧化锌含量较间接法氧化锌的含量低，比表面积大、活性高，并且较普通氧化锌价格便宜。通过高活性氧化锌Z80等量或减量替代间接法氧化锌对填充炭黑NR胶料性能的影响试验表明，当用高活性氧化锌Z80等量或减量替代间接法氧化锌时，胶料的焦烧时间延长；当用高活性氧化锌Z80等量或减量30％-60％替代间接法氧化锌时，胶料的正硫化时间和300％定伸应力呈现下降趋势；超过25％（与间接法氧化锌的含量相当）使用高活性氧化锌Z80替代间接法氧化锌时，胶料的抗硫化返原性能明显提高。     

双金属稀土促进剂对丁苯橡胶/天然橡胶胎面胶的影响

通过配位反应制备得到双金属硫化促进剂二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸锌镧配合物(ZnLaDC),在不添加传统活化体系氧化锌(ZnO)/硬脂酸(SA)的情况下,考察了ZnLaDC用量对丁苯橡胶(SBR)/天然橡胶(NR)胎面胶复合材料硫化特性及物理机械性能的影响,并与传统硫化体系二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸锌(ZnDC)/ZnO/SA制备的硫化胶性能进行了对比。结果表明,随着ZnLaDC用量的增加,SBR/NR胎面胶复合材料的硫化特性、压缩疲劳生热性能及耐磨性得到有效提高,当ZnLaDC用量为5份时,复合材料的综合性能最佳。与传统硫化体系ZnDC/ZnO/SA制备的硫化胶相比,采用ZnLaDC制备的硫化胶具有更优异的静态力学性能及耐切割性。     

Understanding the role of ZnO as activator in SBR vulcanizates: Performance evaluation with active,nano, and functionalized ZnO

This study investigates (ZnO)s with different surface features as vulcanization activators in unfilled SBR vulcanizates. ZnO is termed the best activator due to its fast reaction kinetics. A high release of ZnO into the environment harms marine ecosystems, and most ZnO production goes to the rubber sector; therefore, reducing ZnO amount is essential. Active, nano and functionalized ZnO compared to conventional ZnO in SBR matrix; concentration optimized based on curing, mechanical, physical, and dispersion analyses. The Arrhenius equation approximated the cure curve's kinetic constant and activation energy. Crosslink density measured by swelling experiment and solvent freezing point depression. Nano ZnO was used from 0.5 to 2phr, active ZnO from 1 to 4phr, and functionalized ZnO from 1 to 3phr compared to 5phr of conventional ZnO. The tensile strength of N1.5, F1.5, and A2 SBR increased by 5%, 26%, and 18% compared to C5SBR, whose elongation at break improved by 30%, 7%, and 23%. The data were analyzed using tukey HSD post hoc test. Regarding mechanical properties and curing characteristics, 2phr active, functionalized, and 1.5phr nano ZnO is analogous to 5phr conventional ZnO in an unfilled SBR matrix. The quantity of ZnO in rubber vulcanizates decreased successively by 60%, 60%, and 70%.     

季戊四醇锌与月桂酸锌并用对天然橡胶硫化特性的影响

采用季戊四醇锌与月桂酸锌并用作为硫化活性剂,考察其对天然橡胶硫化特性及物理机械性能的影响。结果表明,季戊四醇锌具有较高的硫化活性,可使胶料的硫化速率加快,硫化活化能下降,硫化活性高于月桂酸锌,但抗硫化返原性能较差,胶料的物理机械性能较低,耐磨性较差。将季戊四醇锌与月桂酸锌并用可产生硫化协同效应,明显提高胶料的表观交联密度,改善抗硫化返原性能,同时还能降低门尼黏度、提高填料分散性并降低生热和滚动阻力。加入6.70份季戊四醇锌并用5.56份月桂酸锌的天然橡胶硫化胶,其综合性能优于添加5.00份氧化锌的硫化胶,并且含锌质量分数减少48%。     

Influence of zinc oxide during different stages of sulfur vulcanization. Elucidated by model compound studies

The addition of zinc oxide (ZnO) as an activator for the sulfur vulcanization of rubbers enhances the vulcanization efficiency and vulcanizate properties and reduces the vulcanization time. The first part of this article deals with the reduction and optimization of the amount of ZnO. Two different rubbers, solution‐styrene‐butadiene rubber and ethylene–propylene–diene rubber, have been selected for this study. The results demonstrate that the curing and physical properties can be retained when the level of ZnO (Red Seal) is reduced to 1 or 2 phr, respectively. Of particular interest is nano‐ZnO, characterized by a nanoscale particle distribution. The cure characteristics indicate that with nano‐ZnO, a reduction of zinc by a factor of 10 can be obtained. In the second part, model compound vulcanization is introduced to investigate the effects of ZnO during the different stages of vulcanization. Experiments are described with two models, squalene and 2,3‐dimethyl‐2‐butene, both with benzothiazolesulfenamide‐accelerated vulcanization systems. The results demonstrate the influence of ZnO during the different stages of the vulcanization. With ZnO present, a marked decrease can be observed in the sulfur concentration during an early stage of vulcanization, along with a slight delay in the disappearance of the crosslink precursor. The crosslinked product distribution is influenced as well. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 1388–1404, 2005     

Low‐temperature synthesis of nano‐to‐submicron size organo‐zinc oxide and its effect on properties of polybutadiene rubber

Nano‐to‐submicron sized particles of zinc oxide (ZnO) were synthesized by low temperature hydrolysis method. Organo‐ZnO was also synthesized by the aforementioned method in presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG‐2000). The synthesized ZnO particles were characterized by infra‐red spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, BET surface area, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). FTIR showed that PEG was present on the ZnO surface. Organo‐ZnO exhibited floral‐shape morphology consisting of concentric nanorods. The average diameter of the nanorods was ～ 250 nm as evident from SEM. TEM showed that the nanorods were made of ～ 50 nm sized small particles. UV‐absorbance property of ZnO was unaltered even after organic coating. Curing, physico‐mechanical and thermal properties of polybutadiene rubber compounded with organo‐ZnO were compared with those of standard commercial rubber grade ZnO and nano‐ZnO prepared by high and low temperature methods. The cure‐characteristics were studied with the help of moving die rheometer as well as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Crosslink‐density measurement along the DSC vulcanization exotherm showed better cure efficiency of organo‐ZnO. Organo‐ZnO containing compound exhibited better mechanical and thermal properties. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Preparation and Use of Nano Zinc Oxide in Neoprene Rubber

Zinc oxide (ZnO) of nanometer particle size was prepared by solid-state pyrolytic method. TEM, XRD, and surface area studies showed that the prepared zinc oxide had particle size in the range of 15–30 nm and surface area in the range of 12–30 m²/g. This nano zinc oxide was used as a curing agent in neoprene rubber. The optimum dosage of ZnO was found to be low compared to commercial ZnO. The cure characteristic and mechanical properties were compared with those containing conventional ZnO. It was found that a low dosage of zinc oxide was enough to give equivalent curing and mechanical properties compared to one containing a higher dosage (5 phr) of commercial zinc oxide in neoprene rubber.     

Synthesis and effect of surface modified nano ZnO in natural rubber vulcanization

It is well known that surface of ZnO acts both as a reactant and a catalytic reaction template in rubber vulcanization by activating and bringing together reactants. The particles of accelerators, fatty acid, and sulfur diffuse through the polymer matrix and get adsorbed on the surface of ZnO, forming intermediate complexes. Hence dispersion of ZnO in the elastomer matrix is a determining parameter. Capping is one of the novel techniques for increasing ZnO‐stearic acid/accelerator interaction, thereby enhancing their activities. During the sol–gel precipitation of nano ZnO, if a suitable capping agent is added, agglomeration of ZnO particles gets reduced, leading to the formation of nano particles. Since only very few studies are found reported on synthesis of accelerator‐capped ZnO and its application in rubber vulcanization, attempts have been made in this study to synthesize our novel accelerator N‐benzylimine aminothioformamide (BIAT)‐capped‐stearic acid‐coated nano ZnO (ZOBS), and BIAT‐capped ZnO (ZOB) to investigate their effects in natural rubber (NR) vulcanization. Efforts have also been made to synthesize stearic acid‐coated nano zinc phosphate (ZPS) with an aim to find an alternative to conventional ZnO in vulcanization. Mechanical properties like tensile strength, tear resistance, abrasion resistance, and compression set were found out. Swelling values of the vulcanizates as a measure of crosslink densities were also determined. Optimum dosage of ZOBS and a combination of ZOB and ZPS were also derived and found that capped ZnO is superior in NR vulcanization to conventional ZnO in improving cure properties including scorch safety and mechanical properties. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Preparation of zinc‐oxide‐free natural rubber nanocomposites using nanostructured magnesium oxide as cure activator

The effect of sol–gel synthesized magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles as cure activator is studied for the first time in the vulcanization of natural rubber (NR) and compared with conventional zinc oxide (ZnO) in terms of cure, mechanical, and thermal properties. The NR vulcanizate with 1 phr (Parts per hundred parts of rubber) nano MgO shows an excellent improvement in the curing characteristics and the value of cure rate index is about 400% greater for NR vulcanizate containing 1 phr nano MgO in comparison to the NR vulcanizate with 5 phr conventional ZnO. Both mechanical and thermal properties of NR vulcanizate are found to be satisfactory in the presence of 1 phr nano MgO as cure activator in comparison to conventional NR vulcanizate. This study shows that only 1 phr nano MgO can successfully replace 5 phr conventional ZnO with better resulting properties in the sulfur vulcanization of NR. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42705.     

橡胶材料硫磺硫化体系低锌/无锌技术研究进展

硫化是决定橡胶是否能够作为材料使用最为重要的步骤。橡胶硫磺硫化体系中,氧化锌的使用不仅可以改善橡胶的硫化性能,并且能够大幅度提高橡胶制品的物理机械性能。但是,由于游离的锌离子易迁移至环境,会对水生生物等产生危害,所以欧盟和美国加州相继颁布法案限制氧化锌的使用。另外,锌矿产资源也日渐枯竭。因此,减少锌元素在橡胶配方中的应用,是保护环境并保证橡胶硫化反应正常进行的热点研究课题。该综述介绍了目前橡胶硫磺硫化体系配方中减少硫化活化剂氧化锌的用量和用非含锌化合物替代氧化锌的研究进展,包括纳米氧化锌、有机锌复合物、无机填料载锌技术、其他金属氧化物和稀土型多功能橡胶硫化剂等新型硫化活化剂的研究现状,并对未来发展方向进行展望。     

氧化锌对集成橡胶SIBR2505硫化特性和力学性能的影响

通过对显微镜观察结果、硫化特性、拉伸性能和动态力学性能的表征,考察了氧化锌在集成橡胶中的混炼工艺以及提高氧化锌分散效果的几种方法.结果表明,增加氧化锌和硬脂酸的用量,高温混炼工艺能够改善未填充集成橡胶硫化胶的力学性能.活性氧化锌、纳米氧化锌和载体氧化锌在集成橡胶中的分散性及硫化胶力学性能优于普通氧化锌,其中纳米氧化锌胶...