均质土坝漫顶溃决“陡坎”移动参数确定

“陡坎”冲蚀是均质土坝漫顶溃决时的主要破坏模式,“陡坎”移动的速度与坝料的物理力学指标具有内在联系,而目前国外给出各类“陡坎”移动模型很少考虑这些联系,且参数选取方法误差较大。基于水流能量耗散原理的“陡坎”移动速度模型,考虑坝料的黏粒含量、含水率、干密度等因素,参考国内外具有实测“陡坎”移动速度资料的水槽模型试验成果,拟合出“陡坎”移动参数的表达式,并结合水槽模型试验不同坝料的特点,给出了拟合“陡坎”移动参数的上下包线。参考美国农业部农业研究中心开展的7组均质土坝漫顶溃决试验的“陡坎”移动速度实测资料,验证了建议参数的合理性,并与国外典型的“陡坎”移动参数模型计算结果进行比较,给出了参数取值的参考方法;对“陡坎”移动参数中涉及的黏粒含量、含水率、干密度等指标进行参数敏感性分析,分析研究3个指标对“陡坎”移动规律的影响,为均质土坝漫顶溃决模型“陡坎”运移参数的选取和进一步研究“陡坎”抗冲蚀能力内在机理提供参考依据。     

Impact of morphological parameters on water quality variables of a regulated lowland river.

An efficient method to investigate which morphological changes have greatest impact on the water quality is to carry out a computer modelling exercise. In this study, three models, a hydrodynamic (DYNHYD), a eutrophication model (EUTRO), and a sediment and micro-pollutant transport model (TOXI), were coupled together in the High Level Architecture (HLA) platform. DYNHYD dynamically simulates the propagation of a wave through a river reach one-dimensionally by solving the full dynamic wave equation. Important parameters that describe the river morphology are the roughness coefficient and the weir discharge coefficient. EUTRO simulates the phytoplankton-nutrient dynamics in water bodies with variables and parameters that regulate the process in this cycle. Examples of some of the more important parameters are the oxygen reaeration, phytoplankton growth or nitrification rates. TOXI was implemented to simulate the transport of sediments and heavy metals in which the most important transformation process of the metals was sorption. It is the aim of this study to see the effect that hydrodynamic parameters such as weir discharge and roughness coefficients have on water quality constituents, such as chlorophyll-a, dissolved oxygen and levels of ammonium and dissolved zinc.     

考虑物理状态变化的砂土本构模型

本文基于临界状态理论，在已有模型的基础上，通过将状态参数引入剪胀方程和塑性硬化模量表达式，建立了一个新的砂土本构模型。该模型可以描述加载过程中相对密度和有效围压变化引起的物理状态变化对材料强度和变形特性的影响，模型形式较简单，仅有8个材料参数，适用于排水及不排水的情况。数值模拟的结果与三轴试验结果吻合较好。     

浑水异重流潜入理论模型及影响因素研究

现有关于异重流潜入现象物理机制的研究较少,所建立的理论模型普遍只考虑流量和含沙量,事实上,异重流的潜入受多个水力因素共同作用.本文从异重流潜入过渡区的动量方程和能量方程出发,建立理论模型,并结合水槽试验予以模型参数的率定及模型的验证.该理论模型包含流量、含沙量、坡度、阻力系数、断面宽深比等多个水力因素,经分析发现:含沙量增大、流量减小、坡度增大、阻力系数增大、宽深比增大,更易形成异重流.随着含沙量减小,坡度的影响更明显,而阻力系数和宽深比的影响会减弱.     

均质土坝漫顶溃坝过程数学模型研究及应用

国内外大量模型试验表明,"陡坎"式冲蚀是均质土坝漫顶溃决的重要机理。近年来,各国学者开发了一系列的考虑"陡坎"式冲蚀的溃坝过程数学模型,但模型均采用了"陡坎"出现在下游坡脚的假设。通过大比尺均质土坝漫顶溃决模型试验发现,对于坝高较大的均质土坝,"陡坎"出现的位置与漫顶水头和下游坝坡坡比存在内在联系,且"陡坎"的移动速率与坝料的物理力学指标相关,因此初始冲坑的位置和"陡坎"移动参数的选取对于溃坝过程模拟结果的合理性具有重要意义。本文借鉴国内外的漫顶溃坝过程数学模型,提出一个可考虑均质土坝漫顶溃决过程中"陡坎"移动的数学模型。该模型通过漫顶水流特征和坝体形状参数确定下游坡初始冲坑的位置,采用能量分析方法模拟"陡坎"移动,并通过室内与现场模型试验提出可考虑坝料黏粒含量、含水率、干密度等指标的"陡坎"移动参数;利用基于水流剪应力原理的冲蚀速率公式模拟溃口纵向下切与横向扩展;采用宽顶堰流量公式计算溃口流量,通过极限平衡法分析溃坝过程中溃口边坡的稳定性,采用迭代的数值计算方法模拟整个溃坝过程。选择国内外典型的大比尺均质土坝漫顶溃坝试验和有实测资料的溃坝案例对模型进行验证,并研究了是否考虑"陡坎"冲蚀对溃坝模拟结果的影响;通过模型计算分析可以得出,本文提出的数学模型可合理模拟均质土坝的漫顶溃坝过程。     

高含沙水库泥沙运动数学模型的研究及应用

通过修正泥沙运动基本方程，并采用水流挟沙力、河床糙率、异重流计算等方面的最新研究成果，建立起高含沙水库泥沙数学模型。通过选择黄河三门峡水库及巴家嘴水库的泥沙观测资料进行仿真计算，证明了所建模型的可靠性。并应用该数学模型模拟泾河东庄水库泥沙淤积及排沙规律，取得了与泥沙模型试验结果相接近的计算成果，表明该模型具有模拟高含沙水流运动、溯源冲刷、泥沙级配变化、异重流运动等功能。     

排水条件下饱和土壤中镉运移实验及其数值模拟

对流弥散方程(CDE)是模拟重金属在土壤中动态的常用方法之一。本文运用动态饱和土柱实验比较了重金属镉(Cd)在不同质地的碱性土壤中吸附和运移特征，并运用Batch实验获得的吸附参数作为初始值，应用所建数学模型模拟了排水条件下Cd在饱和土壤中的吸附和运移过程。结果表明，不同质地的土壤对Cd运移的阻滞作用有所差别；水动力弥散作用对Cd在土壤中的运移过程有明显的影响。对流弥散方程能较好地模拟排水条件下Cd在饱和土壤中的运移过程。     

不同干密度下土水特征曲线模型参数确定简化方法

为避免获得土水特征曲线模型参数的复杂测试过程,提出了一种确定模型参数的简化方法。通过使用Gardner,Van Genuchten,Fredlund & Xing 3种模型对土水特征曲线数据拟合,发现3种模型相关系数除干密度为1.50,1.60,1.71 g/cm³时Gardner模型的决定系数R²为0.940,0.949,0.953,其他相关系数均超过了0.96,拟合效果较好。对Gardner模型和Van Genuchten模型中各参数进行分析,发现它们与干密度之间有良好的相关性,干密度和各模型参数之间成线性、二次函数和幂函数关系,并据此提出了由干密度确定模型参数的简化方法,具有一定的实用性,期望能为工程提供参考。     

坡面径流阻力计算模式对比研究

坡面流是污染物迁移、土壤侵蚀、泥沙输移的主要动力因素,阻力系数是影响坡面流模拟的重要参数。为比较三种阻力计算模式(阻力系数为常数、以淹没度为变量的Lawrence模型和阻力分割模型)在裸坡、砾石覆盖坡面、植被覆盖坡面三种常见坡面上的适用程度,本文建立了坡面降雨径流模型,对不同类型坡面的产流进行了模拟。坡面径流模型采用扩散波模型,坡面降雨入渗模型采用考虑坡度影响的Green-Ampt模型,当存在植被时,考虑冠层降雨截留损失。结果表明:在裸坡上,三种阻力计算模式均适用;而在有砾石覆盖和植被覆盖的坡面上,考虑阻力系数时空变化的阻力分割模型模拟精度最高。阻力系数对坡面径流流量的影响在坡面汇流的涨水与退水阶段较大,而在稳定阶段很小。对有植被覆盖坡面,降雨强度存在阈值,大于阈值时,不同阻力模式对坡面流模拟结果影响甚微;反之,需选择合适的阻力计算模式,且坡长越长,坡度越缓,降雨强度阈值越大。     

畦灌施肥地表水流与非饱和土壤水流-溶质运移集成模拟：Ⅰ模型

本文基于零惯性量方程和一维对流-弥散方程建立起畦灌溉施肥地表水流溶质运移模型,并利用HYDRUS-2D软件模拟二维非饱和土壤水流溶质运移过程,以一维地表水流溶质运移模拟得到的通量条件作为二维非饱和土壤水流溶质运移模拟的上边界,利用编制的程序将两个模型进行集成,构建起畦灌施肥地表与非饱和土壤水流溶质运移集成模型。基于多时段分步迭代计算方法,实现沿畦长地表入渗溶质通量动态变化条件下的二维非饱和土壤水流溶质运移模拟。     

混凝土电化学脱盐模拟及其影响因素分析

电化学方法可以用来对含有氯离子的混凝土进行脱盐。电流密度的大小和环境温度的高低是影响电化学脱盐效率的主要因素,过大的电流密度会对钢筋混凝土的性能产生一定影响,而较低的温度会降低脱盐效率。基于氯离子输运方程和温度对氯离子扩散系数的影响,建立了氯离子输运数值模型,得到了不同工作电流密度和温度下混凝土的电化学脱盐效率。结果表明：温度对脱盐效果影响显著,较高温度（303.15 K）时的氯离子渗透系数是较低温度（273.15 K）时的8.8倍;随着温度的升高,取得同样脱盐效果所需要的电流越小,即在较高温度环境下可以使用较低电流达到较高的脱盐效率。     

潮汐作用对河网区重金属输移的影响

根据相关文献,推导了只考虑溶解态和悬浮态输移过程的一维河流重金属输移模型的表达式。根据2005年12月北江镉污染事故背景资料,对该模型的参数进行率定,以分析珠江流域西、北江河网区潮汐对重金属输移的影响。设定北江上游突发污染事故与下游大、中、小潮相遭遇的情景,将情景资料代入重金属输移模型进行模拟,根据模拟结果评价了事故对佛山市水厂供水带来的影响。分析结果发现,潮汐作用造成河流内水流往复震荡,对污染物的迁移过程影响较大;不同的潮汐作用导致西江、北江的水流补给形式发生变化,进而影响污染物的传播途径;污染事故与大潮相遭遇时,对供水造成的危害要远大于与中、小潮相遭遇时。     

Improvement of numerical simulation of bimolecular reactive transport using time-dependent parameters

The overestimation of the contaminant concentration is a main issue in simulating the reactive transport using the common advection-dispersion-reaction equation(ADRE). To solve this problem, a new modeling method is developed. The parameters of the model are identified based on experimental data. The results of the model are compared with previous results in the literature, and the sensitivity of the model is analyzed by examining the model's response to changes of the model parameters. Main conclusions are as follows:(1) The numerical modeling approach is feasible with an improved simulating accuracy. The predicted values are in agreement with the experimental measurements. The relative errors of the peak concentration between the simulated and experimental values are less than 2.5%. The errors are greatly reduced as compared with the results(about 67.8% as the maximum) based on a traditional ADRE in the literature.(2) There are three parameters( m, 0 and D) which can be calibrated on the basis of experimental data in the model. The reactive product concentrations are mainly influenced by the parameters involved in the reactive ratio such as m and 0. The hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient D has almost no influence on the reactive product transport.(3) Our model does not provide better fitting curves for the "early arrival" and the "long tail". The "early arrival" and the "long tail" are associated with low values of the product AB. Under these conditions, the reaction rate is close to 0, and the model of the ADRE reduces to the advection-dispersion equation(ADE). Further mechanism study is needed in the future.     

污染物击穿防污屏障与地下水土污染防控研究进展

鉴于防污屏障是控制固废填埋场地下水土污染的重要结构,为评价防污屏障的服役寿命,分别针对重金属和有机污染物,总结了污染物在黏土屏障和复合屏障中的一维运移解析解,包括非线性吸附条件下污染物在黏土屏障中的一维扩散解、污染物在有缺陷膜复合屏障中的一维运移解和温度场作用下污染物在黏土屏障中的耦合运移解析解等。评价了污染物击穿防污屏障长历时过程超重力离心模型试验的可靠性。对运行了17 a的安徽某填埋场进行现场调查,发现氯离子运移最大深度达9 m,钠离子和COD的运移深度在3~4 m。总结和评价了地下水土污染控制的竖向屏障技术,认为土-膨润土系竖向隔离墙技术在我国具有广阔的应用前景,并对今后的研究进行展望。     

多孔介质中溶质运移参数拟线性化估计方法

拟线性化方法是基于溶质运移“穿透曲线”（BTC）数据估计对流-弥散方程（CDE）中运移参数。该方法运用任意两个时刻浓度导数（dc／dt）与参数之间的函数关系，通过求解一个随参数单调增减的非线性方程，推导出关于时间的拟线性化参数估计方程。依据该线性化方程拟合的直线截距和斜率确定溶质运移参数。通过一组设计参数获得的BTC，应用拟线性法求解溶质运移参数并与设计参数比较，证明用该方法估计参数具有较好精度。设计数据还被用于讨论剔除浓度导数（dc／dt）峰值段误差较大数据以改善参数估计精度的方法。拟线性化方法用于估计红壤和水稻土中SO4^-2运移参数，其结果与CXTFIT法和等斜率法估计参数具有较好的一致性。     

A comparison of various uncertainty models: An example of subsurface contaminant transport

Groundwater resources are under increasing threat of contamination and wasteful use in many parts of the world. Groundwater flow and integrated contaminant transport models are commonly used to predict the fate of contaminants in the subsurface environment. However, the lack of reliable data and complexity of the natural environmental systems, the predictions are subjected to large uncertainties. For reliable decision-making, these contaminant transport models are required to explicitly consider associated uncertainties in their parameters. This paper aims to compare the results of four common uncertainty models using an example of contaminant transport in groundwater. The research employed an advection–dispersion equation (ADE) to describe the transport of a contaminant in groundwater. For simplicity, two parameters – dispersion coefficient and velocity – were considered in the uncertainty analysis. Fuzzy set theory, one- and two-dimensional (1-D and 2-D) Monte Carlo simulations, and Probability Box (P-Box) methods were investigated. The cumulative distribution functions generated from these analyses were compared to evaluate the capabilities of these methods. The comparison showed that P-Box method provides a more comprehensive analysis with lesser assumptions as compared to other methods, and also found to be more pragmatic way to describe and propagate uncertainties in complex environmental systems. Furthermore, execution time required to perform uncertainty analysis using P-Box method is comparatively much less than 2-D Monte Carlo simulations.     

Identification of virus transport parameters in groundwater: Data errors and bias

The present study discusses the identification of virus transport parameters in groundwater from the virus concentration data using inverse procedure. The parameters are estimated by minimizing the deviations between the model predicted and experimentally observed virus concentrations. Model parameters are estimated from hypothetically generated virus concentration data by numerical inversion of the governing virus transport equation employing Levenberg-Marquardt optimization algorithm. The bias induced by the objective function on the parameter estimates is studied in detail by adding Gaussian noise to the hypothetically generated virus concentration data. Statistical analysis is performed for quantifying the bias in terms of sample mean and confidence intervals. The parameter estimation results indicate that while estimating two or more parameters simultaneously, the objective function induces an undue bias in the parameter estimates. It is also found that the induced bias is quite significant in case of inactivation parameters even at lower noise levels. The optimization algorithm is also applied to estimate the transport parameters from the virus concentration data of a column experiment.     

A LATTICE BOLTZMANN MODELING FOR THE WESTERN BOUNDARY CURRENT IN A LINEAR WIND-DRIVEN QUASI-GEOSTROPHIC MODEL

1 .　INTRODUCTIONLatticeBoltzmannMethod (LBM )isanewnumericalmethodforcomputationalfluid (ChenandDoolen 1998) ,whichisdevelopedfromLat ticeGasCellularAutomaton (LGCA )inthelate80satlastcentury .LBMusesthecontinuousdistri butionfunctiontoreplacetheBooleanvariablesusedinLGCA .Asaresult ,LBMovercomesmanyshortcomingsofitsancestor ,suchasnoise ,notconformingtoGalileoinvarianceetc .HeandLuo(1997)developedLBMasaself containedsystemconstructedtheamodelwithoutconnectiontoLGCA .LBMha…     

干湿交替下开裂混凝土中水分传输的细观数值分析

对于海洋浪溅区或潮汐区的混凝土结构,水分主要以气相和液相两种形式存在于混凝土内部孔隙结构中。基于混凝土毛细吸水的非饱和流体理论,建立了干湿交替下开裂混凝土中水分传输的一维非线性方程。考虑水分在干燥与湿润阶段传输的滞后性,分别建立了干燥和湿润两阶段单条裂缝处水分的传输速度模型。在细观层次上,将混凝土看作由粗骨料、砂浆、界面过渡区(ITZ)以及裂缝所构成的四相复合材料,利用含单条裂缝的二维格构网络模型,开展了干湿交替下开裂混凝土中水分传输的细观数值仿真分析。通过与已有文献中的试验数据对比,验证了所建立的干湿交替下开裂混凝土中水分传输模型的正确性。利用以上数值模型,进而分析了干湿循环机制(干湿循环时间比、循环次数)以及裂缝宽度对水分分布的影响规律。结果表明:对于给定裂缝宽度,干湿循环时间比和循环次数决定着裂缝处和垂直裂缝方向的水分含量分布;当裂缝宽度介于0.05~0.3 mm时,裂缝处和垂直裂缝方向的水分含量随着裂缝宽度的增大而减少。     

Numerical simulation unsteady cloud cavitating flow with a filter-based density correction model简

In this paper, various turbulence closure models for unsteady cavitating flows are investigated. The filter-based model （FBM） and the density correction model （DCM） were proposed to reduce the turbulent eddy viscosities in a turbulent cavitating flow based on the local meshing resolution and the local fluid density, respectively. The effects of the resolution control parameters in the FBM and DCM models are discussed. It is shown that the eddy viscosity near the cavity closure region can significantly influence the cavity shapes and the unsteady shedding pattern of the cavitating flows. To improve the predictions, a Filter-Based Density Cor-rection model （FBDCM） is proposed, which blends the FBM and DCM models according to the local fluid density. The new FBDCM model can effectively represent the eddy viscosity, according to the multi-phase characteristics of the unsteady cavitating flows. The experimental validations regarding the force analysis and the unsteady cavity visualization show that good agreements with experimental visualizations and measurements are obtained by the FBDCM model. For the FBDCM model, the attached cavity length and the resulting hydrodynamic characteristics are subsequently affected by the detail turbulence modeling parameters, and the model is shown to be effective in improving the overall predictive capability.