ZA27合金的尺寸变化规律及其尺寸稳定化工艺

试验和基于原子尺度的理论计算表明，过饱和ＺＡ２７合金在８０℃时效时发生迅速而明显的尺寸收缩，其后尺寸变化很小，重新加热到１５０℃，时效时产生尺寸膨胀，η相和ε相从过饱和固溶体中脱溶和α＋ε→Ｔ′＋η四相反应分别是导致尺寸收缩和膨胀的采用２５０℃＋／７ｈ＋８０℃／６ｈ处理工艺，可基本消除ＺＡ２７合金的尺寸不稳定现象。     

热处理工艺对铍青铜性能的影响（三）

三、时效 时效是确保最终性能的关键,即将固溶处理并成形的工件,加热到一定温度,保温后空气冷却的工艺,而时效强化过程即是从过饱和α固溶体中,析出高度弥散γ相,从而提高合金的硬度、强度和弹性的过程,其温度是影响性能的重要因素。若温度过低,铍原子不能获得足够能量,而阻碍高度弥散的质点析出,故得不到最佳性能。反之,则不连续脱溶过     

ZA27合金时效过程研究

采用差示扫描量热分析法(DSC)和高温显微分析法分别研究了ZA27合金的等温时效转变过程和加热过程中的共析转变.结果表明:与传统方法相比,采用差示扫描量热分析法研究ZA27合金等温时效转变过程具有快速、准确、制样简单、操作方便等特点;另外,ZA27合金加热过程中的共析转变速度很快,转变首先在晶界处开始,迅速向晶内扩展.     

钢的气体抗蚀氮化处理

一、概述气体抗蚀氮化是提高钢的表面抗腐蚀性的一种热处理方法。把工件装入容器内,连续通以氨气,加热到一定温度,使氨气受热分解,分解而得的活性氮气为钢表面所吸收。氮向钢内扩散时,由外向内可形成ε、γ′和α三相。ε相的含氮量为8.1～11.2%;γ′相为5.50～5.95%;α相为氮在α铁中的固溶体,其含氮量在室温时不超过0.015%。γ′和α相的耐触性是不足的。抗蚀氮化的目的,是要得到0.015～0.04毫米厚度的、耐蚀性最好的ε相(见图1)。     

挤压态镁合金AZ80动态再结晶机理及性能研究

探讨了挤压态镁合金AZ80的显微组织及动态再结晶机理。利用扫描电镜分析了材料的拉伸性能,并采用T6工艺研究了其热处理性能。结果表明：镁合金AZ80挤压后,出现细小的动态再结晶晶粒,其动态再结晶的机制属于连续动态再结晶;挤压后,材料的强化机制主要是晶粒细化作用。镁合金经过固溶处理后,β-Mg17Al12相已全部溶解到了α-Mg基体中,形成了过饱和的α-Mg固溶体,随着时效温度的升高,β-Mg17Al12相析出机理为从不连续析出到连续析出。     

DP800冷轧双相钢组织性能的研究

通过研究临界区加热温度、过时效温度对超高强低碳冷轧双相钢力学性能和组织的影响,结果发现,马氏体和新生铁素体晶粒在1 μm左右时,含有50%左右马氏体的双相钢同样能够保证良好的塑性;在缓冷速度5℃/s和急冷温度700℃不变的情况下,随着加热温度的升高,马氏体的体积分数变化不明显;马氏体分解是300℃过时效比250℃过时效抗拉强度下降40 MPa左右的主要原因;过时效时铁素体中部分位错发生回复、松弛、形成亚结构,使屈服强度降低.     

介绍几种铍青铜淬火方法

铍青铜良好性能的获得,须经高温固溶处理,即保护淬火后才能得到过饱和的α固溶体和光亮表面。这种金相组织为时效析出弥散高硬γ相提供了必要条件。所以高温淬火之温度、保温时间及加热时保护气氛,乃至冷却介质是确保铍青铜性能的关键。本文介绍几种切实可行、操作工艺简便的淬火方法。 (一) 保护法①木炭保护:将零件清洗去油污烘干后,并装夹或(用紫铜丝)绑扎后(以下简称处理过的零件),埋入干燥细颗粒状的木炭中,在780 10℃的箱式炉内加热保温后,迅速取出零件在水中冷却。     

铸态K480和DD407高温合金在长期时效过程中γ′相的稳定性

研究了两种典型铸态K480及DD407高温合金在870℃下经3 000 h时效过程中γ′相的稳定性,探讨γ′相的粗化机制。结果表明:K480合金和DD407合金经过长期时效后组织中均无TCP相析出,γ′相发生轻微粗化现象,合金组织稳定性良好,其中DD407合金中γ′相长大趋势大于K480合金的;随着时效时间的延长,K480合金中晶界逐渐变宽,碳化物沿晶界长大,最终连结成链状,并有成膜趋势;K480合金中γ′相长大符合二次方定律,而DD407合金的符合三次方定律;该两种合金γ′相长大方式分别为界面控制和扩散控制。     

固溶时效工艺参数对TA19钛合金显微组织 与拉伸性能的影响

对TA19钛合金进行不同温度(930,960,990℃)固溶2h+不同温度(550,590,630℃)时效8,16h热处理,研究了工艺参数对显微组织与拉伸性能的影响。结果表明:不同温度固溶+590℃时效8h处理后,随着固溶温度的升高,试验合金中的等轴α相含量降低,抗拉强度增大。经960℃固溶2h处理后,试验合金的组织由等轴α相和α′马氏体组成,在后续550℃时效8h过程中,α′马氏体分解不充分,颗粒状α相含量较少,合金抗拉强度增加有限;当时效温度升高到590℃,时效时间分别为8,16h时,组织中析出细小弥散的颗粒状α相,抗拉强度提高;继续升高时效温度至630℃时,α相粗化,抗拉强度又有所下降。     

热处理工艺对铍青铜性能的影响（二）

二、固溶处理 利用铍在铜中的溶解度随温度升高而变化的特点,在保护介质中和高温下加热并保温后快冷,而获得过饱和α固溶体的工艺过程称为固溶处理。其目的     

Use of EBSD to identify phases in interdendrite region of a cast Zn–Al-based alloy (ZA27)

Electron backscattered Kikuchi diffraction methodology was used to identify phases in the interdendrite region of an alloy ZA27. Two Zn‐rich hexagonal close‐packed structure phases η and ɛ phases were distinguished using predetermined lattice parameters of the phases. In relation to studies of scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction, electron backscattered diffraction results revealed that the Al‐rich precipitates of the α phase were from decomposition of the η′_T, and the four‐phase transformation: α+ɛ→ T′+η, had occurred in the ɛ phase after ageing at 150°C for 8 h.     

硼对高铌TiAl基合金γ→α相变的影响

TiAl广泛应用在在航空航天和汽车等领域,研究了硼对高铌TiAl基合金γ→α相变的影响。研究发现:在相同的保温时间下,Ti-46Al-8Nb-0.8B合金α2相的体积分数比Ti-46Al-8Nb合金小,这主要是因为Ti-46Al-8Nb-0.8B合金中的α相从γ晶界析出的形核率低,生长更困难而导致的;微量元素硼的添加能显著促进片状α相从γ晶粒内析出的形核率,抑制块状α相从γ晶界析出的形核率,并能阻碍α相的生长。     

电子束熔丝增材制造TC11钛合金组织及力学性能

采用电子束熔丝增材工艺制造了直径260 mm的试环。分析了不同热处理状态的增材制造TC11钛合金微观组织和室/高温拉伸性能及其各向异性。并测试分析了锻件基体晶粒2次热处理和锻件基体与增材界面处的组织和性能。结果表明：沉积态微观组织为沿<001>β方向生长的柱状晶。晶界存在连续α相，晶体内部由集束和网篮α相组成的片层组织。经950℃/2h/空冷+530℃/6h/空冷的热处理后晶界连续α相破碎，晶内α相宽度从1.1μm增加至1.8μm。并形成具有二次α相的双片层组织。锻件与增材过渡区锻件一侧，等轴初生α相转变为“雪花”状初生α相。锻件基体2次热处理后等轴初生α相轮廓光滑，转变β相比例增加，并形成大量细小的针状二次α相。沉积态室温及500℃高温拉伸性能均具有明显的各向异性。经过热处理后室/高温拉伸性能均获得改善并高于锻件要求且各向异性明显降低。与沉积态相比，热处理态室温抗拉强度和断后伸长率各向异性分别从4.4%和27.1%降低至1.6%和5.4%。柱状晶及其晶界连续α相是引起塑性各向异性的原因。锻件+增材界面处热处理后其室/高温拉伸性能均满足锻件要求。     

Über die Berechnung der Eigenfrequenzen von schwingungen bei KurvenmechanismenCalculation of the natural frequencies of vibrations in flexible cam mechanisms

In many cases of relatively flexible cam mechanisms, actual follower motion may be appreciably different from that machined into the cam. Actual motion of the follower is a function of three basic factors: characteristics of the driving displacement function from the cam, other external forces acting on the follower system and mechanical properties of the system. As a basis for evaluating the mechanical properties of the follower system, its natural frequencies are an excellent index, serving as a measure of the system's ability to respond to a given cam command [3]. The model with a single degree of freedom shown in Fig. 1 has been used extensively for calculating the natural frequencies.In the present paper, flexible parts of the system have been regarded as a continuum with one dimension, and the model shown in Fig. 2 has been used for determination of the natural frequencies of vibrations in flexible cam mechanisms. The frequency equation has been found from the partial differential equations and the boundary conditions.Comparison shows that there are considerable differences between the natural frequencies calculated from the models shown in Figs. 1 and 2; an example is worked out assuming a harmonic cam form (equation 8). The comparable figures are given in Table 1: α and α2′ derive from the simplified equations (25)–(28) and α₁ and α₂ from the continuously distributed mass system assumed.     

磨削表面粗糙度对γ-TiAl合金抗弯强度的影响

为了研究表面加工质量对硬脆性高温合金抗弯性能的影响,对不同磨削表面粗糙度的全片层γ-TiAl(Ti-47.5Al-2.5V-1.0Cr)合金进行了抗弯性能试验,分析了表面粗糙度对其抗弯强度的影响规律。试验结果表明,随着表面粗糙度的增大,全片层γ-TiAl合金的抗弯强度明显降低。结合断裂形貌图分析了全片层γ-TiAl合金组织中裂纹的萌生、扩展及最终发生宏观断裂的方式,全片层γ-TiAl合金裂纹大多起裂于因加工纹理引起的应力集中区域附近的片层间,并优先在层间扩展,最终的断裂形式多为穿层的脆性瞬断。     

Film‐forming properties of castor oil–polyol ester blends in elastohydrodynamic conditions

The viscosity and elastohydrodynamic (EHD) film thickness properties of binary blends of castor oil with polyol esters were determined experimentally. Predicted blend viscosities were calculated from the viscosities of the pure blend components. Measured viscosity values were closer to the values predicted using the Lederer model than the Arrhenius model. EHD film thickness data were mostly in agreement with the predictions of the Hamrock–Dowson model. Observed deviations of EHD film thickness were attributed to boundary film formation and thermal effects. Calculated effective pressure–viscosity coefficients, α, displayed a complex relationship with blend viscosity. At 40°C, the addition of 10% polyol esters resulted in a 12–17% drop in α of castor oil. Higher concentrations of polyol esters resulted in an increase of α. At 70 and 100°C, α displayed an almost linear dependence on blend composition. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

充氢对多孔TC4钛合金室温组织的影响

利用管式氢处理炉,采取固态气相渗氢法对多孔TC4钛合金进行充氢试验。采用光学显微镜、X射线衍射和扫描电镜等手段,研究相对密度、充氢温度和充氢时间对多孔TC4钛合金的相组成及微观组织的影响。研究结果表明,随氢质量分数的增加,多孔TC4钛合金的α相逐渐减少,β相逐渐增多,并形成δ氢化物;充氢温度达到某一临界温度时,一定量的氢可诱发多孔TC4钛合金的马氏体转变,生成α'马氏体;充氢后多孔TC4钛合金由原始等轴组织转变为针状和片层状的细小组织,当充氢温度较高氢质量分数较高时,出现片层状α'马氏体组织,当充氢温度较低氢质量分数较高时则出现网篮状α片层组织。充氢多孔TC4钛合金的微观组织与氢质量分数相当的TC4钛合金粉末相比整体要细小。     

A comparison of the microstructure of silicon nitride-silicon carbide composites made with and without deoxidized starting material

Two different types of silicon carbide (SiC) matrix composites, with either 10 wt% or 20 wt% silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) reinforcement, were fabricated to investigate the effect of pretreatment on the resulting composite micro-structure. The first type of composite was prepared from as-received α-SiC and α-Si₃N₄ powders, while the second type was prepared from powder compacts that had been deoxidized to eliminate surface silica on the powder particles. The composites were hot isostatically pressed in tantalum cans at 2373 K for 1h under a pressure of 200 MPa. Density measurements showed that full theoretical density was achieved for the composites prepared from the as-received powders, while much lower densities were obtained for the composites prepared from the deoxidized green compacts. Almost all of the α-SiC transformed into β-SiC, and almost all the α-Si₃N₄ transformed into α-Si₃N₄ in the composites made from the as-received powders, while in the composites made from the deoxidized material the α-SiC remained untransformed and both α-Si₃N₄ and β-Si₃N₄ phases were present in significant quantities. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and Fresnel fringe imaging were used to identify the grain boundary and interphase boundary structure. Most interfaces were found to be covered with ? 1 nm thick amorphous intergranular films in the composites prepared from as-received powders, whereas most interfaces were found to be free of such amorphous intergranular films in the composites prepared from the deoxidized material. Taken together, the presence of intergranular films at the interfaces and the results from density measurements are consistent with the densification and reverse α → β-SiC transformation taking place in the composites made from as-received powders by a liquid-phase sintering route. An incomplete liquid-phase sintering mechanism is also able to explain the microstructure observed in the composites made from the deoxidized material.     

航空发动机主轴高速圆柱滚子轴承保持架柔体动力学仿真

在轴承动力学分析基础上,考虑保持架的柔性特性,采用修正的Craig-Bampton子结构模态综合法建立了航空发动机主轴高速圆柱滚子轴承保持架柔体动力学方程,利用ADAMS系统开发了圆柱滚子轴承刚柔耦合动力学仿真软件,并对保持架动态性能进行仿真,着重对轴承工况和结构参数与保持架动态特性的关系进行了研究。仿真结果表明:振动应力引起的疲劳失效多发生在保持架梁处;高速轻载工况下保持架易产生较大的打滑;径向游隙适当增大有利于降低打滑率;兜孔间隙与引导间隙比值大于1后保持架运动平稳性明显变差。最后,试验验证表明,柔性保持架动力学模型所得结果比刚性模型所得结果更接近试验结果。     

热处理对聚丙烯力学性能及结晶结构的影响

本文研究了聚丙烯不同热处理条件下的力学性能。并用广角X衍射(WAXD)和DSC研究了热处理对聚丙烯结晶结构的影响。研究表明,随着热处理温度的升高,PP拉伸强度、弯曲强度、室温缺口冲击强度都呈现先上升后下降;而PP的结晶形态由α、β晶型转变为α晶型。