基于Eulerian法计算多颗粒冷喷涂Ti-6Al-4V涂层的孔隙率和残余应力

冷喷涂涂层具有喷涂温度低、沉积效率高和结合强度高等特性,在航空航天等工业领域具有广阔的应用前景,但关于喷涂参数对涂层孔隙率和残余应力影响的研究较少。考虑送粉速度和涂层厚度的影响,建立不同颗粒密度和数量的随机分布颗粒冲击模型,采用Eulerian法模拟TC4(Ti-Al-4V)涂层的孔隙率和残余应力分布规律。结果表明,此方法能够很好地预测颗粒的沉积行为,揭示颗粒的原位夯实致密化效应,获得冷喷涂涂层的孔隙率和残余应力分布规律。颗粒密度减小,孔隙率略有降低;颗粒数量增加,孔隙率减小;当颗粒温度在一定范围（523～823K）时,孔隙率随温度上升呈线性降低。同时,不同颗粒密度和数量的模型获得的残余应力分布规律相似。计算结果可为冷喷涂涂层在航空航天等工业领域中的应用提供理论和数据支持。     

电场辅助冷喷涂超微颗粒加速特性研究

基于Fluent气固两相流数值模拟,研究电场辅助冷喷涂超微颗粒的加速特性,分析基板电压与喷涂距离对超微颗粒撞击速度的影响。结果表明:电场辅助冷喷涂中超微颗粒在电场力作用下能突破激波阻力,实现有效沉积;增大基板电压可提高颗粒撞击速度;大粒径颗粒的加速取决于惯性力,而超微颗粒的加速取决于电场力;同传统冷喷涂一样,电场辅助冷喷涂也存在最佳喷涂距离,且最佳喷涂距离与颗粒粒径无关。     

真空度对真空冷喷涂气固两相流的影响

目的真空度直接影响着真空冷喷涂时气体流动特性和颗粒撞击速度,研究真空度对气体和颗粒流动特性的影响。方法确定真空冷喷涂系统结构,采用FLUENT软件进行真空冷喷涂气固两相流研究,通过数值模拟研究真空度对流场和颗粒撞击速度的影响,并研究相同压力比下的气固两相流特性。结果当入口压力一定时,喷管内的气体轴线速度、密度和温度与环境压力大小无关;而在射流区,环境压力越小,则气体轴线速度波动越小、密度越低,但到达基板后的气体温度均接近喷管入口温度。环境压力对大粒径颗粒的撞击速度影响较大,颗粒撞击速度随环境压力增大而先增后减,最佳环境压力可根据气相云图和气体密度来确定。当进出口压力比相同时,喷管内和射流区域内的气相速度云图基本相同,气体轴线速度曲线基本重合,而基板前的颗粒速度不同,此时环境压力越低,颗粒速度越高,越有利于形成涂层。结论采用计算流体动力学分析方法厘清了真空度对真空冷喷涂气固两相流的影响,为涂层制备奠定了理论基础。     

真空冷喷涂铜颗粒加速特性数值研究

基于Fluent气固两相流数值模拟,研究真空冷喷涂铜颗粒的加速特性,分析了环境压力、喷涂距离、入口总温和颗粒粒径等参数对真空环境下颗粒撞击速度的影响。结果表明:环境压力是决定颗粒撞击速度的关键因素,随环境压力的变化,小直径颗粒(dp≤1μm)撞击速度的变化曲线呈抛物线状态,但大直径颗粒无显著变化;采用合适的喷涂距离,才能获得最大的颗粒撞击速度;增加入口总温可提高小直径颗粒的撞击速度,但对大直径颗粒无明显加速效果;真空冷喷涂颗粒的尺寸可从微米级减小至亚微米级,但过小的颗粒仍难达到足够高的撞击速度。     

颗粒增强镁基复合材料热残余应力及其对宏观力学性能的影响

采用有限元方法对Si CP/AZ91复合材料制备后的热残余应力进行了数值模拟,建立了平面应力多颗粒随机分布的几何模型,研究了颗粒形状对该复合材料热残余应力的影响。通过简化模型,研究了受静态外力载荷时复合材料内部的热残余应力场变化。同时利用Taylor非局部应变梯度塑性理论和有限元法相结合,研究了热残余应力、颗粒形状及颗粒尺寸效应对颗粒增强金属基复合材料拉伸变形行为的影响。同时还说明了热残余应力对基体塑性变形的影响过程。     

Ti-6Al-4V基体上等离子喷涂羟基磷灰石涂层的热-力耦合和残余应力

基于热弹塑性理论建立了等离子喷涂羟基磷灰石涂层的热-力耦合模型。一方面,通过引入变形对温度的影响项对经典的Fourier瞬态热传导方程进行了修正,另一方面,在考虑了温度软化效应、应变硬化效应、和应变率强化效应后,采用适用于高温、高应变率条件下的Johnson-Cook模型作为本构方程。基于上述耦合模型,采用有限元方法对涂层内的残余应力场进行了模拟,同时还模拟了基体预热温度以及涂层厚度对残余应力的影响。为了验证数值模拟的可靠性,还采用“材料去除”的实验技术测试了涂层在界面处的残余应力。结果表明：在界面边缘有明显的应力集中;适当提高基体的预热温度有利于减小残余应力;涂层的残余应力随厚度的增加而增大。     

超音速火焰喷涂镍基涂层颗粒沉积特性的数值模拟

目的 考虑后续不同粒径颗粒随机冲击的影响,探索热喷涂涂层颗粒的沉积特性。方法 利用ABAQUS建立颗粒与基底冲击模型,通过颗粒冲击的凹坑深度和应力分布进行网格收敛性研究。通过实验验证模型的可行性。随后,应用验证模型研究颗粒以不同入射角和速度冲击基底时的沉积特性,以及4个颗粒重叠冲击基底及多颗粒随机冲击基底表面时的沉积特性。结果 在颗粒入射角从15°增至60°时,颗粒更好地附着于基底表面;当颗粒速度从350 m/s增至500 m/s时发生了溅射现象,可能造成绝热剪切失稳现象,形成有效结合;在4个颗粒冲击基底时,第2个颗粒对第1个颗粒及基底的影响都最明显;当多颗粒随机冲击基底时,在后续颗粒的冲击和沉积作用下,填充颗粒的形状不规则,同时第1层颗粒可能与基底形成机械咬合。结论 在超音速火焰喷涂时应当倾斜一定角度,同时提升颗粒速度,这对制备涂层更有利;在颗粒重叠冲击时,后续颗粒增大了第1个颗粒的压缩效果,且更深入地嵌入不锈钢基底,这有利于颗粒与颗粒之间的后续黏结;当多颗粒随机冲击基底时,在第1层沉积颗粒与基底之间,以及涂层内相邻颗粒之间均观察到高塑性应变,表明涂层出现黏结,同时后期沉积的颗粒未完整压缩变形。     

轴类件热喷涂涂层残余应力的有限元分析

热喷涂涂层内部的残余应力分布是影响喷涂成形质量和使用性能的重要因素之一.文中基于热喷涂过程的逐层叠加成形的基本假设,利用有限单元法建立了轴类金属基体表面沉积铝涂层的温度场和应力场二维数值模型,研究结果揭示了喷涂涂层温度的波动上升和大量粒子独立快速凝固的典型规律,通过分析残余应力分布行为,发现涂层内部的周向和轴向应力分量最大,皆为拉应力;径向应力分量值远小于周向和轴向应力,应力方向不固定.当涂层不断增厚时,每一薄层的应力受后续沉积薄层的作用发生部分抵消,且残余应力分量值都随着涂层厚度的增加而增大.     

颗粒对铝基复合材料热残余应力的影响

采用有限元方法对SiCp/Al复合材料制备冷却后的热残余应力进行了数值模拟,建立平面应力单颗粒及多颗粒复合材料几何模型,研究了颗粒形貌及体积分数对复合材料热残余应力的影响。结果表明,复合材料中颗粒和基体的界面附近存在较大的热残余应力,球形颗粒模型热残余应力比方形颗粒模型热残余应力小,多颗粒模型中应力分布较复杂,复合材料热残余应力随颗粒体积分数增加而增大。     

等离子喷涂热障陶瓷涂层冷却累计残余应力的有限元模拟与验证

目的 为有效预测等离子喷涂热障涂层冷却过程中累积的残余应力,降低残余应力对涂层稳定性的影响,需寻求可靠的热障涂层应力检测方法。方法 利用有限元分析软件,采用生死单元法建立了等离子喷涂ZrO₂涂层的有限元模型,高斯热源模拟等离子喷涂热源工况,研究涂层冷却至室温的残余应力及其分布。使用X射线衍射法、拉曼光谱法对等离子喷涂制备的ZrO₂涂层进行残余应力检测。结果 通过有限元模拟结果可以看出,喷涂涂层冷却到室温后其中心区域的残余应力与边缘位置相比较大,主要集中在热流中心区域;每层涂层结合界面处会产生较大应力,致使应力沿涂层厚度方向变化明显。涂层的等效应力为160～220 MPa。采用X射线衍射法检测涂层存在180～185MPa残余应力。标定ZrO₂涂层的拉曼-应力因子为8.33 (cm·GPa)^-1,计算得到涂层存在残余应力为174～180 MPa。对喷涂试样进行拉伸试验后,其残余应力有一定程度的释放。结论 使用有限元能有效模拟等离子喷涂至室温时涂层内部残余应力,与XRD、拉曼光谱检测结果具有良好的匹配性,...     

Numerical Analysis of Cold Spray Particles Impacting Behavior by the Eulerian Method: A Review

Numerical simulations have been widely used to study particles impacting behavior in cold spraying. Among the used simulation methods, the Eulerian frame becomes increasingly attractive for its absence of mesh distortion which happens in the Lagrangian frame. It has been proved that particle deformation behaviors upon impacting calculated by the Eulerian method are well comparable to the experimental observations. In this review article, the literature on modeling particle impacting by the Eulerian method was summarized. In the second part, the Eulerian method was detailedly introduced. In the third part, the particle/substrate impacting behavior, and its influencing factors, i.e., mesh resolution, particle impacting velocity, preheating (particle or/and substrate) and oxide film, were summarized. Additionally, the prediction of critical velocity and residual stresses by using the Eulerian method was also discussed in detail. Finally, the current issues, problems and prospects existing in the Eulerian simulations of particle impacting were explored.     

Effect of different incidence angles on bonding performance in cold spraying

The deformation behaviour of spray particles impacting upon a substrate under the oblique impact condition in cold spraying was investigated using finite element analysis(FEA)method.The effect of incidence angle of particle on the deformation of particle and substrate was examined.It is found that the contact area between the deformed particle and substrate decreases and the crater depth in the substrate reduces with increasing the tilting angle at the same impact velocity.The normal component of impact velocity takes an important role in the impacting process and formation of bonding.     

Residual stresses in high-velocity oxy-fuel thermally sprayed coatings – Modelling the effect of particle velocity and temperature during the spraying process

The application of thick thermally sprayed coatings on metallic parts has been widely accepted as a solution to improve their corrosion and wear resistance. Key attributes of these coatings, such as adherence to the substrate, are strongly influenced by the residual stresses generated during the coating deposition process. In high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying, due to the relatively low temperature of the particle, significant peening stresses are generated during the impact of molten and semi-molten particles on the substrate. Whilst models exist for residual stress generation in plasma-based thermal spray processes, finite element (FE) prediction of residual stress generation for the HVOF process has not been possible due to the increased complexities associated with modelling the particle impact. A hybrid non-linear explicit–implicit FE methodology is developed here to study the thermomechanical processes associated with particle impingement and layer deposition. Attention is focused on the prediction of residual stresses for an SS 316 HVOF sprayed coating on an SS 316 substrate.     

Modeling Aspects of High Velocity Impact of Particles in Cold Spraying by Explicit Finite Element Analysis

In this study, an examination of cold spray particle impacting behavior using the ABAQUS/Explicit program was conducted for typical copper material (OFHC). Various combinations of calculation settings concerning element type, Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian adaptive meshing, contact interaction, material damage, etc., were examined with the main focus on the element excessive distortion and its effect on the resultant output. The effect of meshing size on the impact behavior was also clarified compared to the previous results obtained by using the LS-DYNA code. Some fundamental aspects on modeling of cold spray particle deformation are discussed.     

Effect of Mesh Resolution on the Particle Deformation during Cold Spraying by Eulerian Formulation

Numerical simulations focusing on the impacting behavior of cold sprayed particles were usually conducted by the Lagrangian formulation.However,the calculated outputs were much dependent on the meshing size owing to the excessive element distortion.Therefore,the Eulerian formulation becomes attractive,because it can avoid the extreme distortion of elements.In the present study,a copper particle impact on the same material substrate in cold spraying was simulated using the Eulerian formulation available in the ABAQUS software(Ver 6.8).The dependency of the calculated outputs on the meshing resolution were detailedly investigated.Results show that the meshing resolution not only has an effect on the shape of the deformed particle,but also it can significantly influence the maximum plastic strain and temperature under a given impact velocity.In addition,the copper particle deformation process at the critical velocity of 310 m/s shows that a jet composed of both of the particle and substrate materials can be formed and gets elongated with the impact time.     

基体表面粗糙度对冷喷涂粒子沉积过程影响的物质点法数值分析

目的 解决有限元法模拟冷喷涂粒子沉积过程时存在的网格畸变等问题,并探讨粒子和粗糙基板的结合方式。方法 基于物质点法建立冷喷涂粒子沉积的仿真模型。利用FORTRAN语言自编程序对铜粒子冷喷涂铜基板的过程进行仿真分析,并与其他研究中的试验结果进行对照,结果吻合较好,表明物质点法模拟冷喷涂粒子沉积问题是可行且有效的。此外,分析基体表面粗糙度对粒子沉积过程的影响规律,并探讨粒子在不同位置沉积的结合机理。结果 随着表面粗糙度的增大,粒子扁平化趋势增大,回弹动能减小。表面粗糙度足够大时,粒子射流可能和基板形成机械咬合结构;粒子在波谷处沉积时受两侧波峰作用难以扁平化,但是凹坑深度增大,回弹动能减小,粒子基板结合强度增大;粒子在左侧半腰处沉积时,其在切向速度分量作用下与右侧波峰形成二次接触,形成了较长的射流。结论 粒子与基板的结合强度随着表面粗糙度的增大而增大。粒子在波峰处可以形成机械咬合结构;在波谷处凹坑深度增大、回弹动能减小,起填充作用;在半腰处能够与右侧波峰产生二次接触,增大结合强度。研究结果可为冷喷涂工艺生产提供一定指导。     

Investigations on the Initial Stress Evolution During Atmospheric Plasma Spraying of YSZ by In Situ Curvature Measurement

The residual stresses within plasma-sprayed coatings are an important factor that can influence the lifetime as well as the performance in operation. The investigation of stresses evolving during deposition and post-deposition cooling for atmospheric plasma spraying of yttria-stabilized zirconia coatings using in situ measurement of the samples curvature is a powerful tool for identifying the factors that contribute to stress generation. Under various spray conditions, the first deposition pass leads to a significantly larger increase in samples curvature than the subsequent passes. It is shown in this work that the amount of curvature change at the onset of spraying is significantly influenced by the spray conditions, as well as by the substrate material. More information on the origin of this steep curvature increase at the onset of spraying was obtained by single splat experiments, which yielded information on the splat bonding behavior under various conditions. A comparison of the compressive yield strength for different substrate materials indicated the influence of substrate residual stress relaxation. Residual stress measurements using the incremental hole-drilling method and x-ray diffraction confirmed that the coating deposition affects the substrate residual stress level. The yield strength data were combined with the substrate near-surface temperature during deposition, obtained by finite element simulations, and with the measured residual stress-profile. This revealed that residual stress relaxation is the key factor for the initial curvature increase.     

搅拌摩擦焊数值分析方法概述

数值分析方法在搅拌摩擦焊接头温度场和材料流动场研究中的应用越来越广泛.综述了在搅拌摩擦焊接头温度场和材料流动场研究中常用的计算流体力学(CFD)、任意拉格朗日-欧拉(ALE)、耦合欧拉-拉格朗日(CEL)三种数值分析模型.三种模型各有特点,计算流体力学模型(CFD)采用较早,但是该模型忽略了母材的硬化行为和从搅拌头上的...     

Fe粒子参数对低温超音速火焰喷涂层构建的影响

应用LS-DYNA大应变有限元耦合算法,研究了低温超音速火焰喷涂Fe粒子参数对喷涂层构建的影响.结果表明,随着粒子温度或者速度的升高,粒子所含内能的增加,使得涂层界面温度不断升高,粒子的沉积塑性应变发生变化.粒子在不同基体上的沉积特征表明基体硬度将影响沉积粒子与基体界面的结合状态.随着涂层的构成,后续粒子对已沉积粒子的高速撞击使得先沉积的粒子产生二次塑性变形,并引发温变.先沉积的粒子塑性变形引起的粗化作用将降低后续粒子沉积的临界速度.这些将导致涂层在拉应力作用下发生脆性断裂.     

Simulation of sheet metal extrusion processes with Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method

An Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian（ALE） method was employed to simulate the sheet metal extrusion process, aiming at avoiding mesh distortion and improving the computational accuracy. The method was implemented based on MSC/MARC by using a fractional step method, i.e. a Lagrangian step followed by an Euler step. The Lagrangian step was a pure updated Lagrangian calculation and the Euler step was performed using mesh smoothing and remapping scheme. Due to the extreme distortion of deformation domain, it was almost impossible to complete the whole simulation with only one mesh topology. Therefore, global remeshing combilaed with the ALE method was used in the simulation work. Based on the numerical model of the process, some deformation features of the sheet metal extrusion process, such as distribution of localized equivalent plastic strain, and shrinkage cavity, were revealed. Furthermore, the differences between conventional extrusion and sheet metal extrusion process were also analyzed.