燃油喷嘴气液两相流雾化特性研究

以空气,水为工质,利用马尔文粒度分析仪对气液两相流雾化器喷嘴的雾化特性进行了详细的实验研究。测量了气,液两相流不同入口压力比条件下通过喷嘴后形成的液体雾化粒子的粒径分布,详细讨论分析了气,液两相压力及进气,进液方式对喷雾效果的影响,得出了喷嘴雾化过程中气液两相流量与气液两相压力之间的规律和 化原则,并对喷嘴的雾化机理进行了探讨。     

喷油压力波动对喷嘴内空穴发展影响的CFD分析

柴油机喷嘴内部空穴流动是造成喷孔出口燃油初次雾化的重要原因之一,影响喷雾特性,进而影响柴油机的燃烧及排放性能.而实际柴油机喷油系统中的喷油压力往往存在波动,使得喷嘴内部空穴流动现象更为复杂.针对垂直多孔喷嘴,利用混合多相流空穴模型,进行了喷嘴内部气液两相瞬态流动的三维数值模拟,深入分析了不同频率及不同波形的入口压力波动对喷嘴内部流动空穴发展过程的影响.分析得出,空穴有其自己的时间和长度尺度.     

船用柴油机高压喷嘴空穴流动的瞬态数值分析

利用CFD软件对某型船用柴油机高压喷嘴内部的瞬态流动进行了数值研究,计算得到了不同喷孔参数和不同共轨压力下喷嘴内部的液相速度、压力、湍动能以及气相体积分数（空穴）的分布情况。结果表明,在相同轨压下小孔径喷孔可以加强液柱表面的初始扰动水平,增强液柱的初次破碎能力,有利于燃油雾化;高的共轨压力加大了气液两相间的相对速度,有助液柱的初次破碎。     

基于VOF-DPM模型的离心喷嘴中的燃油流动及雾化特征研究

针对燃油在离心喷嘴中的内部流动及其外部雾化过程,采用VOF-DPM模型对其进行了数值模拟研究。分析了压力对喷嘴出口处空气芯大小和液膜厚度的影响,得到了液膜破碎长度和雾化锥角等雾化特性,应用实验测试结果对数值模拟进行了验证,并与流体体积函数法(VOF)和离散相追踪法(DPM)进行了对比。结果表明：VOF-DPM模型可以真实反映离心喷嘴的内部流动和外部雾化特性,研究发现了与实际雾化过程符合的液膜破碎存在孔洞破碎和边缘破碎两种形式;捕捉到了在液膜表面的波动及气动力共同作用下液膜失稳破碎形成液滴的过程;燃油流动及雾化特性随着压力增加发生变化,喷嘴内空气芯直径增大,出口处液膜厚度减小,液膜的破碎长度下降。     

气泡雾化喷嘴内部及出口下游的数值模拟

采用FLUENT软件对喷嘴内部气液两相混合以及喷嘴下游雾炬场进行了数值模拟,主要模拟了喷嘴内部气液两相的浓度分布、喷嘴内部的压力分布、下游雾炬场的速度矢量分布、颗粒直径大小分布,并对模拟结果进行了分析,模拟结果对以后的两相流以及雾化的研究具有一定的指导意义。     

基于“液包气”雾化的脱硫喷嘴特性实验

在一种内置拉法尔气体喷管两相流“液包气”喷嘴的设计基础上,搭建了多相雾化实验台,进行了喷嘴雾化性能实验,研究了气液质量比（训）对喷嘴雾化颗粒粒径分布均匀性、索特尔平均雾化直径、雾化角等性能指标的影响,推导出“液包气”喷嘴液气压力比和气液质量比的经验公式及适用范围,得到了内置拉法尔喷管两相流“液包气”喷嘴气液质量比的临界点为0．057．结果表明：液气压力比随着硼的增大而减小;当w=0．057时,液气压力比为0．92;气体流量系数与气液质量比呈反比关系;“液包气”喷嘴单相雾化效果远差于两相时的雾化效果,且随着喷嘴液相压力的提高,雾化效果变好,但压力对雾化效果的影响越来越弱．     

同轴气流引射式喷嘴流动特性数值研究

采用RNG k-ε湍流模型,结合混合双流体模型对同轴气流引射式喷嘴的内部流动特性进行了数值模拟,考察进气压力对喷嘴流动特性的影响,得到气液流量变化规律,并与试验结果进行了对比,验证了模型的可靠性。研究结果表明,由于同轴气流引射式喷嘴内部存在中心负压区域,实现了对液体的引射。随着进气压力增大,喷嘴出口的湍动能增大,液体体积分数减小,气液混合效果增强,有利于提高雾化质量。液体流量随着进气压力的增大呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,因此,进气压力需要控制在合理范围内。     

Y型喷嘴性能的数值分析

利用F luen t软件模拟气流式雾化喷嘴的喷雾,计算了不同的入口条件下,喷嘴喷雾的液体雾化粒径;讨论了不同的液体和气体压力以及它们的比值对喷雾效果的影响;模拟结果与实验数值吻合很好。分析结果表明,液体压力的增大不利于雾化,而随着气体压力的增大雾化效果改善显著,但是气液压力比满足一定的匹配数值才能保证良好的雾化效果。     

液包式雾化喷嘴出口锥角优化实验研究

液包式雾化喷嘴是一种新型脱硫雾化喷嘴,其出口锥角直接影响其雾化性能。采用图3所示实验台架,选用喷嘴出口锥角开展实验,并利用Winner318型激光粒径分析仪,进行了雾化特性试验。结果表明,内锥角的变化对雾化角的影响明显,而外锥角的变化对雾化角基本无影响;内、外锥角的改变对平均雾化粒径基本无影响,喷嘴的雾化角和平均雾化粒径随着气液压力比的增大而减小,当气液压力比达到1.5后,气液压力比的影响作用降低。     

三通道气力式喷嘴加压环境雾化特性试验研究

对三通道气力式喷嘴进行了雾化室加压环境下的雾化试验研究,分析了雾化室环境压力与其他喷嘴运行参数对喷嘴雾化性能的影响。研究发现,雾化室环境压力的提高有利于气液两相的相互作用,可以有效降低雾化粒度平均直径,且当气耗率不变时,雾化粒径SMD与雾化室环境压力呈负指数的幂函数关系。     

Treatment of two-phase flow in cathode gas channel for an improved one-dimensional proton exchange membrane fuel cell model

It has been reported recently that water flooding in the cathode gas channel has significant effects on the characteristics of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. A better understanding of this phenomenon with the aid of an accurate model is necessary for improving the water management and performance of fuel cell. However, this phenomenon is often not considered in the previous one-dimensional models where zero or a constant liquid water saturation level is assumed at the interface between gas diffusion layer and gas channel. In view of this, a one-dimensional fuel cell model that includes the effects of two-phase flow in the gas channel is proposed. The liquid water saturation along the cathode gas channel is estimated by adopting Darcy’s law to describe the convective flow of liquid water under various inlet conditions, i.e. air pressure, relative humidity and air stoichiometry. The averaged capillary pressure of gas channel calculated from the liquid water saturation is used as the boundary value at the interface to couple the cathode gas channel model to the membrane electrode assembly model. Through the coupling of the two modeling domains, the water distribution inside the membrane electrode assembly is associated with the inlet conditions. The simulation results, which are verified against experimental data and simulation results from a published computational fluid dynamics model, indicate that the effects of relative humidity and stoichiometry of inlet air are crucial to the overall fuel cell performance. The proposed model gives a more accurate treatment of the water transport in the cathode region, which enables an improved water management through an understanding of the effects of inlet conditions on the fuel cell performance.     

模拟贯穿裂纹内高速气液两相流动特性研究

压力管道和容器发生贯穿泄漏会引发严重的事故,合理估算贯穿泄漏量具有重要的工程意义。本文以矩形狭缝通道模拟贯穿裂纹,开展了高压氩气-水贯穿模拟裂纹的高速流动可视化试验研究,狭缝长度为20mm,间隙宽度为0.08-0.18mm。试验进口压力大于5000kPa,液体的表观速度区间为0.05-58.62m/s,气体表观速度区间为1.71-34.27m/s,采用两侧进水中间进气的特殊入口方式,研究了非均匀混合流体通过狭缝通道的流动特性。研究表明：入口压力越大出口位置压降的加速效应越明显;气体在并行双入口下,流体入口存在明显不对称流动现象,狭缝内高速气液流两相滑速比差异较小;依据本文的试验数据对两相摩擦压降的计算模型进行了验证和评价,采用Sun-Mishima关系式时对泄漏流量的估算效果最好,均相模型也具有较好的计算精度;当狭缝宽度为0.08mm时,现有关系式估算泄漏量偏小。     

Numerical study of water management in the air flow channel of a PEM fuel cell cathode

The water management in the air flow channel of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell cathode is numerically investigated using the FLUENT software package. By enabling the volume of fraction (VOF) model, the air–water two-phase flow can be simulated under different operating conditions. The effects of channel surface hydrophilicity, channel geometry, and air inlet velocity on water behavior, water content inside the channel, and two-phase pressure drop are discussed in detail. The results of the quasi-steady-state simulations show that: (1) the hydrophilicity of reactant flow channel surface is critical for water management in order to facilitate water transport along channel surfaces or edges; (2) hydrophilic surfaces also increase pressure drop due to liquid water spreading; (3) a sharp corner channel design could benefit water management because it facilitates water accumulation and provides paths for water transport along channel surface opposite to gas diffusion layer; (4) the two-phase pressure drop inside the air flow channel increases almost linearly with increasing air inlet velocity.     

A critical review of two-phase flow in gas flow channels of proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Water management in PEM fuel cells has received extensive attention due to its key role in fuel cell performance. The unavoidable water, from humidified gas streams and electrochemical reaction, leads to gas-liquid two-phase flow in the flow channels of fuel cells. The presence of two-phase flow increases the complexity in water management in PEM fuel cells, which remains a challenging hurdle in the commercialization of this technology. Unique water emergence from the gas diffusion layer, which is different from conventional gas-liquid two-phase flow where water is introduced from the inlet together with the gas, leads to different gas-liquid flow behaviors, including pressure drop, flow pattern, and liquid holdup along flow field channels. These parameters are critical in flow field design and fuel cell operation and therefore two-phase flow has received increasing attention in recent years. This review emphasizes gas-liquid two-phase flow in minichannels or microchannels related to PEM fuel cell applications. In situ and ex situ experimental setups have been utilized to visualize and quantify two-phase flow phenomena in terms of flow regime maps, flow maldistribution, and pressure drop measurements. Work should continue to make the results more relevant for operating PEM fuel cells. Numerical simulations have progressed greatly, but conditions relevant to the length scales and time scales experienced by an operating fuel cell have not been realized. Several mitigation strategies exist to deal with two-phase flow, but often at the expense of overall cell performance due to parasitic power losses. Thus, experimentation and simulation must continue to progress in order to develop a full understanding of two-phase flow phenomena so that meaningful mitigation strategies can be implemented.     

Experimental study on desulfurization efficiency and gas–liquid mass transfer in a new liquid-screen desulfurization system

This paper presents a new liquid-screen gas–liquid two-phase flow pattern with discarded carbide slag as the liquid sorbent of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) in a wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) system. On the basis of experimental data, the correlations of the desulfurization efficiency with flue gas flow rate, slurry flow rate, pH value of slurry and liquid–gas ratio were investigated. A non-dimensional empirical model was developed which correlates the mass transfer coefficient with the liquid Reynolds number, gas Reynolds number and liquid–gas ratio (L/G) based on the available experimental data. The kinetic reaction between the SO₂ and the carbide slag depends on the pressure distribution in this desulfurizing tower, gas liquid flow field, flue gas component, pH value of slurry and liquid–gas ratio mainly. The transient gas–liquid mass transfer involving with chemical reaction was quantified by measuring the inlet and outlet SO₂ concentrations of flue gas as well as the characteristics of the liquid-screen two-phase flow. The mass transfer model provides a necessary quantitative understanding of the hydration kinetics of sulfur dioxide in the liquid-screen flue gas desulfurization system using discarded carbide slag which is essential for the practical application.     

Effect of Channel Length on the Gas–Liquid Two-Phase Flow Phenomena in a Microchannel

An optical measurement system was used to investigate the effect of microchannel length and inlet geometery on adiabatic gas–liquid two-phase flow. Experiments were conducted with 146-mm- and 1571-mm-long, circular microchannels of 100 μm diameter. Void fraction and gas and liquid plug/slug lengths and their velocities were measured for two inlet configurations for gas–liquid mixing: (a) reducer and (b) T-junction. The superficial gas velocity was varied from 0.03 to 14 m/s, and superficial liquid velocity from 0.04 to 0.7 m/s. The test section length was found to have a significant effect on the two-phase flow characteristics measured at the same axial location (37 mm from the inlet) in both microchannels. The mean void fraction data for the short (146 mm) microchannel with the reducer inlet agreed well with the equation previously proposed by Kawahara et al. (2002). On the other hand, the mean void fraction data for the long (1571 mm) microchannel obeyed the homogeneous flow model and Armand's equation for both the reducer and T-junction inlet configurations. Many long and rapidly moving gas plugs/slugs and long, slowly moving liquid plugs/slugs were observed in the short microchannel compared to the long microchannel, leading to the differences in the time-averaged void fraction data. The mean velocity of liquid plugs/slugs generally agreed well with Hughmark's equation and the homogeneous flow model predictions, regardless of the inlet configurations and microchannel lengths. Thus, both the microchannel length and inlet geometry were found to significantly affect the two-phase flow characteristics in a microchannel.     

平行流蒸发器内气液两相流分配均匀性实验研究

平行流蒸发器内气液两相(特别是液相)在各扁管间的分配对其传热性能影响较大,如果各扁管间的气液分配不均匀其传热性能将显著地下降.在不同气-液流量下实验研究了6种不同形式的平行流蒸发器的分支管液体流量分配情况,实验中观察到流型以环状流为主.研究发现,对于竖直向下流动和竖直向上流动,用通过增加管径的方法不能改善液体流量在各分支管的分配,而主管中气液入口的位置对于流量分配均匀性影响较大.     

Gas flow rate distributions in parallel minichannels for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: Experiments and theoretical analysis

In the present work, instantaneous gas flow rates in each of two parallel channels of gas-liquid two-phase flow systems were investigated through measurements of the pressure drop across the entrance region. Liquid flow rates in two branches were pre-determined through liquid injection independently into each channel. Experiments were conducted in two different manners, i.e., the gas flow rate was varied in both ascending and descending paths. Flow hysteresis was observed in both gas flow rate distributions and the overall pressure drop of two-phase flow systems. Effects of liquid flow rates on gas flow distributions were examined experimentally. The presence of flow hysteresis was found to be associated with different flow patterns at different combinations of gas and liquid flow rates and flow instability conditions. A new and simple method was developed to predict gas flow distributions based on flow regime-specific pressure drop models for different experimental approaches and flow patterns. In particular, two different two-phase pressure drop models were used for slug flow and annular flow, separately. Good agreement was achieved between theoretical predictions and our experimental data. The developed new method can be potentially applied to predict gas flow distributions in parallel channels for fuel cells.     

Numerical simulation and experiment analyses for the gas-liquid two-phase vortex pump

Based on the gas-liquid two-phase mixture transportation test,the k-ε-Ap turbulence model was applied to simulate the two-phase turbulent flow in a vortex pump.By comparing the simulation and experiment results,inner flow features were revealed.The bubbles in the channel distribute mainly at the pressure side of the blades,and the aggregation degree of the bubbles is enhanced with an increase in inlet gas volume fraction.Experimental results indicate that the influence of the gas phase on vortex pump performance is small when the gas volume fraction is less than 10%.When the gas volume fraction continuously increases to 15%,the characteristic curves abruptly drop due to the gas blocking phenomenon.     

An investigation of two-phase flow pressure drop in helical rectangular channel

Numerical simulations have been carried out to evaluate the two-phase frictional pressure drop for air-water two-phase flow in horizontal helical rectangular channels by varying configurations, inlet velocity and inlet sectional liquid holdup. The investigations performed using eight coils, five different inlet velocity and four different inlet sectional liquid holdups. The effects of curvature, torsion, fluid velocity and inlet sectional liquid holdup on two-phase frictional pressure drop have been illustrated. It is found that the two-phase frictional pressure drop relates strongly to the superficial velocities of air or water, and that the curvature and torsion have some effect on the pressure drop for higher Reynolds number flows in large-scale helical rectangular channel; the inlet sectional liquid holdup only increases the magnitude of pressure drop in helical channel and has no effect on the development of pressure drop. The correlation developed predicts the two-phase frictional pressure drop in helical rectangular channel with acceptable statistical accuracy.