生物质热解油/柴油乳化效果评价方法及影响因素

采用微观和宏观分析相结合的方法,评价稻壳热解油和柴油乳化效果,宏观上以热解油乳化比例为评价依据,微观上以乳化液中热解油液滴的平均粒径和数密度为评价依据,重点研究了乳化剂种类、亲水亲油平衡指数（hydrophilic-lipophilic balance,HLB）、乳化液静置时间、乳化温度、热解油质量分数、乳化剂用量等因素对热解油和柴油乳化效果的影响。研究结果表明：微观和宏观分析法对乳化效果变化规律的评价结果基本一致,评价方法具有较高的准确性。与司班80-吐温80复配乳化剂相比,Atlox 4194-DP 2206复配乳化剂对热解油和柴油混合液的乳化效果更好,且乳化剂的最佳HLB值为4.82。热解油液滴平均粒径和液滴数密度在静置第1天内变化较为明显,在静置时间超过3天后基本保持不变。静置时间超过1天后,乳化温度对乳化液的稳定性和乳化效果没有影响。随热解油质量分数或乳化剂用量的增加,热解油乳化效果先增加后降低,热解油的质量分数范围应在10%~20%间,且质量分数为10%时,热解油乳化效果最好,热解油乳化比例可保持在90%以上;乳化剂与热解油比例的范围应在0.25~0.5,且比例为0.5左右时,乳化效果最佳,热解油乳化比例可稳定在85%以上。     

甲醇柴油乳液稳定性研究

在20℃下,研究了复配乳化剂及助乳化剂的含量、HLB值、甲醇含量、乳化时间及转速等对甲醇柴油乳液稳定性的影响规律。研究结果表明,随着复配乳化剂及助乳化剂的含量、HLB值和转速的增大,乳液的稳定性呈现先升高后降低的趋势。随着乳化时间的延长,稳定性先升高后趋于基本稳定。随着甲醇含量的增大,乳液的稳定性逐渐降低。实验得到的适宜操作参数:乳化时间为2 min、转速为5×2 800 r·min-1、HLB值为4.5、乳化剂及助乳化剂质量分数均为3%、甲醇质量分数为15%。测得Sauter平均直径D=13μm。     

环保型船用艉轴油乳化稳定性的研究

为了考察乳化剂和助乳化剂对环保型船用艉轴油乳化稳定性的影响,分别以乳状液的储存时间、离心析水量和乳液的平均粒径及其粒径分布作为乳状液稳定性的评价指标,研究了乳化剂种类、HLB值、乳化剂质量分数、助乳化剂种类以及助乳化剂质量分数对环保型艉轴油乳化稳定性的影响。结果表明:在环保型船用艉轴油体系中,乳化剂Span 80和Tween 80复配效果最好,且最佳HLB值为6。添加助乳化剂Hypermer B246能进一步增强乳状液的稳定性。提高乳化剂和助乳化剂的质量分数均可增加乳状液的储存时间,降低乳状液的离心析水量和平均粒径,从而提高乳状液的稳定性。     

超声条件对乳化制取木质纤维素生物质柴油稳定性的影响

根据试验要求设计了槽式可变频率可控波形超声波乳化仪,采用正交试验方法研究超声条件对乳化制备木质纤维素生物质柴油的稳定性的影响。乳化液配制条件:HLB=5、乳化剂用量3%、生物质油掺量20%、0^#柴油80%、占生物油含量20%的甲醇作为助乳化剂、乳化温度为常温。取40 mL乳化液,放在槽式可变频率可控波形超声乳化仪内,进行乳化。正交试验结果表明:在超声乳化生物质柴油效果及稳定性的影响因素中,影响最大的为超声处理时间、其次为超声功率、超声频率,最小为超声激励波形。超声作用的最佳操作条件是超声功率30 W,处理时间8 min,超声频率25 kHz以及超声波形为方波脉冲,在此条件下制取的乳化油稳定性能最好,且燃烧特性良好,自然放置稳定时间可达2256 h。     

聚甘油单硬脂酸酯乳化二甲基硅油及乳液表征

用聚甘油单硬脂酸酯复配乳化1 Pa.s的二甲基硅油,考察复配乳化剂的亲水亲油平衡值(HLB)对乳液体积平均粒径、乳液黏度、乳液离心稳定性的影响以及乳液的耐高温稳定性。结果表明:复配乳化剂HLB值对乳液体积平均粒径、黏度、离心稳定性的影响显著,选择高聚合度的亲水型乳化剂和高聚合度的亲油型乳化剂进行复配乳化,有利于形成稳定的硅油乳液。最佳乳化条件为乳化剂(二聚甘油单硬酯和八聚甘油单硬脂酸酯,HLB=10.5)、硅油和水的质量比为7∶23∶70。在最佳乳化条件下制得的乳液体积平均粒径为8.06μm,黏度为387 mPa.s,固相质量分数差为2.91%。乳液高温稳定性良好,在110℃保持5 h,乳液体积平均粒径增大至11.63μm,固相质量分数差增大至6.12%。     

影响冷轧油乳液稳定性工艺因素的研究

为确定某种特定的冷轧油乳化液配制时的工艺条件,研究了复配乳化剂种类、用量、乳化温度、乳化时间等参数对该乳液稳定性的影响规律。研究表明：将醚类与酯类的非离子乳化剂进行乳化,温度50℃,复配乳化剂用量占总乳化液的0.56%,油水体积比1∶19,搅拌时间50min下制得的冷轧油乳化液的稳定性符合我国现行乳化液稳定性行业标准。     

柴油微乳化技术中乳化剂的选择及配方的研究

讨论了柴油微乳化研究中的应用理论,应用相似相溶原理和HLB值初选柴油乳化剂并对乳化剂进一步筛选和复配,同时确定助表面活性剂为正戊醇.利用HLB值的计算对复配得到的微乳化剂进行验证,表明:非离子表面活性剂Span80、AEO-3、TX-4与阳离子表面活性剂DO8/1021或D12/1421复配作乳化剂时HLB值在6-1 5.9范围内均可制得柴油微乳液;对不同复配乳化剂制得微乳化柴油稳定性验证表明:微乳化剂的组成以AEO-3、TX-4与DO8/1021三种乳化剂复配,复配比为0.6:1.4:8时掺水量达14%,且稳定性高.     

撞击流-旋转填料床制备丙烯酰胺反相乳液及其稳定性研究

以撞击流-旋转填料床为乳化设备,煤油为有机介质,山梨醇酐油酸酯(Span 80)和烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚(OP-10)为复配乳化剂制备了丙烯酰胺反相乳液,研究了超重力因子、撞击速度、油水体积比、乳化剂质量分数、复配乳化剂HLB值以及丙烯酰胺单体质量分数对乳液稳定性的影响,并与搅拌式乳化装置进行了对比研究。结果表明:在超重力因子为65.32,撞击速度为12.58 m/s,V(油相)∶V(水相)=1∶1,乳化剂质量占乳液总质量的5%,复配乳化剂HLB值为6.0,丙烯酰胺单体质量占单体水溶液总质量的15%的条件下,所制备乳液平均粒径为664 nm,稳定性系数达0.973;对比研究发现,采用撞击流-旋转填料床制备的乳液稳定性好,粒径小,分散均匀,乳化时间短,为连续化制乳过程。     

石蜡乳液的制备

以60#全精炼石蜡为原料,乳化剂的加入采用剂在油中加入法制备石蜡乳液;研究了乳化剂种类、乳化温度、乳化时间、去离子水用量、乳化剂的亲水亲油平衡值(HLB)、搅拌速度等因素对石蜡乳液稳定性的影响,结果表明:在乳化剂为TW-80/SP-80,乳化温度85℃、乳化时间30min、w(去离子水)=68%、搅拌速率1 000r/min、HLB=10.006 7的条件下制备出的样品有最佳的乳化效果。     

两种氟硅油的乳液配方研究

研究了八氟戊氧丙基甲基硅油和八氟戊氧丙基氨基硅油的乳化工艺和配方,考察了乳化剂配方、HLB值、乳化剂用量以及助乳化剂用量等因素对含氟硅油乳液的贮存稳定性、离心稳定性、乳液粒径和乳液Zeta电位等的影响,确定出两种含氟硅油乳化的较佳条件为:在八氟戊氧丙基甲基硅油的乳化过程中,加入助乳化剂可以获得稳定的乳液;由八氟戊氧丙基氨基硅油配制乳液时,随着八氟氨基硅油氟用量的增加,乳化剂的最佳HLB值降低。制备八氟戊氧丙基甲基硅油乳液的较佳条件为:以Span 20和SDS为复合乳化剂,其最佳质量分数15%(相对于氟硅油质量),助乳化剂月桂醇的最佳用量是1.5 g/L,最佳HLB值为10,可以得到固体质量分数为10 g/L、澄清透明的稳定乳液;八氟戊氧丙基氨基硅油以AEO-9和SDS为复配乳化剂,乳化剂的最佳质量分数为12%,随着氟含量提高,八氟戊氧丙基氨基硅油的表面张力下降,所对应的复配乳化剂的亲疏平衡值相应下降,氟硅油对应的最佳乳化HLB值也下降。氟的质量分数分别为25%、30%、35%,氨基质量分数为1%的三种氟硅油对应的最佳乳化剂的HLB值分别为23、18和14。     

Characterization of corn oil,soybean oil and sunflowerseed oil nonpolar material

Normal phase preparative and semi-preparative liquid chromatography were used to isolate fractions of varying polarity from corn, soybean and sunflowerseed oils. Reported here is the composition of one fraction, less polar than triglycerides, determined by isolating the individual ?peaks? of a semi-preparative separation using as starting material the mix of compounds obtained from a large scale separation. These peaks were then analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (LC) gas chromatography (GC), mass-spectrometry (MS) with and without GC, in both electron impact (EI) and chemical ionization (CI) modes, and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Semi-quantitative data were obtained for many of the components found in these semi-preparative isolates including hydrocarbons, steryl esters, triterpenyl esters, phytyl esters and geranylgeranyl esters. The weight percent and composition of the preparative fraction differed substantially among the three oils. Corn oil had the greatest amount, at 1.25% of the starting oil, and was composed mostly of steryl and triterpenyl esters. Sunflowerseed oil, at 0.7%, and soybean oil, at 0.3%, showed greater variety in that branched chain esters were included with the steryl/triterpenyl distributions.     

Processing oil shales with heavy oil recycle

Recycle of heavy oil (>340 °C) to the retort, in order to crack/coke the oil to lighter fractions, was investigated as a means of producing shale oil of more desirable product slates. Conversion of heavy oil to light oil (<340 °C) by thermal cracking and coking in the absence of and during oil shale retorting was studied using the CSIRO BIRCOS retort. As expected, the conversion by thermal cracking increased as temperature increased, with most of the net oil loss in the form of gas. By contrast, the conversion by coking alone decreased as temperature increased, with coke representing all the net oil loss. Thermal cracking was found not to be a first-order reaction, by showing a reduced conversion of heavy oil with reduced concentration of oil vapour. Retorting Stuart oil shale with heavy oil feeding and simultaneous cracking and coking showed a conversion of 19.1 g per 100 g feed heavy oil to 10.9 g light oil, 2.2 g gas and 6.0 g coke, with a net oil loss of 3.8 g per 100 g shale oil produced. These data were used to generate a set of parameters for a mathematical model which simulated a heavy oil recycle loop.     

油浆抽余油FCC反应

油浆经萃取分离得到以饱和烃为主的理想组分——抽余油。利用该油作为原料进行FCC反应,并与石蜡基重油从原料性质、反应工艺条件、产品分布及性质、再生剂性能等方面进行对比研究。结果表明：抽余油具有良好的FCC性能,其合适的反应条件为剂油比6.0、反应温度520 ℃、重时空速12.0 h?1;在各自最优工艺条件下,抽余油比重油液体收率增加1.69%,生焦率上升0.02%;在相同工艺条件即剂油比5.0、反应温度500 ℃、空速14.4 h?1,抽余油比重油液体收率增加0.19%,生焦率上升2.55%;与重油相比,抽余油FCC汽油辛烷值相当,FCC柴油十六烷值降低3.7,其再生剂失活程度较小。因此,抽余油完全可以替代重油作为FCC的原料,具有很好的工业应用前景。     

Sunflower oil processing from crude to salad oil

World-wide use of sunflower oil is second only to soybean oil. Interest in domestic use as a premium salad oil is very recent. The high ratio of polyunsaturated-to-saturated fatty acids makes sunflower oil a premium salad oil. Sunflower oil, however, contains a small amount of high melting wax which must be removed to avoid settling problems. It is possible to produce a brilliant, dewaxed, deodorized sunflower oil with over a 100-hr cold test at 0 C. This quality oil can be produced by conventional caustic refining, dewaxing, bleaching and deodorization. A quality finished oil may also be produced by dewaxing and steam refining. This paper reviews various methods for processing sunflower oil from the crude state through the finished, dewaxed, deodorized salad oil. Presented at the ISF/AOCS Meeting, New York, April, 1980.     

Solubility of hydrogenated peanut oil in peanut oil

Conclusions Data obtained on the solubility of hydrogenated peanut oil in refined peanut oil and the behavior of the mixtures on cooling indicate that freedom from oil separation on storage is largely determined by the nature as well as the amount of solid crystals present in the oil. The results suggest that the best procedure for prevention of oil separation would involve shockchilling the molten mixture to produce the finely divided metastable crystalline modification followed by tempering at such a temperature as to permit transformation of the crystals into the more desirable higher-melting form without changing the finely divided state necessary for improved palatability. The data imply that under controlled conditions any amount of the high-melting modification of the hard fat incorporated in peanut oil above the solubility temperature in excess of 2% should produce a mixture free from oil separation under average storage conditions. The choice of the actual concentration of the hard fat, above the minimum amount, would depend upon the degree of plasticity desired. Ambient temperature to which the mixture is likely to be subjected will influence to a considerable extent the selection of the hard fat content. The information obtained is of fundamental importance in connection with the problem of oil separation in peanut butter. One of the laboratories of the Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry, Agricultural Research Administration, U. S. Department of Agriculture.     

无主炼原油的原油调和调度问题

原油在线调和调度对于优化炼油计划和保障先进控制的实施具有重要的意义。此问题复杂度高,需要研究更加高效的求解算法。实际生产过程中,既存在主炼原油和若干种掺炼原油混合炼制的情况,又存在无主炼原油的情况。无主炼原油的情况,油品配对和掺炼比紧密关联,难以直接描述。本文针对无主炼原油的原油调和调度问题提出了一种新颖的描述方式,并给出模型的构造算法,进一步针对其两层结构利用基于序的方案进行了求解,对实际原油性质数据的仿真结果表明,基于序的求解算法可以大幅度提高计算效率。     

Preparation of laurel oil alkanolamide from laurel oil

A low-temperature synthesis of laurel oil alkanolamides directly from laurel oil and ethanolamine was carried out in essentially quantitative yields. The ethanolamine/laurel oil molar ratio used was 10∶1. Even though amine served as a catalyst in the reaction, we used sodium methoxide at a ratio of 0.2–2% as a second catalyst. The reaction was complete in 1–9 h at room temperature. The identity of the amide was confirmed by IR and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy.