A localized certificate revocation scheme for mobile ad hoc networks

The issue of certificate revocation in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) where there are no on-line access to trusted authorities, is a challenging problem. In wired network environments, when certificates are to be revoked, certificate authorities (CAs) add the information regarding the certificates in question to certificate revocation lists (CRLs) and post the CRLs on accessible repositories or distribute them to relevant entities. In purely ad hoc networks, there are typically no access to centralized repositories or trusted authorities; therefore the conventional method of certificate revocation is not applicable.In this paper, we present a decentralized certificate revocation scheme that allows the nodes within a MANET to revoke the certificates of malicious entities. The scheme is fully contained and it does not rely on inputs from centralized or external entities.     

The Effects of Physical Layer on the Routing Wireless Protocol

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are characterized by multiple entities, a frequently changing network topology and the need for efficient dynamic routing protocols. In MANETs, nodes are usually powered by batteries. Power control is tightly coupled with both the physical and medium access layers (MACs). However, if we increase the transmission power, at the same time we increase the interference to other nodes which diminish the transport capacity of wireless systems. Thus, the routing protocols based on hop count metric suffer from performance degradation when they operate over MANET. Routing in ad hoc wireless networks is not only a problem of finding a route with shortest length, but it is also a problem of finding a stable and good quality communication route in order to avoid any unnecessary packet loss. Cross-layer design of ad hoc wireless networks has been receiving increasing attention recently. Part of these researches suggests that routing should take into account physical layer characteristics. The goal of this paper is to improve the routing reliability in MANET and to reduce power consumption through cross-layer approach among physical, MAC and network layers. The proposed cross-layer approach is based on signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) and received signal strength indication (RSSI) coming from the physical layer. This solution performs in one hand the ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol by choosing reliable routes with less interferences using SINR metric and in another hand; it permits to reduce the power transmission when sending the data packets by using RSSI metric.     

Energy Efficient Clustering for Certificate Revocation Scheme in Mobile Ad-Hoc Network

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) have a wide range of uses because of their dynamic topologies and simplicity of processing. Inferable from the autonomous and dynamic behavior of mobile nodes, the topology of a MANET frequently changes and is inclined to different attacks. So, we present certificate revocation which is an efficient scheme is for security enhancement in MANET. This certificate revocation scheme is used to revoke the certificate of malicious nodes in the network. However, the accuracy and speed of the certificate revocation are further to be improved. By considering these issues along with the energy efficiency of the network, an energy-efficient clustering scheme is presented for certificate revocation in MANET. For cluster head (CH) selection, an opposition based cat swarm optimization algorithm (OCSOA) is proposed. This selected CH participates in quick certificate revocation and also supports to recover the falsely accused nodes in the network. Simulation results show that the performance of the proposed cluster-based certificate revocation outperforms existing voting and non-voting based certificate revocation in terms of delivery ratio, throughput, energy consumption, and network lifetime.

     

移动Ad Hoc网络安全按需路由协议

Ad Hoc网络的安全性问题越来越引起人们的关注,如何确保Ad Hoc网络路由协议的安全成为Ad Hoc研究的一项关键技术。提出一种适用于移动Ad Hoc网络的安全按需源路由协议,利用移动节点之间的会话密钥和基于散列函数的消息鉴别码HMAC一起来验证路由发现和路由应答的有效性。提出的邻居节点维护机制通过把MAC地址和每个节点的ID绑定来防御各种复杂的攻击如虫洞攻击。NS-2仿真表明该协议能有效地探测和阻止针对Ad Hoc网络的大部分攻击。     

Performance Modeling of MANET Interconnectivity

The proliferation of mobile wireless computing devices and the increasing usage of wireless networking have motivated substantial research in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). In addition, much has also been done to link autonomous MANETs to the Internet, and as MANETs become more prevalent, the need to interconnect multiple MANETs becomes increasingly important too. However, direct interconnection of MANETs has rarely been studied. In this paper, we first report an experimental study on the performance of interconnected MANETs running two different routing protocols, viz., the Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocols, which represent the two major categories, and show that with the use of multiple gateways, it is possible to viably interconnect multiple networks running different MANET routing protocols. We then follow with a simulation study to evaluate the performance in large networks, which not only validates the scalability of the proposed scheme, but also helps to identify various problems that were not apparent in small experimental networks.     

A simple distributed PRMA for MANETs

With the rapid development of Global Positioning System (GPS) technology and its applications, synchronization between terminals in mobile ad hoc environments becomes feasible at a low cost. Thus, slotted-channel-based medium access control (MAC) schemes like time division multiple access (TDMA) also become interesting for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). In this paper, we extend the classical centralized and slotted packet reservation multiple access (PRMA) scheme to a simple distributed PRMA (D-PRMA) as a MAC scheme for MANETs, with emphasis on voice application support. The major efforts of D-PRMA include 1) a simple slot reservation mechanism for voice traffic at the level of "talkspurt" without relying on any central entity and 2) a simple solution for the hidden and exposed terminal problems uniquely present in wireless ad hoc environments. The performance of D-PRMA has been investigated by analysis and computer simulations in comparison with IEEE 802.11. The results show that D-PRMA is much more suitable than IEEE 802.11 for voice application     

Simulation of Ad Hoc Routing Protocols using OMNeT++

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) have evolved in the last years into standards in the communication world. By definition, they do not need any network infrastructure to facilitate communication between participating nodes. Therefore, MANETs are dealing with new challenges in the context of ad hoc routing. Simulation techniques are one of the fundamental methodologies to support the protocol engineering process, especially in the early stages of ad hoc network protocol design. In this paper, we set out common criteria that may serve as guidelines for meaningful simulative evaluations of ad hoc routing protocols. We present typical and necessary measures for ad hoc routing in general and MANET routing in particular. As a case study, we demonstrate a comprehensive performance evaluation of the Dynamic MANET On Demand (DYMO) routing protocol using a model we implemented for the popular OMNeT+ + discrete event simulation environment.     

MATS: multichannel time-spread scheduling in mobile ad hoc networks

Wireless mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) have received considerable attention in the last few years. Most research works focus on single-channel MANETs with a single power-level in order to simplify the network design and analysis. How to take advantage of multiple channels and multiple power levels in MANETs poses a serious challenging problem. Recently, a few multichannel transmission protocols such as collision-avoidance transmission scheduling (CATS) have been proposed to harvest the advantage of high transmission efficiency when multiple channels are deployed. Although such protocols do provide ways to coordinate the use of multiple channels, there exist some serious problems such as the throughput fast drop-off under heavy traffic loads. In this paper, we propose a new protocol, namely, multichannel time-spread scheduling (MATS), which attempts to tackle these problems. In MATS, nodes with transmission requests are divided into three groups, which carry out channel reservations in parallel and can simultaneously support unicasting, multicasting and broadcasting at the link level. MATS ensures successful and collision-free data transmissions using the reserved channels and allows multicasting and broadcasting high priorities over unicasting. Both theoretical analysis and extensive simulation studies are carried out which show that the performance of MATS under high traffic loads significantly outperforms the existing schemes.     

Security and Cooperation in clustered mobile ad hoc networks with centralized supervision

Although individual node cooperation is necessary for the correct execution of network protocols in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), it is not always guaranteed. In this paper, we present a node reputation scheme aiming at reinforcing node cooperation in MANETs with centralized control. This scheme was designed for centralized ad hoc network architecture (CANA), an ad hoc enhancement to the HIPERLAN/2 WLAN standard. Misbehavior detection techniques for protocol attacks in both the cluster formation and data transmission phases of the network operation are developed. Statistical methods for selecting the optimal parameters of the reputation scheme are investigated and their efficiency is illustrated through theoretical analysis and simulation results. Throughout this paper, the specific aspects of CANA that impose particular design decisions are outlined and the applicability of our scheme to other network architectures is discussed.     

Power-efficient routing schemes for MANETs: a survey and open issues

Ubiquitous smart devices with embedded sensors are paving the way for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) that enable users to communicate directly, thereby playing a key role in Smart City and Internet of Things applications. In such smart environments, people with smart devices (nodes) can freely self-organize and form self-configuring MANETs to send and forward data packets to a destination over multiple hops via intermediate nodes. However, the energy consumption during routing remains a challenge in such ensemble mobile environments due to the limited battery capacity of mobile devices. This challenging issue has received substantial research attention, necessitating an exhaustive literature search over the variety of academic fields addressing this topic. The main motivation of this paper is to review various power-efficient routing schemes in MANETs that have recently been proposed to reduce the energy consumed when transmitting and receiving packets during active communication. Accordingly, these protocols are classified into six categories: (1) link state-based, (2) source-initiated-based, (3) transmission power control-based, (4) load-balancing-based, (5) location-based and (6) multicast-based routing approaches. The review covers various state-of-the-art protocols for each category and highlights their operation concepts, design challenges and key features. In addition, the various protocols are compared with emphasis on the merits and drawbacks as well as the considered metrics of each scheme. Finally, we provide a conclusion and suggest potential directions for future research in the field.     

POSITION VERIFICATION APPROACHES FOR VEHICULAR AD HOC NETWORKS

Intervehicle communication is regarded as one of the major applications of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Compared to MANETs, these so-called vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have special requirements in terms of node mobility and position-dependent applications, which are well met by geographic routing protocols. Functional research on geographic routing has already reached a considerable level, whereas security aspects have been vastly neglected so far. Since position dissemination is crucial for geographic routing, forged position information has severe impact regarding both performance and security. In this work, we first analyze the problems that may arise from falsified position data. Then, in order to lessen these problems, we propose detection mechanisms that are capable of recognizing nodes cheating about their location in position beacons. In contrast to other position verification approaches, our solution does not rely on special hardware or dedicated infrastructure. Evaluation based on simulations shows that our position verification system successfully discloses nodes disseminating false positions and thereby widely prevents attacks using position cheating     

An Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) Based Relay Selection Scheme for Cooperative Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless Personal Communications - Using ad hoc information amid of adaptable terminals, mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are absolute of any kind of communication infrastructure even though the...     

Joint Design of Routing and Medium Access Control for Hybrid Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Efficient routing and medium access control (MAC) are very important for Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). Most existing routing and MAC protocols consider homogeneous ad hoc networks, in which all nodes are modeled as the same, i.e., they have the same communication capabilities and characteristics. Although a homogeneous network model is simple and easy to analyze, it misses important characteristics of many realistic MANETs such as military battlefield ad hoc networks. In addition, a homogeneous ad hoc network suffers from poor performance and scalability. In many ad hoc networks, multiple types of nodes do co-exist; and some nodes have larger transmission power, higher transmission data rate, and better processing capability, are more reliable and robust than other nodes. Hence, a hybrid network model is more realistic and provides many advantages for designing better routing and MAC protocols. In this paper, we present a new routing protocol called Hybrid Routing, which is specifically designed for hybrid MANETs. In addition, a novel MAC protocol is jointly designed for hybrid MANETs. Extensive simulations demonstrate that the proposed routing MAC protocols have very good performance.

突发业务下的移动自组织网DSR协议仿真性能分析

移动自组织网络是一组由移动节点组成的无线网络。它的性能已经被广泛的进行了研究,但是这些研究主要是针对节点的移动性和网络的规模来展开的。近年来,移动自组织网在传输视频、音频、数据、图像等多媒体上的应用越来越多,因此自组织网在传输不同业务模型时的性能分析也引起了人们的广泛关注。本文中,我们主要研究分析了移动自组织网DSR协议在传输VBR业务时的性能,并且将仿真结果和传输CBR业务时的结果进行了比较。通过进一步的分析,我们得出与传输VBR业务相比,在传输CBR业务时,移动自组织网DSR协议性能明显提高。     

Routing security in wireless ad hoc networks

A mobile ad hoc network consists of a collection of wireless mobile nodes that are capable of communicating with each other without the use of a network infrastructure or any centralized administration. MANET is an emerging research area with practical applications. However, wireless MANET is particularly vulnerable due to its fundamental characteristics, such as open medium, dynamic topology, distributed cooperation, and constrained capability. Routing plays an important role in the security of the entire network. In general, routing security in wireless MANETs appears to be a problem that is not trivial to solve. In this article we study the routing security issues of MANETs, and analyze in detail one type of attack-the "black hole" problem-that can easily be employed against the MANETs. We also propose a solution for the black hole problem for ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol.     

IoT energy efficiency routing protocol using FHO-based clustering and improved CSO model-based routing in MANET

Many protocols, services, and electrical devices with built-in sensors have been developed in response to the rapid expansion of the Internet of Things. Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) consist of a collection of autonomous mobile nodes that can form an ad hoc network in the absence of any pre-existing infrastructure. System performance may suffer due to the changeable topology of MANETs. Since most mobile hosts operate on limited battery power, energy consumption poses the biggest challenge for MANETs. Both network lifetime and throughput improve when energy usage is reduced. However, existing approaches perform poorly in terms of energy efficiency. Scalability becomes a significant issue in large-scale networks as they grow, leading to overhead associated with routing updates and maintenance that can become unmanageable. This article employs a MANET routing protocol combined with an energy conservation strategy. The clustering hierarchy is used in MANETs to maximize the network's lifespan, considering its limited energy resources. In the MANET communication process, the cluster head (CH) is selected using Fire Hawk Optimization (FHO). When choosing nodes to act as a cluster for an extended period, CH election factors in connectivity, mobility, and remaining energy. This process is achieved using an optimized version of the Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol, utilizing Improved Chicken Swarm Optimization (ICSO). In comparison to existing protocols and optimization techniques, the proposed method offers an extended network lifespan ranging from 90 to 160 h and reduced energy consumption of 80 to 110 J, as indicated by the implementation results.     

A novel support vector machine based intrusion detection system for mobile ad hoc networks

Wireless Networks - The performance of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) is significantly affected by the malicious nodes. One of the most common attacks in MANETs is denial of service (DoS); a type...     

A strategy to reduce the control packet load of MANETs with bidirectional links using DSR

Dynamic source routing (DSR) is a robust protocol commonly applied to multi‐hop wireless mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). In this paper, an algorithm is proposed for modifying the basic DSR protocol to enhance its performance by reducing the number of redundant route reply packets (RREPs). In the modified DSR (MDSR), for a source destination pair, the destination responds to the first received route request packet (RREQ) with an RREP, and the subsequently received RREQs, bearing the same request ID, are responded to only if the hop count is less than that of all the previously received RREQs. The performance of MDSR has been compared with that of the basic DSR for different network densities and for different mobility of nodes. Simulation results show that MDSR gives fewer control packets, less latency and a higher packet delivery ratio than DSR. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A survey and qualitative analysis of mac protocols for vehicular ad hoc networks

In order to avoid transmission collisions in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), a reliable and efficient medium access control (MAC) protocol is needed. Vehicular MANETs (VANETs) have vehicles as network nodes and their main characteristics are high mobility and speed. Active safety applications for VANETs need to establish reliable communications with minimal transmission collisions. Only few MAC protocols designed for MANETs can be adapted to efficiently work in VANETs. In this article we provide a short overview on some MANET MAC protocols, and then we summarize and qualitatively compare the ones suited for VANETs