预制体对C／C复合材料热膨胀系数的影响

以天然气为前驱气体,整体碳毡和2D针刺碳毡为预制体,采用热悌度化学气相渗积技术制备了两种C／C复合材料,其表观密度均为1．74g／cm^3。借助光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察了热解碳基体的生长特征和微观形貌,采用热膨胀仪测量了两种材料的热膨胀系数（CTE）,研究了由不同预制体增强C／C复合材料的CTE,解释了造成材料不同方向CTE差异的主要原因。结果表明,随着温度升高,材料A和B的CTE是逐渐升高的,且Z向CTE值均大于XY向。当两种材料在Z向的纤维体积分数接近时,随着XY方向纤维体积分数增大,材料在Z向的CTE增大,在XY向的CTE降低,两种材料存XY和Z向的CTE旱如下分布：αB—z〉dAz〉αA—xy〉αBxY-C／C复合材料的CTE主要取决于纤维体积分数和排市、碳基体及材料中的孔隙分布情况,前者起决定作用。     

热膨胀性能对炭/炭复合材料在制动摩擦过程中热应力场的影响

测量以纯树脂炭、粗糙层热解炭和光滑层热解炭为基体的3种炭/炭复合材料的热膨胀系数,并采用有限元分析软件,模拟这3种炭,炭复合材料在飞机正常着陆能量条件下的热应力场,研究热膨胀系数对炭,炭复合材料热应力场及其摩擦性能的影响.结果表明:3种炭/炭复合材料在z方向上的热膨胀系数大于在X和y方向的,且热膨胀系数均随着温度的升高而逐渐增大,其中,基体为粗糙层热解炭的炭/炭复合材料的热膨胀系数最小,纯树脂炭试样的次之,光滑层热解炭试样的最大;在制动过程中,炭/炭复合材料摩擦表面产生的热应力与材料的热膨胀系数相关,材料的热膨胀系数越大,产生的热应力越大;过大的热应力使纯树脂炭试样具有相对稳定的摩擦曲线,在较大热应力的作用下,光滑层热解炭试样的摩擦曲线不稳定,影响其摩擦性能.     

Numerical simulation on thermal expansion coefficient of 3D braided C/C composites简

To effectively get the thermal expansion coefficient(CTE) of three-dimensional(3D) braided C/C composites and study the variations, a VC?? program with graphical user interfaces was obtained, based on the yarn unit model and numerical analysis. With the limited basic properties of carbon fibers and carbon matrix, CTE of 3D braided C/C composites is obtained at 85 °C. The deviation between the simulated and experimental axial CTE of 3D braided C/C composites is no more than 11 %. The effects of different parameters(including the braiding angle of 3D braided preform, the fiber volume fraction and the porosity of 3D braided C/C composites, and the elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio and CTEs of carbon fibers and carbon matrix) were analyzed with the program. The results show that the axial CTE of C/C composites decreases with the increase of the braiding angle, the fiber volume fraction, and the porosity of 3D braided C/C composites. The transverse elastic modulus of carbon fibers has the greatest effect on the axial CTE among the studied mechanical parameters, followed by the elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio of carbon matrix.     

浸渍-碳化工艺对碳/碳复合材料力学性能的影响

采用碳纤维针刺整体毡作为增强体,硼酚醛树脂作为基体先驱体,用浸渍碳化的方法制备C/C复合材料.考察了在不同的浸渍压力和碳化温度下材料力学性能的差异.分析结果表明:不仅密度是影响碳/碳复合材料力学性能的重要因素,纤维和基体的结合状况以及基体碳的结构也是决定材料强度和断裂方式的重要因素.随着工艺参数的改变,碳/碳复合材料的断裂模式可以由“假塑性断裂”向“脆性断裂”转变.     

熔渗法制备C/C-Cu复合材料的力学性能

以炭纤维(Cf)针刺整体毡为预制体,分别采用化学气相渗透(Chemical vapor deposition,CVI)和浸渍炭化(Impregnation and carbonization,I/C)制备不同密度和基体炭的C/C坯体;通过添加Ti元素改善熔融Cu与C/C坯体的润湿性.采用真空熔渗法制备C/C-Cu复合材料.对复合材料的力学性能及其与坯体之间的关系进行研究,并与常用滑板材料的力学性能进行比较.结果表明:随着坯体密度的增加,复合材料的抗弯强度下降,而坯体密度为1.4 g/cm3的复合材料的冲击韧性达到最大值.与用I/C坯体制备的复合材料相比,用CVI坯体制备的复合材料具有更高的强度和韧性,其弯曲曲线呈“假塑性”断裂特征,断裂时纤维从热解炭层或熔渗金属相中拔出,熔渗金属相呈“韧窝状”的塑性断裂形貌.冲击断裂时,复合材料倾向于沿TiC/熔渗金属界面断裂.C/C-Cu复合材料的抗弯强度为180～300 MPa、冲击韧性高于3.5 J/cm2,优于常用滑动电接触材料的性能,是一种极具潜力的新型滑动电接触材料.     

多孔体制备工艺对C/C-SiC复合材料弯曲性能的影响

以针刺整体炭毡为坯体,采用CVD和树脂浸渍／炭化混合法增密制备了4种C／C多孔体,然后熔硅浸渗C／C多孔体制备了C／C-SiC复合材料;研究了不同炭涂层、高温热处理对C／C-SiC复合材料弯曲强度和断裂方式的影响。结果表明：热解炭涂层可减少制备过程中炭纤维的损伤,具有适中的界面结合强度,使复合材料的弯曲强度达到161．5MPa,表现出良好的“假塑性”;适当选择高温热处理工艺可制备弯曲性能较高,具有一定“假塑性”的C／C-SiC复合材料。     

C／C坯体对RMI C／C—SiC复合材料组织的影响

以PAN基炭纤维（Cf）针刺整体毡为预制体，用化学气相渗透（CVI）、浸渍炭化（IC）方法制备了不同炭纤维增强炭基体的多孔C／C坯体，采用反应熔渗（RMI）法制备C／C—SiC复合材料，研究了渗Si前后坯体的密度和组织结构。结果表明：不同C／C坯体反应溶渗硅后复合材料的物相组成为SiC相、C相及单质Si相；密度低的坯体熔融渗硅后密度增加较多；密度的增加与开口孔隙度并不是单调增加的关系，IC处理的坯体开口孔隙度低，但渗硅后复合材料的密度增加较多；IC坯体中分布分散的树脂C易与熔渗Si反应，CVI坯体中的热解C仅表层与熔渗Si反应，在Cf和SiC之间有热解C存在；坯体密度相同时，IC处理的坯体中SiC量较多，单质Si相含量少且分散较好，而CVI坯体中SiC量较少，单质Si相的量较多；制备方法相同时，高密度的C／C坯体，渗硅后C相较多。     

Influence of load on sliding tribology of C/C composite with 40Cr steel couple coated by Cr

With the 40Cr steel couple coated by Cr, the sliding tribology behavior of two kinds of C/C composites with different matrix was tested using a M2000 wear tester. The results show that with the increasing of load, the friction coefficients of the composite with resin carbon matrix（RC） decrease quickly from 0.156 under 60 N to 0.123 under 150 N, while those of the composite with rough lamination/smooth lamination/resin carbon （RL/SL/RC） change only between 0.122 and 0.101. The wear volume loss of the two composites increases except for under 100 N. The SEM morphology shows that with the increasing of load, the worn surface of the composite with RC becomes more and more integrated while the size of the debris becomes less and less. The Raman spectrum shows that the graphitization on the worn surface of the fibers draws down after 100 N, the graphitization of the boundary between the fiber and the matrix carbon rises up to 150 N, but the graphitization of the matrix carbon draws down all the while. With the increasing of load, the graphitization on the worn surface of all the worn areas becomes closer and closer, which indicates the worn surface of the different component has the similar friction ability. The composites with RL/SL/RC have better tribological characteristic than the composite with RC.     

Comparison of thermal and ablation behaviors of C/SiC composites and C/ZrB2-SiC composites

A comparison was presented of the thermal and ablation behaviors of two carbon fiber reinforced ceramic-matrix composites (one with a SiC matrix and the other with a ZrB₂-SiC matrix). The C/SiC composite possessed a lower thermal conductivity (TC) and a higher emissivity in comparison to the C/ZrB₂-SiC composite. The two composites exhibited the good ablation-resistive properties with no obvious erosion rate after the arc-heated wind tunnel ablation tests. The surface of the C/SiC composite appeared to be coarse and had many rounded protrusions while a denser and more homogeneous glass oxide scale was formed for the C/ZrB₂-SiC composite. The maximum surface and back side temperatures of the C/ZrB₂-SiC composite were about 50 °C lower than those of the C/SiC composite, respectively, which was mainly attributed to the evaporation of the B₂O₃ as well as its higher TC.     

溶胶浸渍抗氧化涂层对C/C复合材料摩擦特性的影响

采用溶胶浸渍技术对4种C／C复合材料进行抗氧化处理。在M2000型摩擦实验机上测试了4种C／C材料的摩擦特性。结果表明：在相同载荷下，光滑层CVI（SL）的C／C材料浸渍后试样与未浸渍试样的摩擦因数值最接近：树脂炭（RC）的C／C材料中，浸渍后试样的摩擦因数均低于未浸渍的试样且相差最大；粗糙层CVI（RL）的C／C材料中，中高载荷下浸渍溶胶试样的摩擦因数低于未浸渍溶胶的试样：而具有粗糙层／光滑层／树脂炭（RL／SL／RC）的C／C材料中，中高载荷下浸渍溶胶后试样的摩擦因数变化比未浸渍试样的高。随载荷增加，SL炭材料未浸渍和己浸渍试样摩擦因数的变化幅度均最低，RC炭材料未浸渍试样和己浸渍试样的摩擦因数变化幅度最大，RL／SL／RC、RL结构的试样是否浸渍溶胶对其摩擦因数的影响无明显规律。石墨化度高的材料的摩擦行为受浸渍溶胶的影响高于石墨化度低的材料。     

Interface and thermal expansion of carbon fiber reinforced aluminum matrix composites

Two kinds of unidirectional PAN M40 carbon fiber(55%,volume fraction) reinforced 6061Al and 5A06Al composites were fabricated by the squeeze-casting technology and their interface structure and thermal expansion properties were investigated.Results showed that the combination between aluminum alloy and fibers was well in two composites and interface reaction in M40/5A06Al composite was weaker than that in M40/6061Al composite.Coefficients of thermal expansion(CTE) of M40/Al composites varied approximately from(1.45-2.68)×10-6 K-1 to(0.35-1.44)×10-6 K-1 between 20 °C and 450 °C,and decreased slowly with the increase of temperature.In addition,the CTE of M40/6061Al composite was lower than that of M40/5A06Al composite.It was observed that fibers were protruded significantly from the matrix after thermal expansion,which demonstrated the existence of interface sliding between fiber and matrix during the thermal expansion.It was believed that weak interfacial reaction resulted in a higher CTE.It was found that the experimental CTEs were closer to the predicted values by Schapery model.     

h-BN含量对模压技术制备C/C-BN复合材料摩擦性能的影响

以h-BN、石墨、短切炭纤维和树脂等为原料,采用模压技术+浸渍/炭化技术制备4种C/C-BN复合材料,并在M2000型试验相同测试其与40Cr钢配副时的滑动摩擦性能。结果表明:h-BN质量分数分别为3.4%和20.7%的材料的抗压强度较高,其摩擦因数随载荷增加均先增加后降低;h-BN为6.8%的材料的摩擦因数降幅最大,达0.049;而h-BN为10.1%的材料的抗压强度最低,其摩擦因数呈现波浪状起伏。随载荷增加,h-BN为3.4%和20.7%的材料的体积磨损增幅较低;而h-BN为6.8%的材料的体积磨损增幅最大,达2.41 mm3。随着时间的延长,4种材料的摩擦因数均逐渐稳定。SEM观察表明:h-BN为3.4%的材料的摩擦表面在中低载荷下较完整致密、但有长度与石墨微晶尺寸接近(10~50μm)的网络状裂纹,摩擦表面在高载荷下则较粗糙;而h-BN为10.1%的材料的摩擦表面均较粗糙、不完整。     

准三维C/C复合材料的层间剪切性能及其断裂机理

以炭纤维针刺毡为预制体, 采用化学气相浸渗(CVI)法或结合液相法制备了热解炭、树脂炭和沥青炭基质的准三维C/C复合材料, 研究了这些材料的层间剪切性能及其断裂机理. 结果表明: CVI基质炭比沥青基质炭更有利于C/C复合材料的层间剪切性能的提高; 剪切强度随密度增高而增大, 致密度越高, 基体支撑越强, 同时微裂纹和孔隙度就越低, 断裂裂纹不易形成或扩展, 强度性能就越好; 纯沥青基质炭试样为"突发"的脆性断裂方式, 其他基质炭试样表现为韧性断裂方式.     

Thermal Expansion of Carbon Nanofiber-Reinforced Multiscale Polymer Composites

Improved dimensional stability of composites is desired in applications where they are exposed to varying temperature conditions. The current study aims at analyzing the effect of vapor-grown carbon nanofibers (CNFs) on the thermal expansion behavior of epoxy matrix composites and hollow particle-filled composites (syntactic foams). CNFs have a lower coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) than epoxy resin, which results in composites with increased dimensional stability as the CNF content is increased. The experimental measurements show that with 10?wt.% CNF, the composite has about 11.6% lower CTE than the matrix resin. In CNF-reinforced syntactic foams, the CTE of the composite decreases with increasing wall thickness and volume fraction of hollow particle inclusions. With respect to neat epoxy resin, a maximum decrease of 38.4% is also observed in the CNF/syntactic foams with microballoon inclusions that range from 15?vol.% to 50?vol.% in all composite mixtures. The experimental results for CNF/syntactic foam are in agreement with a modified version of Kerner??s model. A combination of hollow microparticles and nanofibers has resulted in the ability to tailor the thermal expansion of the composite over a wide range.     

不同基体炭结构的C/C复合材料摩擦表面特性和摩擦磨损机理

与表面镀Cr的40Cr钢配副进行滑动摩擦实验后,在JSM 6360LV扫描电镜上观察6种具有不同基体炭结构的C/C复合材料的磨损表面形貌。结果表明:完全光滑层(SL)炭结构的C/C复合材料摩擦表面在任何载荷下均难以形成完整的磨屑膜;完全粗糙层(RL)炭结构、粗糙层/树脂炭(RL/RC)的材料摩擦表面在低载荷时能形成较厚的磨屑膜,在高载荷时表面摩擦膜均很薄;完全RC结构试样摩擦表面在低载荷时完整、致密,在高载荷时有显著的磨屑膜剥落;RL/SL/RC、SL/RC结构试样在低载荷时的表面摩擦膜薄,而高载荷时,RL/SL/RC材料的基体炭磨损比SL/RC的严重;RL/SL或SL炭在摩擦中的损伤呈现阶梯状磨损形貌,RL炭在摩擦后难以分辨出原始形貌,RC炭在部分摩擦表面则为条纹状磨损形貌;RL/SL/RC、SL/RC结构的C/C复合材料摩擦形貌的稳定性高,材料耐磨性好,在一定载荷范围内有利于降低材料的摩擦因数和体积磨损。     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON OXIDATION PROPERTIES OF C／C COMPOSITES FABRICATED BY HIGH PRESSURE IMPREGNATION CARBONIZATION

Felt base carbon/carbon composites fabricated by super-high pressure impregnation carbonization process (SPIC) were heat treated at high temperature 2773K. The oxidation properties of felt base carbon/carbon composites were investigated at different temperatures (773-1173K), and the microstructures of carbon/carbon composites were studied by SEM and X-ray diffraction. The experimental results showed that the interlaminar distance of (002) plane (d002 ) deceased while the microcrystaUine stack height (Lc) increased. The oxidation rate of felt base carbon/carbon composites was invariable at certain temperatures. The oxidation mechanism of carbon/carbon composites changed remarkably at the oxidation temperature 973K. At the initial oxidation stage of carbon/carbon composites, carbon matrix was oxidized much more rapidly than carbon felt.     

界面改性对SiCf/Cu基复合材料热膨胀性能的影响

研究了SiCf/Cu基复合材料分别在有无Ti6Al4V界面改性涂层两种情况下的纵向热膨胀行为,并采用扫描电镜对热循环后的试样进行显微形貌观察。结果表明,界面结合强度对纤维增强金属基复合材料的纵向热膨胀行为有很大影响。对于没有Ti6Al4V涂层的复合材料,其热膨胀行为不稳定,在经历连续两次热循环后,其纵向均表现为正的残余应变,原因是基体发生了严重的界面脱粘、滑移和膨胀;而对于有Ti6Al4V涂层的复合材料,其纵向热膨胀系数明显减小,两次热循环后其尺寸保持稳定,纤维/基体界面结合也保持稳定。     

RMI法制备穿刺C/C-SiC复合材料的微结构及烧蚀性能研究

以无纬布/网胎0°/90°叠层穿刺预制体为增强体,采用化学气相渗(Chemical vapor infiltration,CVI)、树脂浸渍碳化(Polymer infiltration carbonization,PIC)与反应熔渗(Reactive melt infiltration,RMI)复合工艺制备穿刺C/C-SiC复合材料,研究其微观组织及在C₂H₂-O₂焰中的烧蚀行为。结果表明：无纬布、穿刺纤维束由CVI+PIC制备的碳基体填充而形成致密C/C区域,RMI生成的SiC主要位于网胎层中,其含量37.3wt%。复合材料表面因过量硅化而形成了SiC富集层。烧蚀距离20mm、O₂:C₂H₂=2:1时,烧蚀600s后材料X-Y、Z向线烧蚀率分别为：0.8×10^_-4 mm/s、3.6×10^_-4 mm/s,比PIP工艺制备C/C-SiC材料烧蚀率小一个数量级。烧蚀面SiC富集层保护及被动氧化作用是材料具有优异抗氧化烧蚀性能的主要原因。随烧蚀距离由20mm向10mm减小,复合材料烧蚀率先缓慢变化后快速增大,烧蚀率快速增长阶段复合材料发生主动氧化烧蚀。     

制动过程中热应力对C/C复合材料磨损表面形貌的影响

以炭纤维针刺整体毡为预制体,经化学气相渗透和树脂浸渍增密方式得到C/C复合材料。采用有限元分析软件,模拟飞机在正常着陆条件下,刹车盘在制动过程中的热应力分布,并研究热应力对C/C复合材料磨损表面形貌的影响。结果表明:热应力是由于摩擦热的不均匀分布引起的。在摩擦表面外径处温度较高,产生的热应力较大,最大值约为3.15 MPa;而在靠近内径处温度较低,热应力较小,约为1.78 MPa。内、外径处热应力的差异导致磨损表面具有两种不同的组织形貌;靠近外径处的磨损表面比较粗糙,摩擦膜不完整,颜色暗淡,为暗带的组织形貌,摩擦性能较差;而靠近内径处的磨损表面光滑,摩擦膜连续稳定,颜色明亮,为亮带的组织形貌,摩擦性能较好。     

Drilling delamination and thermal damage of carbon nanotube/carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites processed by microwave curing

The drilling-induced delamination and thermal damage of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite materials are serious problems especially for high value components of the aviation industry. To suppress the delamination and drilling ablation, an innovative approach was employed in this study. The multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were introduced to the matrix resin to improve the interlaminar strength and thermal conductivity. The as-prepared composite was processed by microwave curing to enhance the interface strength between carbon fiber and the carbon nanotubes modified matrix. During the drilling processes, optical fiber Bragg grating sensors were utilized to precisely measure the drilling temperature. Experimental results indicated that the interlaminar fracture toughness was increased by more than 66% compared to that of the traditional thermal cured samples without MWCNTs. And the delamination factor was decreased by 16% according to the computerized tomography scanning results. The maximum drilling temperature of the MWCNTs reinforced composite was below the glass transition temperature of the matrix resin and declined by 23 °C compared to traditional composites. With this novel method of carbon nanotube modification and microwave curing, we provide the capability of reducing the drilling delamination and thermal damage of carbon fiber composites simultaneously, and explored the possibility of manufacturing and machining integration.