冻融过程中未冻水含量及冻结温度的试验研究

 土体冻融过程中的未冻水含量是控制水分迁移及冻胀融沉的关键因素,而冻结温度是判断土体是否处于冻结状态的重要指标。基于频域反射法(FDR),测定不同初始体积含水率条件下青藏高原粉质黏土,冻融过程中的体积未冻水含量及温度变化,分析引起体积未冻水含量及冻结温度产生差异的主要原因。试验结果表明：初始含水率较高的土体,冻结过程中出现了很明显的过冷现象以及温度和体积未冻水含量的突变,而初始含水率较低的土体,这种现象并不明显。初始含水率较大的土体冻结先于初始含水率较小的土体,并且对温度突变的敏感性大于初始含水率较小的土体。对冻融过程体积未冻水含量的滞后分析发现,体积未冻水滞后度?θ和温度滞后度?T均是先增大后减小,体积未冻水滞后度?θ的峰值发生在相变区附近,其峰值随着初始含水率的增大而增大。当初始含水率等于或高于液限含水率时,含水率对冻结温度影响不大;当初始含水率低于液限含水率时,冻结温度随含水率减小而降低。     

Hysteresis in the ultrasonic parameters of saturated sandstone during freezing and thawing and correlations with unfrozen water content

Determining the mechanical properties of frozen rock is highly important in cold-area engineering.These properties are essentially correlated with the content of liquid water remaining in frozen rock.Therefore, accurate determination of unfrozen water content could allow rapid evaluation of mechanical properties of frozen rock. This paper investigates the hysteresis characteristics of ultrasonic waves applied to sandstone(in terms of the parameters of P-wave velocity, amplitude, dominant frequency and quality factor Q) and their relationships with unfrozen water content during the freeze-thaw process.Their correlations are analysed in terms of their potential for use as indicators of freezing state and unfrozen water content. The results show that:(1) During a freeze-thaw cycle, the ultrasonic parameters and unfrozen water content of sandstone have significant hysteresis with changes in temperature.(2)There are three clear stages of change during freezing: supercooled stage(0℃ to -2℃), rapid freezing stage(-2℃ to -3℃), and stable freezing stage(-3℃ to -20℃). The changes in unfrozen water content and ultrasonic parameters with freezing temperature are inverse.(3) During a single freeze-thaw cycle, the ultrasonic parameters of sandstone are significantly correlated with its unfrozen water content,and this correlation is affected by the pore structure. For sandstones with mesopores greater than 50%,there are inflection points in the curves of ultrasonic parameters vs. unfrozen water content at -3℃ during freezing and at -1℃ during thawing. It was found that thermal deformation of the mineral-grain skeleton and variations in the phase composition of pore water change the propagation path of ultrasonic waves. The inflection point in the curve of dominant frequency vs. temperature clearly marks the end of the rapid freezing stage of pore water, in which more than 70% of the pore water freezes. Consequently,the dominant frequency can be used as an index to conveniently estimate the unfrozen water content of frozen rock and, hence, its mechanical properties.     

单向冻结过程中NaCl盐渍土水盐运移及变形机理研究

冻结过程中的水盐迁移机理一直是冻土学研究的热点。通过单向冻结试验,研究了冻结过程中的水盐运移过程及土体变形。研究表明,在土体初始含盐量为0.8%的条件下,土体的冻胀变形显著减小,盐分的存在强烈影响着冻结缘处水分的集聚,盐对土体的冻胀具有抑制作用。在补给不同浓度NaCl溶液的条件下,土体初期的冻胀变形规律一致,随着盐分在冻结锋面处的累积,土体在后续冻结过程中水分迁移动力不足,从而使得土体冻胀过程中冻胀明显减小。基于溶液的性质并考虑盐分对土体冻结温度和未冻水含量的影响,建立了冻结过程中NaCl盐渍土水盐迁移规律及变形的计算模型,计算结果显示,计算模型能够很好地反映含盐土体在冻结过程中的温度、水分、盐分及变形的规律,从而为深入了解盐渍土在冻结过程中的变形机理提供理论参考。     

地埋管换热器周围土壤冻结温度场的模拟研究

考虑了未冻水质量分数对冻结土壤传热特性的影响,采用控制容积法建立了地埋管换热器周围土壤冻结温度场的数学模型,分析了土壤冻结对土壤物性参数和土壤温度分布的影响,探讨了不同液态水质量分数下土壤冻结温度场的变化。随着土壤温度的降低,冻结土壤的单位体积定压热容减小,热导率增大。由于土壤冻结过程中释放出相变潜热,考虑冻结计算出的土壤温度比未考虑冻结的土壤温度高,土壤中液态水质量分数越大,土壤冻结时释放的潜热量越大,有利于土壤源热泵的运行。     

冻土毛细-薄膜水迁移统一模型及其试验验证

针对毛细水迁移机制难以解释冻结缘及不连续分凝冰的形成,薄膜水迁移机制难以解释孔、裂隙间水迁移造成的不均匀冻胀,在毛细理论和冻结缘理论的基础上,通过对冻结缘区增加一组不同孔径的毛细管,对所有毛细管壁增加一层未冻水膜,构建出冻土的毛细-薄膜水分迁移统一模型。该模型从液压驱动角度分析了冻结大孔和未冻小孔中的液压、冰压以及驱动力分布,统一了冰透镜体暖端的液压驱动力与表面吸附力,并结合分凝冰形成机制,推导出分凝-冻结温度的控制方程。再根据表面吸附力、冻结缘渗透系数随分凝 冻结温度的变化律,在达西定律的基础上,给出了水分迁移速度的显式方程。最后,将Konrad冻胀试验中的主要参数代入该显式方程,发现理论计算值与试验值高度一致,验证了该模型的正确性。     

Sensitivity analysis of thermal factors affecting the nonlinear freezing process of soil

In the construction of artificial freezing methods and cold region engineering, the determination of the accurate temperature field is the demand of both ensuring the stability of frozen soil and reducing the project investment. Affected by the external environment, phase change latent heat, non-linear thermal parameters, etc., the temperature evolution of the soil freezing process is a non-linear form, and the temperature field evolution will be more complex with the change of different influencing factors. Scientific control and utilization of the influencing factors of the frozen soil temperature field play a vital role in improving the freezing efficiency and accuracy of the soil temperature field. This study aims to analyze the sensitivity of thermal factors on the nonlinear formation process of frozen soil temperature field, and to provide the results for the control of various factors in frozen soil engineering. A freezing model test was designed and implemented, the boundary conditions and temperature evolution in the model were monitored. Meanwhile, the thermal parameters and unfrozen water content of the model soil were tested indoor. Then the theoretical relationship between unfrozen water content and parameters was deduced to determine the variation range of unfrozen water content. The boundary condition values (including the maximum, minimum and average values) and thermal parameters were used in the orthogonal simulation of the freezing model, respectively. The temperature simulation values were compared with the model test values, and the factors affecting the nonlinear heat transfer of frozen soils were analyzed quantitatively by both the range method and variance analysis method. Several suggestions of the vital factors in the soil freezing construction were offered based on this research.     

Heat and mass coupled transfer combined with freezing process in building materials: Modeling and experimental verification

Newly completed building envelope is always characterized by high initial moisture content, and so the liquid moisture permeability is the main feature of mass transferring on its initial use. The high initial moisture content has strong impact on indoor condition and energy consumption especially in severe cold area where the moisture freezing in building envelope would occur in winter. Therefore, accurately predicting the hygrothermal states of building envelope to obtain useful envelope parameters is very important. In order to analyze the moisture transferring performance of enclosure on building initial use in severe cold area, the paper studied the coupling transfer of heat and moisture in building envelope. The permeability and freezing of the liquid water in porous building material were considered. The moisture content gradient was used as mass transfer driving force, and the temperature gradient was used as heat transfer driving forces. Heat and moisture coupled transfer conservation equations on different transferring conditions were built. An experimental set-up was built to verify the model, and good agreements were obtained, which suggests that the model can be used to simulate the heat and moisture coupled transfer in newly completed building envelope of severe cold area.     

冻土中气态水迁移及其对土体含水率的影响分析

现有文献几乎尚未系统分析冻结条件下气态水对不同土性含水率的影响。基于热力学平衡理论及水热耦合理论,提出了未冻水含量和冰体积分数的计算方法,建立起新的耦合模型。该模型中最大未冻水含量和冰体积分数仅与水力参数和温度有关,具有明确的物理意义,与砂壤土的冻结试验结果对比也验证了新模型。模型分析结果表明:冻结条件下的气态水迁移主要受温度势而非基质势的作用,粉土和砂土中的气态水迁移是不能忽略的,而黏土中几乎没有气态水迁移;初始体积含水率、冻结温度、冻结时间及地下水位高度等都会对气态水的迁移有影响。总的来说,气态水对于粉土等冻胀敏感性土,即使较小的水分增加仍然能够产生显著冻胀,因此实际工程必须重视气态水的作用。本文分析加深了对"锅盖效应"的理解,也验证了"锅盖效应"通常发生在覆盖层下的粉土区域,而非砂土或黏土。     

人工冻结粉土未冻水含量测试试验研究

未冻水含量测试是冻土科学研究中的一个重点和难点问题。为测定粉土中未冻水含量,将小体积土样冻透后,放置在温度恒定的空气中,依靠自然对流加热融化,记录其中心温度–时间变化曲线。根据牛顿冷却定律,建立一个反映冻土温度随时间变化的计算模型,应用该模型拟合温度–时间曲线的融土部分,得到融土与空气表面的对流传热系数;拟合温度–时间曲线的相变部分,确定某地区的粉土冻结点。根据冰的质量和相变过程吸收热量的关系,建立冻透状态下未冻水含量的计算模型及测试方法。应用该方法进行粉土未冻水含量测试,结果表明,该粉土冻结至－4 ℃时未冻水含量在3.75%左右。反演土样融化过程的理论计算温度与实测值吻合较好,表明了提出的理论模型及测试方法的可行性。     

饱和土水热耦合分离冰冻胀模型研究

针对饱和土一维冻结过程中的冻胀发展过程,在已有的描述透镜体生长过程的水热耦合模型的基础上,建立了水热耦合分离冰冻胀模型。利用固体表面水膜的热力学理论分析了冻土中未冻水膜在相界面上的平均分离压力,指出当该压力大于土层破坏的临界压力时,冰透镜体产生;以活动透镜体底端将土柱划分为主动区与被动区,主动区过程采用透镜体生长的水热耦合模型描述,而被动区为近似导热过程,由此建立了完整冻胀模型;提出了透镜体的分离冰生长方式,并与刚性冰生长方式进行了对比,阐述了本文模型与已有的各类模型之间的联系。采用有限容积法对模型进行了数值计算,与Konrad的3组试验进行了对比,结果表明模型很好地反应了土体冻结过程中温度场及冻胀的发展过程。     

低温饱和岩石未冻水含量与冻胀变形模型研究

 寒区岩石在季节性温度变化下会经历冻胀融缩过程,研究低温岩石中未冻水含量以及冻胀变形规律是进行寒区工程数值仿真和稳定性分析的关键问题。岩石是不同于土体的脆性多孔介质材料,孔隙中的未冻水含量还无法通过实验直接测量;基于累计孔隙体积分布规律,考虑孔隙水的冻结点变化和未冻水膜的影响建立低温岩石未冻水含量理论表达式,实例证明该计算式具有较高的可靠度。假定岩石为弹性孔隙介质,基于孔隙冰与岩石孔隙间的膨胀耦合关系可计算冰压力;利用应变等价原理将孔隙中的冰压力等效为岩石表面的三向拉应力,从而根据弹性理论建立了有效冻胀力下低温饱和岩石冻胀变形模型。结果表明饱和岩石低温冻胀变形与岩石基质的力学参数、岩石孔隙率以及未冻水含量等因素有关。最后通过与2个已有的室内冻胀变形实验对比,说明本文冻胀变形模型的正确性以及实用性。     

单向冻结时开放条件下饱和砂岩冻胀试验及THM耦合冻胀模型

为研究寒区岩石在梯度温度场中补水条件下的冻胀变形规律,进行了单向冻结时开放条件下饱和砂岩冻胀试验。试验结果表明,单向冻结时开放条件下饱和岩石冻胀过程中,沿冻结方向的冻胀位移变化过程可分为冷缩阶段、原位冻胀阶段、分凝冻胀阶段3个阶段。分凝冻胀阶段冻结锋面趋于稳定,冻胀变形持续增长,与时间基本呈线性关系。此外,分凝冻胀阶段补水量换算的迁移水分凝冻胀位移与冻结方向冻胀位移比较接近。随着平均温度梯度增大,分凝冻胀变形速率增大,且分凝冰位置与平均温度梯度线性相关。然后,建立了考虑孔隙水原位冻胀与迁移水分凝冻胀的THM耦合冻胀模型。模型中,孔隙水原位冻胀计算基于未冻水含量,并引入约束系数表征岩石骨架对孔隙水冻胀约束程度;迁移水分凝冻胀计算基于分凝势理论,水分迁移速率与冻结缘处的温度梯度成正比。模型计算结果与试验结果对比表明,建立的THM耦合冻胀模型能够比较准确地计算单向冻结时开放条件下饱和岩石冻胀位移,并能够模拟出分凝冻胀时分凝冰层引起的位移突变及分凝冰位置,可用于寒区冻胀敏感性岩石开放条件下冻胀变形计算。     

Dilatometric measurement of bound water in wastewater sludge

The dilatometric technique is used to measure bound water in aerobically digested sludge. It is found that air liberated from the sludge sample during the freezing of the sludge water affects the quantity of unfrozen water (interpreted as bound water) determined by dilatometry. Both the freezing temperature and the solids concentration affect the measured bound water content. It is also found that the precision of dilatometry decreases with decreasing solids concentration and that the accuracy of dilatometry cannot be determined since there is no independent measure of unfrozen water.     

A model of unfrozen water content in rock during freezing and thawing with experimental validation by nuclear magnetic resonance

The unfrozen water content of rock during freezing and thawing has an important influence on its physical and mechanical properties. This study presented a model for calculating the unfrozen water content of rock during freezing and thawing process, considering the influence of unfrozen water film and rock pore structure, which can reflect the hysteresis and super-cooling effects. The pore size distribution curves of red sandstone and its unfrozen water content under different temperatures during the freezing and thawing process were measured using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to validate the proposed model. Comparison between the experimental and calculated results indicated that the theoretical model accurately reflected the water content change law of red sandstone during the freezing and thawing process. Furthermore, the influences of Hamaker constant and surface relaxation parameter on the model results were examined. The results showed that the appropriate magnitude order of Hamaker constant for the red sandstone was 10^?19 J to 10^?18 J; and when the relaxation parameter of the rock surface was within 25–30 μm/ms, the calculated unfrozen water content using the proposed model was consistent with the experimental value.     

准饱和正冻土水热力耦合模型的扩展有限元程序研发

针对冻土冻融过程中存在移动相变界面及材料分区不断变化的特点,基于已建立的能全面地描述冻土的水、热、力与变形实际状态的准饱和冻土耦合模型,推导土颗粒、水和冰颗粒的温度场、变形场及水分场的扩展有限元解析格式,构建水热力相互作用在程序中实现的具体方法,开发一款能够为实际冻土工程服务的耦合分析平台3GEXFEM,利用程序对Fukuda系列试验进行数值模拟,分析得到的温度场、水分场与变形场与试验结果较一致,验证了程序的合理性和先进性。此外,基于程序系统地研究不同环境条件:上覆压力、温度梯度、变温模式、温变速率对冻土冻结过程中水热力耦合的影响,为模型及程序的工程应用奠定了基础。     

冻融循环下冷却温度对粉质黏土力学性质影响的试验研究

 环境温度是土体冻结和融化过程中常见的变量。为明确冷却温度对土体冻融循环效应的影响规律,以青藏高原粉质黏土为对象,进行不同冷却温度和冻融次数的冻融循环试验及三轴剪切试验,并测定试样冻融循环后的水分重分布和体积变化特征。结果表明,冻胀和冻缩在冻结过程中是同时存在的,且均随冷却温度的降低而增大,两者正负变形量比例关系的不同是土体冻融循环效应多变的主要原因之一。随着冷却温度的降低,由于冻胀先于冻缩达到极限状态,体积增加量呈先增大、后减小的规律,转折点对应的是冻胀和冻缩在微小温差条件下变形附加量相对大小关系发生改变的临界温度值。破坏强度随冷却温度的变化与干密度一致,呈先减小、后增大的规律,以劣化为主。未冻水含量和水分迁移量均随冷却温度的降低而减小,因此冷却温度越低,破坏强度随冻融次数的变化范围越小,达到新的稳定状态所需的冻融次数也越少。黏聚力和内摩擦角随冷却温度和冻融次数的变化规律可以采用Logistic模型拟合与预测,以方便工程应用。     

冻融作用下特定污染物的清洗试验研究

抽出处理法是目前修复土壤污染常用的方法之一,为了解决抽出处理法中对渗透性差的土中污染物和低浓度污染物效率低的问题,利用土体冻结过程中在一定的温度梯度和水分条件下未冻土侧水分(溶质)向冻结锋面迁移和冻融作用导致渗透性增强的特性,开展了基础试验。试验将混有模拟污染物NaCl溶液的粘土作为研究对象,结合传统的抽出处理法,实施了单向冻融试验和污染物清洗模型试验,探索了利用冻融现象清洗污染土壤的可行性。结果表明,冻融作用有助于提高污染物的抽出效率。     

大尺寸富水卵砾石样冻结状态下的力学特性

为了探究大尺寸富水卵砾石样冻结状态下单轴抗压强度与冻结温度的关系,以南宁市地铁1号线民族大学—青川站区间联络通道富水卵砾石样为研究对象,自研大尺寸模具制备试样,通过GCTS试验平台对试样进行单轴抗压试验,探究试样强度与冻结温度的相互作用关系。试验结果表明:试样抗压强度随着冻结温度的降低不断增加,试样承载能力不断增强,由2.18 MPa增长到3.1 MPa,试验轴应变随着冻结温度的降低不断减小;冻结状态下,卵砾石试样强度主要受冰的强度、冰卵砾石连接强度以及试样中未冻水含量的影响,在一定范围内,降低冻结温度冰强度增强、冰卵砾石连接强度增强、未冻水含量减小,黏聚力提高,内摩擦角略微增大,造成卵砾石试样随着冻结温度的降低强度不断增强;卵砾石试样达到最大抗压强度时轴应变随着冻结温度的降低不断减小,由7.4%降低到3.2%,表明试样随着冻结温度的降低,脆性增强延性减弱,试样破坏趋向于脆性破坏。     

Conditioning of wastewater sludge using freezing and thawing: role of curing

Freeze/thaw (F/T) treatment is an efficient pre-treatment process for biological sludges. When bulk sludge was frozen, tiny unfrozen regimes in the ice matrix were continuously dehydrated by surrounding ice fronts, termed as the “curing stage”. This work demonstrated that the F/T treatment could not only enhance sludge dewaterability, but also solubilize organic matters from sludge matrix. Most enhancement of sludge dewaterability was achieved during bulk freezing stage, with the waste activated sludge more readily dewatered than the mixed sludges after treatment. Conversely, the freezing stage released only limited quantities of organic matters to liquid. Conversely, the curing contributed mostly on chemical oxygen demand (COD) solubilization and NH₃-N release. The crystallization of intra-aggregate moisture was claimed to damage cell membranes so to release intracellular substances to surroundings. The F/T treatment with sufficient curing is advised to effectively condition biological sludge as the feedstock of the following anaerobic digestion process.     

复合冻融与淋洗方法修复重金属污染黏性土的研究

土壤淋洗被认为是一种高效、可广泛应用和彻底治理重金属土壤污染的方法,但因黏质土壤的低渗透性、较大颗粒比表面积对重金属离子所具有的强烈吸附作用,影响水或淋洗剂在土壤中的混合传质,导致淋洗效果不佳。利用人工冻结方法,通过未冻土侧水分向冻结锋面迁移和冻融循环重构土粒结构提高渗透性的原理,再结合化学淋洗方法,对铅、镉污染的黏性土壤进行了修复试验。结果表明,土体经反复冻融后会破坏土体颗粒原有结构,从而有助于淋洗液与污染物充分接触,因而提高了淋洗效率,为利用自然冷能对季冻区重金属污染土壤修复提供了思路。