Linking the mechanical properties of frozen sandstone to phase composition of pore water measured by LF-NMR at subzero temperatures

Water-bearing porous rocks can be greatly strengthened by freezing; its microscopic mechanisms lie in how subzero temperature modifies pore structure but have not yet been clearly defined. In this study, we link the mechanical properties of frozen sandstone to phase composition of pore water (i.e., relative amount of unfrozen water and ice). Both the strength (uniaxial compressive strength and tensile strength) and the phase composition of pore water (tested through the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method) of frozen sandstone at nine subzero temperatures were measured. The results showed the following: (1) subzero temperature strengthened saturated sandstone significantly, both the strengths increased in a three-stage mode and each stage showed an approximately linear trend as temperature decreased from 0 to – 20 °C; and (2) change of phase composition with freezing displayed two distinct stages: the rapid decreasing stage of unfrozen water content (0 to – 4 °C), when bulk water and capillary water froze almost completely, and the slow decreasing stage (? 4 to – 20 °C), when adsorbed water froze partially. Based on direct observations on microscopic pore structure of sandstone and detailed discussion on the mechanical interactions between water, ice, and pore wall, phase composition may modify the mechanical properties of frozen rocks through the following effects: the supporting effect of ice under compression, the crack-filling effect of ice, the cementing effect of unfrozen water film under tension or under shearing load, and the frost damage effect. The former three are strengthening effects, while the latter one is weakening effect.

     

A model of unfrozen water content in rock during freezing and thawing with experimental validation by nuclear magnetic resonance

The unfrozen water content of rock during freezing and thawing has an important influence on its physical and mechanical properties. This study presented a model for calculating the unfrozen water content of rock during freezing and thawing process, considering the influence of unfrozen water film and rock pore structure, which can reflect the hysteresis and super-cooling effects. The pore size distribution curves of red sandstone and its unfrozen water content under different temperatures during the freezing and thawing process were measured using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to validate the proposed model. Comparison between the experimental and calculated results indicated that the theoretical model accurately reflected the water content change law of red sandstone during the freezing and thawing process. Furthermore, the influences of Hamaker constant and surface relaxation parameter on the model results were examined. The results showed that the appropriate magnitude order of Hamaker constant for the red sandstone was 10^?19 J to 10^?18 J; and when the relaxation parameter of the rock surface was within 25–30 μm/ms, the calculated unfrozen water content using the proposed model was consistent with the experimental value.     

低温饱和岩石未冻水含量与冻胀变形模型研究

 寒区岩石在季节性温度变化下会经历冻胀融缩过程,研究低温岩石中未冻水含量以及冻胀变形规律是进行寒区工程数值仿真和稳定性分析的关键问题。岩石是不同于土体的脆性多孔介质材料,孔隙中的未冻水含量还无法通过实验直接测量;基于累计孔隙体积分布规律,考虑孔隙水的冻结点变化和未冻水膜的影响建立低温岩石未冻水含量理论表达式,实例证明该计算式具有较高的可靠度。假定岩石为弹性孔隙介质,基于孔隙冰与岩石孔隙间的膨胀耦合关系可计算冰压力;利用应变等价原理将孔隙中的冰压力等效为岩石表面的三向拉应力,从而根据弹性理论建立了有效冻胀力下低温饱和岩石冻胀变形模型。结果表明饱和岩石低温冻胀变形与岩石基质的力学参数、岩石孔隙率以及未冻水含量等因素有关。最后通过与2个已有的室内冻胀变形实验对比,说明本文冻胀变形模型的正确性以及实用性。     

Frost heave and freezing processes of saturated rock with an open crack under different freezing conditions

Frost heave experiments on saturated sandstone and tuff with an open crack are conducted under uniform and unidirectional freezing conditions. Frost heave of crack in sandstone with high permeability is more significant under uniform freezing condition than that under unidirectional freezing condition. However, frost heave of crack in tuff with low permeability is more significant under unidirectional freezing condition. To illustrate the reasons for this phenomenon, a numerical model on the freezing processes of saturated rock with an open crack considering the latent heat of pore water and water in crack is proposed and confirmed to be reliable. Numerical results show that a frozen shell that blocks the migration of water in crack to rock develops first in the outer part of the rock before the freezing of water in crack under uniform freezing condition. However, the migration path of water in crack to the unfrozen rock under freezing front exists under unidirectional freezing condition. The freezing process and permeability of rock together determine the migration of water in crack and lead to the different frost heave modes of crack for various permeable rocks under different freezing conditions. The frost heave modes of crack in rock with low or high permeability are similar under uniform freezing condition because water migration is blocked by a frozen shell and is irrelevant to rock permeability. For high permeability rock, the frost heave of crack will be weakened due to water migration under unidirectional freezing condition; however, the frost heave of crack would be more significant for low permeability rock because water migration is blocked under unidirectional freezing condition. Therefore, the freezing condition and rock permeability determine the frost heave of rock with crack together, and this should be concerned in cold regions engineering applications.     

不同含水率冻融后红砂岩剪切蠕变特性

针对高海拔地区岩体在冻融作用及含水状态下的劣化特征及长期稳定性,对不同含水率红砂岩进行了冻融后核磁共振检测及剪切蠕变试验,揭示了冻融循环及含水率变化对红砂岩细观结构及蠕变特性的影响机制,据此构建合理的剪切蠕变模型。研究结果表明:在冻融作用下,饱水红砂岩呈现出由小尺寸孔隙增长向中小尺寸孔隙共同增长的趋势,而饱和红砂岩主要以中、大孔隙增长为主。在长期荷载作用下,随着含水率的增加,冻融后红砂岩的蠕变量普遍增大,而长期强度及长期折减系数显著降低,破坏前试样更易出现加速蠕变特征,破坏后试样宏观形态更为碎裂。根据红砂岩的冻融损伤及时效性损伤效应,建立了红砂岩冻融剪切蠕变模型,并对模型进行了参数优化辨识,借此验证了模型的正确性及合理性。研究结果对于冻融岩质灾害的防控和评价具有参考价值。     

岩石冻胀变形特征及寒区隧道冻胀变形模拟

运用应变片法测试低温环境下饱和及干燥岩样的低温应变特征,研究岩样冻胀融缩效应,给出严格的岩石冻胀变形规律。试验结果表明：一个冻融循环内,干燥岩样变形表现为线弹性特征,而饱水岩样的变形大致经历冷缩、冻胀、融缩、热胀等阶段,并产生残余应变。依据试验结论,运用理论分析方法研究岩石冻胀应变,并将其运用于工程实例,模拟寒区隧道冻胀变形特征,并得出一定冻结条件下围岩未冻区、正冻区和已冻区的分布状况。     

单向冻结时开放条件下饱和砂岩冻胀试验及THM耦合冻胀模型

为研究寒区岩石在梯度温度场中补水条件下的冻胀变形规律,进行了单向冻结时开放条件下饱和砂岩冻胀试验。试验结果表明,单向冻结时开放条件下饱和岩石冻胀过程中,沿冻结方向的冻胀位移变化过程可分为冷缩阶段、原位冻胀阶段、分凝冻胀阶段3个阶段。分凝冻胀阶段冻结锋面趋于稳定,冻胀变形持续增长,与时间基本呈线性关系。此外,分凝冻胀阶段补水量换算的迁移水分凝冻胀位移与冻结方向冻胀位移比较接近。随着平均温度梯度增大,分凝冻胀变形速率增大,且分凝冰位置与平均温度梯度线性相关。然后,建立了考虑孔隙水原位冻胀与迁移水分凝冻胀的THM耦合冻胀模型。模型中,孔隙水原位冻胀计算基于未冻水含量,并引入约束系数表征岩石骨架对孔隙水冻胀约束程度;迁移水分凝冻胀计算基于分凝势理论,水分迁移速率与冻结缘处的温度梯度成正比。模型计算结果与试验结果对比表明,建立的THM耦合冻胀模型能够比较准确地计算单向冻结时开放条件下饱和岩石冻胀位移,并能够模拟出分凝冻胀时分凝冰层引起的位移突变及分凝冰位置,可用于寒区冻胀敏感性岩石开放条件下冻胀变形计算。     

冻融过程中未冻水含量及冻结温度的试验研究

 土体冻融过程中的未冻水含量是控制水分迁移及冻胀融沉的关键因素,而冻结温度是判断土体是否处于冻结状态的重要指标。基于频域反射法(FDR),测定不同初始体积含水率条件下青藏高原粉质黏土,冻融过程中的体积未冻水含量及温度变化,分析引起体积未冻水含量及冻结温度产生差异的主要原因。试验结果表明：初始含水率较高的土体,冻结过程中出现了很明显的过冷现象以及温度和体积未冻水含量的突变,而初始含水率较低的土体,这种现象并不明显。初始含水率较大的土体冻结先于初始含水率较小的土体,并且对温度突变的敏感性大于初始含水率较小的土体。对冻融过程体积未冻水含量的滞后分析发现,体积未冻水滞后度?θ和温度滞后度?T均是先增大后减小,体积未冻水滞后度?θ的峰值发生在相变区附近,其峰值随着初始含水率的增大而增大。当初始含水率等于或高于液限含水率时,含水率对冻结温度影响不大;当初始含水率低于液限含水率时,冻结温度随含水率减小而降低。     

Sensitivity analysis of thermal factors affecting the nonlinear freezing process of soil

In the construction of artificial freezing methods and cold region engineering, the determination of the accurate temperature field is the demand of both ensuring the stability of frozen soil and reducing the project investment. Affected by the external environment, phase change latent heat, non-linear thermal parameters, etc., the temperature evolution of the soil freezing process is a non-linear form, and the temperature field evolution will be more complex with the change of different influencing factors. Scientific control and utilization of the influencing factors of the frozen soil temperature field play a vital role in improving the freezing efficiency and accuracy of the soil temperature field. This study aims to analyze the sensitivity of thermal factors on the nonlinear formation process of frozen soil temperature field, and to provide the results for the control of various factors in frozen soil engineering. A freezing model test was designed and implemented, the boundary conditions and temperature evolution in the model were monitored. Meanwhile, the thermal parameters and unfrozen water content of the model soil were tested indoor. Then the theoretical relationship between unfrozen water content and parameters was deduced to determine the variation range of unfrozen water content. The boundary condition values (including the maximum, minimum and average values) and thermal parameters were used in the orthogonal simulation of the freezing model, respectively. The temperature simulation values were compared with the model test values, and the factors affecting the nonlinear heat transfer of frozen soils were analyzed quantitatively by both the range method and variance analysis method. Several suggestions of the vital factors in the soil freezing construction were offered based on this research.     

Model for simulation of freezing and thawing processes in building materials

This paper presents a mathematical model for simultaneous heat and moisture transfer under freezing–thawing in porous hygroscopic material. Even below 0°C, unfrozen liquid water exists in the material which plays an important role in the processes. The model takes into account the existence of unfrozen liquid water. The system is treated as a three-(gas, liquid and solid) phase system of water. Moisture chemical potential is used as a moisture potential. Under freezing, moisture chemical potential is a unique function of local temperature. So, during freezing, two unknown variables to be solved are solid water content and moisture potential or temperature. A simple example of simulation for freezing processes is shown.     

用离心模型研究岩石边坡的倾倒破坏

用两种材料的离心模型研究边坡倾倒破坏机理。石膏材料做的试验说明，数值模型不仅能模拟块状岩体的倾倒过程，而且能合理地考虑锚索的作用；人工石材料作的试验发现，运用数值模型分析离心模型试验时，只有考虑裂缝对材料的影响以及对岩体抗拉强度进行等效修正，两者才能获得一致结果。此外，试验还证实了破坏面是一个在坡趾处位置较深的双折线型滑面     

人工冻结粉土未冻水含量测试试验研究

未冻水含量测试是冻土科学研究中的一个重点和难点问题。为测定粉土中未冻水含量,将小体积土样冻透后,放置在温度恒定的空气中,依靠自然对流加热融化,记录其中心温度–时间变化曲线。根据牛顿冷却定律,建立一个反映冻土温度随时间变化的计算模型,应用该模型拟合温度–时间曲线的融土部分,得到融土与空气表面的对流传热系数;拟合温度–时间曲线的相变部分,确定某地区的粉土冻结点。根据冰的质量和相变过程吸收热量的关系,建立冻透状态下未冻水含量的计算模型及测试方法。应用该方法进行粉土未冻水含量测试,结果表明,该粉土冻结至－4 ℃时未冻水含量在3.75%左右。反演土样融化过程的理论计算温度与实测值吻合较好,表明了提出的理论模型及测试方法的可行性。     

冻土中气态水迁移及其对土体含水率的影响分析

现有文献几乎尚未系统分析冻结条件下气态水对不同土性含水率的影响。基于热力学平衡理论及水热耦合理论,提出了未冻水含量和冰体积分数的计算方法,建立起新的耦合模型。该模型中最大未冻水含量和冰体积分数仅与水力参数和温度有关,具有明确的物理意义,与砂壤土的冻结试验结果对比也验证了新模型。模型分析结果表明:冻结条件下的气态水迁移主要受温度势而非基质势的作用,粉土和砂土中的气态水迁移是不能忽略的,而黏土中几乎没有气态水迁移;初始体积含水率、冻结温度、冻结时间及地下水位高度等都会对气态水的迁移有影响。总的来说,气态水对于粉土等冻胀敏感性土,即使较小的水分增加仍然能够产生显著冻胀,因此实际工程必须重视气态水的作用。本文分析加深了对"锅盖效应"的理解,也验证了"锅盖效应"通常发生在覆盖层下的粉土区域,而非砂土或黏土。     

Influence of high-temperature thermal cycles on the pore structure of red sandstone

Analyzing variations in rock pore structure under high-temperature thermal cycles is of great significance for the development of deep resource. In this paper, red sandstone from Linyi, Shandong Province, was heated to 200 °C, 400 °C, 500 °C, and 600 °C, followed by five cold thermal cycles. The transverse relaxation times (T₂) of red sandstone treated at various temperatures were observed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and the porosity and the characteristics of the pore structure were analyzed. The results show that the variations in the pore structure of red sandstone occur primarily owing to the escape of pore water, thermal expansion, and the decomposition of some minerals. In the range of 200 to 500 °C, the escape of free water, bound water, and structural water in the sandstone resulted in a significant increase in the proportion of pores with a volume of r?<?0.1 μm. At 573 °C, the phase transition of quartz and the high-temperature decomposition of calcite led to a marked increase in the proportion of mesopores (with a volume of 0.1 μm?<?r?<?1 μm), and the connectivity between pores increased. At the same temperature, the number of mesopores and macropores increases with increases in the number of cycles. At 600 °C, the number of mesopores in sandstone increased significantly after five thermal cycles.

     

冻融与荷载作用下土体内部孔隙水压力、水分变化规律及其模型试验研究

 在季节冻土区,反复冻融作用导致土体孔隙水压力发生变化,进而导致土体中水分的迁移;对土体施加静荷载,土体内部应力场发生变化,土体内的水分和孔隙水压力亦发生变化。通过模型试验,研究无荷载和荷载两种条件下土体内部孔隙水压力和水分场随冻融循环作用的变化规律,试验结果表明：在荷载和无荷载两种条件下,孔隙水压力在初期呈负值稳定变化,然后快速增大,最后呈周期性变化。在无荷载条件下,随着土体深度的增加,孔隙水压力增大,水分含量减小;在荷载条件下,土体上部和中部位置处的孔隙水压力和水分含量都大于荷载两侧。在一个冻融周期内,土体内部孔隙水压力和水分含量都随温度的升高而增大,随温度的降低而减小,而且孔隙水压力和水分含量随温度的变化都具有滞后性。     

冻土超声波波速与冻土物理力学性质试验研究

超声波在介质中的传播速度反映了介质的物理力学性质．运用UVM-2型声速测定仪，测定不同密度的冻结砂土、冻结黄土和冻结粘土在不同温度下的超声波波速(纵波波速和横波波速)。对比分析不同土质的冻土，在温度和密度变化时超声波波速的变化，得出以下结论：土质颗粒的大小及组成成分在土冻结且在温度继续下降的过程中，通过影响结合水含量的变化而影响未冻水含量的变化．从而进一步影响冻土中的超声波传播速度．所以，可以在超声波波速与温度变化和未冻水含量与温度变化的基础上，建立超声波波速与未冻水含量的关系，通过测定超声波波速来量测冻土未冻水含量．密度的变化也影响着冻土纵、横波波速的变化，且冻结黄土的波速受密度变化影响较大，而冻结粘土则较小。冻土土质类型不同．透过它们的纵波波速和横波波速的变化范围也不同，可以通过对比表示压缩和剪切相对幅值的纵横波速比比值，来判定此冻土的土质类型，一般冻结粘土为1．07，冻结黄土为2．15，冻结砂土为0．7。根据弹性理论，泊松比与波速比有关，所以可以直接测量冻土的波速比研究冻土的强度及变形性能．     

Laboratory study and interpretation of mechanical behavior of frozen clay through state concept

Towards the development of a mechanical model that can be part of multi-physical analysis of frozen soils, a program of systematic frozen-unfrozen parallel triaxial tests at different temperatures and strain rates was conducted. The mechanical behavior of the reconstituted high-plasticity clay samples was investigated and interpreted through a state concept based on Ladanyi and Morel’s (1990) postulate on the unique relationship between the inter-particle “effective” stress and the strain path. The Critical State Lines (CSLs) for clay specimens frozen undrained were mapped by referring to the shear behavior of unfrozen specimens sharing the same strain history. With other conditions set identical, the shear strength linearly increased with a decrease in the temperature for the range from ?10 °C to ?2 °C, and log-linearly increased with an increase in the strain rate for the range from 0.001%/min to 0.1%/min. Direct comparison of the strain-rate effects between frozen and unfrozen specimens with identical strain paths and states in the soil skeleton clearly indicates that the viscoplasticity derives from that of pore ice. A conceptual interpretative framework invoking temperature- and strain rate-dependent state bounding surfaces and CSLs was proposed to describe the behavior of frozen soils under steady and non-steady temperature and strain rate. The above observations of the behavioral features of frozen and unfrozen soils, with further experimental work, are expected to lead to the construction of a unified framework for describing the behavior under both states and the transition between them.     

基于CT图像的冻结岩石冰含量及损伤特性分析

冻结岩石中冰含量对其热力学及损伤特性有重要影响,研究岩石冻结过程中冰含量随温度的变化规律可以为冻结岩石工程的安全稳定性评价提供科学依据。运用CT识别技术,进行不同温度梯度下冻结岩石的CT扫描实验,获得20 ℃、-2 ℃、-5 ℃、-10 ℃、-20 ℃、-30 ℃下岩石的CT扫描图像,实现了冻结岩石CT图像的伪彩色增强和直方图分析,完成了冻结岩石冰含量及损伤信息的数字表述,对冰含量随温度的变化规律进行定量分析。依据损伤力学理论,定义以冰含量表示的冻结损伤变量,探讨了未冻水含量和温度梯度对冻结岩石损伤特性的影响规律。研究结果表明:(-2 ℃,-5 ℃)是水冰剧烈相变的温度区间,冻结损伤演化起始和急剧增大阶段;(-5 ℃,-10 ℃)是冻结损伤发展阶段;(-20 ℃,-30 ℃)是冻结损伤趋于稳定的温度区间。所定义的冻结损伤变量能够描述温度降低过程中岩石损伤的演化过程,基于冻结岩石CT图像伪彩色增强的冻结岩石损伤演化的定量分析为冻结岩石工程的稳定性研究提供了新的思路和方法。     

冻融循环作用下原状过湿土的抗剪强度试验

为了研究季冻地区过湿土的抗剪强度特性,利用青冈过湿土路基段原状土进行抗剪强度试验,分析了不同含水量对过湿土的抗剪强度影响,重点研究了冻融循环作用下过湿土抗剪强度变化规律。试验结果表明:不同含水量的过湿土应力应变曲线均趋于硬化型,含水量越大,过湿土的抗剪强度越小,相应的内摩擦角和黏聚力也越小;同未冻融土相比,经冻融循环的过湿土黏聚力显著增加,内摩擦角减小;相同含水量的过湿土经冻融循环的次数越多,融化后土的抗剪强度越大,而且随着冻融次数的增多,黏聚力开始下降,内摩擦角显著增大。     

单向冻结过程中NaCl盐渍土水盐运移及变形机理研究

冻结过程中的水盐迁移机理一直是冻土学研究的热点。通过单向冻结试验,研究了冻结过程中的水盐运移过程及土体变形。研究表明,在土体初始含盐量为0.8%的条件下,土体的冻胀变形显著减小,盐分的存在强烈影响着冻结缘处水分的集聚,盐对土体的冻胀具有抑制作用。在补给不同浓度NaCl溶液的条件下,土体初期的冻胀变形规律一致,随着盐分在冻结锋面处的累积,土体在后续冻结过程中水分迁移动力不足,从而使得土体冻胀过程中冻胀明显减小。基于溶液的性质并考虑盐分对土体冻结温度和未冻水含量的影响,建立了冻结过程中NaCl盐渍土水盐迁移规律及变形的计算模型,计算结果显示,计算模型能够很好地反映含盐土体在冻结过程中的温度、水分、盐分及变形的规律,从而为深入了解盐渍土在冻结过程中的变形机理提供理论参考。