现代柴油机燃烧过程中微粒质量的变化规律

利用全气缸取样技术,对不同工况下的柴油机燃烧过程中微粒组分质量生成历程进行了研究.实验结果表明,燃烧形成的干碳烟质量曲线呈单峰状,峰值出现在上止点后10~15°CA之间,在燃烧后期,约有81%~92%的干碳烟被氧化.随着燃空当量比从=0.41增大到=0.53,缸内干碳烟质量峰值增加了4.57%~45.42%;喷油压力升高,虽然干碳烟质量峰值增大,但氧化比例也明显提高.此外,在燃烧初期,微粒中可溶有机物SOF的含量超过80%.     

曲轴箱通风对GDI汽油机微粒排放的影响

缸内直喷(GDI)汽油机微粒生成是由于雾化时间短及局部混合气过浓;同时,因为机油不可避免地参与燃烧也导致微粒排放增加.曲轴箱通风中未被油气分离器分离的机油蒸气占据机油消耗量比重较大,理论上这部分机油参与燃烧所产生的颗粒物对发动机最终的微粒排放影响也相应较大.因此,笔者在国产4G75缸内直喷汽油机上使用EEPS测定不同机油消耗条件下微粒排放特性,研究不同曲轴箱通风状态下未分离机油对GDI发动机微粒排放影响规律.结果表明:未被分离的机油消耗量增加导致微粒迅速升高,尤其在怠速工况下显著影响微粒生成质量;随发动机转速逐渐升高,机油消耗量对微粒生成的影响明显降低.     

柴油机燃烧形成微粒的形态特性及微量元素分析

基于电控燃油喷射柴油机的全气缸取样系统,利用场发射透射电子显微镜和图像处理技术,对柴油机燃烧过程中形成微粒的形态特性和微量元素进行了分析.结果表明,柴油机燃烧过程中形成的微粒主要呈现两种形态:一种是由基本碳粒子凝结而成的典型微粒;另一种足富含金属和非金属元素的无定形微粒.其中金属元素主要来源于润滑机油,贯穿整个燃烧过程,且独立存在.另外,典型微粒具有分形结构特性,分维数介于1.2～1.74,且在扩散燃烧初期有降低的趋势.     

煤基柴油及其混合燃料对发动机燃烧与排放的影响

对一台高压共轨增压中冷压燃式发动机燃用煤基F-T合成柴油(CTL)及其与碳酸二甲酯(DMC)的混合燃料进行了燃烧和排放特性试验,揭示了燃料特性和排气再循环对燃烧过程、NOx及微粒排放的影响规律.结果表明:发动机燃用CTL时的有效热效率升高,燃烧过程中滞燃期较短,预混合燃烧量减少,压力升高率明显降低,有利于改善柴油机工作的平顺性.与国V石化柴油相比,燃用CTL燃料时消光烟度、核态微粒、超细微粒及总微粒数量浓度明显降低,积聚态微粒数量浓度略有增加,有利于同时降低微粒质量和数量排放.引入排气再循环(EGR)可以进一步降低CTL燃料的NOx排放,在EGR率达到30%,时,NOx排放降低近75%,.在CTL中添加含氧燃料DMC,有利于抑制EGR导致的烟度增加,与国V柴油相比,在EGR率为30%,条件下,D15燃料消光烟度和微粒总数量的降幅分别为69.1%,和53.9%,.燃用CTL/DMC混合燃料同时引入EGR可以同时降低NOx、消光烟度、微粒质量和数量排放,有利于缓解柴油机NOx和PM之间的矛盾关系.     

工业级煤粉炉中局部地区的微粒速度、粒径和浓度的测量

本文用光学诊断技术,在实型(1:1)燃煤炉中,测量参变量(煤粒速度、粒径和数密度)。试验可变参数有:炉膛负荷、过量空气和喷燃器倾角。喷燃器标高上三个孔观测的速度变化,烟气中微粒密度随烟气温度的变化而变。小微粒(<微米)的数密度值较高,随微粒减小而成指数增加,表明燃烧过程主要在喷燃器上部七米区完成。渐增质量分布曲线指出,旋转流对凝聚相产生巨大的离心效应。低负荷下因燃烧影响灰粒生成,故更小微粒(～0.5微米)密度值显著增高。     

柴油添加剂和微粒捕集器的协同性分析与研究

柴油添加剂可以降低发动机燃烧室内的碳烟生成,而微粒捕集器则能有效控制柴油机尾气中微粒排放。对柴油添加剂种类、微粒捕集器过滤体材料和微粒捕集器的再生方法分别作了介绍,并着重对柴油添加剂促进微粒捕集器再生的机理和存在的问题进行了分析和研究。     

氧质量分数对高温空气下火焰氮氧化物生成影响

揭示高温空气燃烧过程中的火焰结构和氮氧化物生成机理.以对向流扩散火焰为对象,利用基于详细基元反应动力学模型的燃烧数值解析方法研究了氧质量分数对高温空气(温度为1 300 K)/甲烷扩散火焰火焰结构和氮氧化物生成的影响.结果表明,随着氧质量分数的逐渐减小,火焰结构和NO的生成机理发生显著变化,扩散火焰的NO生成主要由热力...     

柴油机缸内微粒粒数粒径分布规律的研究

基于柴油机全气缸取样系统,采用商用电子低压冲击仪(ELPI)和透射电子显微镜(TEM),对柴油机燃烧过程中凝聚微粒的粒数浓度、粒径分布和基本碳粒子的粒径分布进行了研究.研究结果表明,凝聚微粒粒数浓度随曲轴转角呈单峰状分布,峰值出现在上止点后14～18℃A,燃烧后期约70%以上的微粒粒数被氧化燃烧;凝聚微粒粒数、粒径呈类似对数正态分布,频度最大值出现在100～200 nm.构成凝聚微粒的基本碳粒子粒径呈高斯分布,最大值出现在15～30 nm,平均粒径为19.7～29.7 nm,且在上止点后12～15℃A出现最大值.     

小缸径直喷式柴油机喷雾,燃烧和碳粒生成过程试验研究

本介绍了作采用同步高速摄影技术和图象分析技术研究柴油机缸内碳粒生成和氧化过程的研究结果。研究结果表明：在柴油机燃烧过程中碳粒最早出现在燃烧室内有空气渗混的富油区；速燃期内高温富碳燃烧区的形状与着火前一时刻喷雾场的形状相吻合；富油区大直径油滴的燃烧裂解和活塞顶隙处外溢燃气的低温燃烧是柴油机产生碳烟微粒排放的主要原因。     

柴油机燃烧室形状对混合气形成的影响

利用计量流体力学(CFD)模拟软件FIRE对不同形状燃烧室的柴油机的缸内喷雾与燃烧过程进行了模拟分析。通过对缸内流场、燃油浓度场、温度场分布的对比,分析不同燃烧室对混合气形成的影响。结果表明,缩口燃烧室缸内流场强度最大,混合气均匀,燃烧充分,微粒生成最少。     

用喷气式可变涡流进气系统改善柴油机的排放性能

自行研制了一种向螺旋进气道内喷射空气的可变涡流进气系统——喷气式可变涡流进气系统,试验研究了该系统对柴油机排放特性的影响。结果表明,该系统在不影响进气充量系数的情况下,可以明显改变柴油机微粒和氮化物的排放量。其原因在于系统对气缸内涡流强度的改变,直接影响了燃烧与空气的混合、燃烧。对于涡流强度与燃料的燃烧不相匹配的发动机工况,喷气式可变涡流进气系统可以有效改善发动机的排放性能,缓解氮氧化物与微粒排放的矛盾。     

Particulate Matter size distribution in the exhaust gas of a modern diesel Engine fuelled with a biodiesel blend

The characteristics of particulate mater size distribution in the exhaust gas of an automotive diesel engine have been studied for a biodiesel blend of 30% rapeseed methyl ester (RME) and 70% ultra low sulphur diesel (ULSD) by volume (B30). The engine, a twin-turbo charged V6 equipped with a common rail fuel injection system, was operated on 16 steady-state points extracted from a corresponding New European Driving Cycle test with no engine system modification and a fast differential mobility spectrometer was used to determine the particulate number concentration and distribution. It is shown that the number-size distribution is dependent on engine operating conditions including the rate of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). Compared with ULSD, B30 leads to a 41% smaller average size of the particles with EGR but gives rise to a higher number concentration under certain engine operating conditions, with the differences varying between nucleation and accumulation mode. The calculated particle total mass for B30 combustion aerosol is lower than the value with ULSD for all the engine operating conditions tested. The average B30 aerosol was 28% smaller in size on mass basis, compared to ULSD aerosol. For both fuels, the relationship between the particle total number and total mass has been found to be directly correlated and both the number and the mass of particles increase when the mean diameters of particles increase.     

生物制气-柴油双燃料发动机放热规律试验研究

采用气化炉热解气化各种农林废弃的生物质,产生可燃生物制气,用作为以柴油引燃的双燃料发动机的主要燃料。测量生物制气-柴油双燃料发动机气缸压力,计算分析放热规律。双燃料发动机与燃用纯柴油时的发动机相比,燃烧始点延迟,最大燃烧压力降低,最大放热率和排气温度增加,后燃较严重。负荷增大时,双燃料发动机燃烧始点提前,最大燃烧放热率增高,最高燃烧温度升高,后燃较严重。供油提前角提前时,后燃减小,燃烧过程明显改善。     

柴油机燃用柴油－甲醇－水复合乳化燃料的研究

本文介绍柴油机燃用柴油－甲醇－水复合乳化燃料的研究。采用自行研制的复合型乳化剂、使用机械搅拌分步乳化法和超声乳化法配制了多种配比的复合乳化燃料。通过台架试验得出了复合乳化燃料的最佳配比，分析了燃用不同配比的复合乳化燃料对柴油机的经济性、动力性、燃烧过程和排放特性的影响；使用全气缸取样系统研究了柴油机燃用不同燃料时缸内微粒生成历程。试验表明，燃用复合乳化燃料时缸内微粒生成量大幅度减少，下降值最大可达４０．７％，首次以实验手段揭示了柴油机燃用乳化燃料时烟度降低的关键原因。试验也表明，这种复合乳化燃料具有乳化剂用量少、稳定性好的特点；ＺＨ１９０Ｗ型柴油机燃用Ｄ８５Ｍ７．５Ｗ７．５复合乳化燃料时获得了满意的性能．     

Soot processes in compression ignition engines

While diesel engines are arguably superior to any other power-production device for the transportation sector in terms of efficiency, torque, and overall driveability, they suffer from inferior performance in terms of noise, NO_x and particulate emissions. The majority of particulate originates with soot particles which are formed in fuel-rich regions of burning diesel jets. Over the past two decades, our understanding of the formation process of soot in diesel combustion has transformed from inferences based on exhaust measurements and laboratory flames to direct in-cylinder observations that have led to a transformation in diesel engine combustion. In-cylinder measurements show the diesel spray to produce a jet which forms a lifted, partially premixed, turbulent diffusion flame. Soot formation has been found to be strongly dependent on air entrainment in the lifted portion of the jet as well as by oxygen in the fuel and to a lesser extent the composition and structure of hydrocarbons in the fuel. Soot surviving the combustion process and exiting in the exhaust is dominated by soot from fuel-rich pockets which do not have time to mix and burn prior to exhaust valve opening. Higher temperatures at the end of combustion enhance the burnout of soot, while high temperatures at the time of injection reduce air entrainment and increase soot formation. Using a conceptual model based on in-cylinder soot and combustion measurements, trends seen in exhaust particulate can be explained. The current trend in diesel engine emissions control involves multi-injection combustion strategies which are transforming the picture of diesel combustion rapidly into a series of low temperature, stratified charge, premixed combustion events where NO_x formation is avoided because of low temperature and soot formation is avoided by leaning the mixture or increasing air entrainment prior to ignition.     

Comparative analysis of H2-diesel co-combustion in a single cylinder engine and a chassis dynamometer vehicle

Concerns as to the adverse effects of diesel engine exhaust on urban air quality have resulted in increasingly stringent emissions legislation, with the prospect of many major global cities potentially banning diesel vehicles. Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and particulate matter (PM) are linked to increases in premature mortality, and the simultaneous control of both pollutants through modified combustion strategies presents a significant challenge. In this work, the effects of displacing diesel fuel with hydrogen on exhaust emissions were investigated in both a single cylinder research engine and in a demonstration vehicle. In the initial stage, tests were undertaken on a supercharged, direct injection, single cylinder diesel research engine at different engine loads, intake air pressures and EGR levels. Hydrogen was aspirated with the intake air, and EGR was simulated by supplying the intake pipe with compressed nitrogen gas. The results showed a reduction in CO₂ and particulate emissions with increasing H₂ addition, and an increase in NO_x emissions at H₂ levels greater than 10% of the total input energy to the engine. The next stage involved tests on a chassis dynamometer with a small van equipped with the multi-cylinder version of the single cylinder research engine. The van was fitted with a programmable H₂ augmentation system, with H₂ addition levels specified by accelerator pedal position. During full drive cycle tests conducted with and without H₂ augmentation up to 10%, an average rate of 1 kW of H₂ was supplied to the engine. With H₂ augmentation, over the total drive-cycle, reductions in CO, NO_x and particle number were observed, but a higher total PM mass was recorded.     

基于Simulink在不同排气背压下VGT增压系统控制策略

为了改善柴油机在高背压环境条件下进排气流速降低、涡前排温、缸内最高燃烧压力和油耗升高等问题,采用Simulink软件,基于柴油机数学模型建立某型号柴油机零维仿真模型和可变截面涡轮(variable geometry turbine,VGT)增压系统仿真模型,并根据试验结果对模型进行校核.利用所建立的仿真模型模拟在不同排...     

Analysis of combustion and pollutants formation in a direct injection diesel engine using a multi-zone model

A two-dimensional multi-zone model for the calculation of the closed cycle of a direct injection (DI) diesel engine is presented. The fuel spray is divided into small packages and the effect of air velocity pattern on spray development is taken into account. The calculation of swirl intensity variations during the cycle is based on hybrid solid body-boundary layer rotation scheme. Application of the mass, energy and state equations in each zone yields local temperatures and cylinder pressure histories. For calculating the concentration of constituents in the exhaust gases, a chemical equilibrium scheme is adopted for the C-H-O system of the eleven species considered, together with chemical rate equations for the calculation of nitric oxide (NO). A model for the evaluation of soot formation and oxidation rates is incorporated. A comparison is made between the theoretical results from the computer program implementing the analysis, with experimental results from a vast experimental investigation conducted on a direct injection, Lister-Petter diesel engine, with very encouraging results. Plots of temperature, equivalence ratio, NO and soot distributions inside the combustion chamber are presented, elucidating the physical mechanisms governing combustion and pollutants formation.     

未着火循环废气改善柴油机冷起动的燃烧

采用柴油的替代研究燃料正庚烷和压燃式燃烧模型,计算研究了起动阶段引入未着火循环的燃烧产物对下一循环燃烧的影响.未着火循环的燃烧产物与完全燃烧循环有明显不同,其中含有许多未燃燃油和中间活性物质,将其以EGR的方式重新引入气缸中能有效改善下一循环的燃烧,计算结果表明,中间活性物质起到了关键作用.进行了EGR影响柴油机起动性能的试验研究,结果表明,起动初期的循环中,引入EGR可以改善燃烧,试验结果验证了计算分析的合理性,为改善柴油机冷起动性能提供了一种新思路.根据正庚烷燃烧的化学动力学理论,结合计算过程中各物质浓度的变化,研究了EGR改善燃烧的机理.     

Experimental investigation of the performance and exhaust emissions of a swirl chamber diesel engine using JP-8 aviation fuel

An experimental study is conducted to evaluate the use of JP-8 aviation fuel as a full substitute for diesel fuel in a Ricardo E-6 high-speed naturally-aspirated four-stroke experimental engine having a swirl combustion chamber. The study covers a wide range of engine load and speed operating conditions, comprising measurements of cylinder pressure diagrams, high-pressure fuel pipe pressures, exhaust gas temperatures, fuel consumptions, exhaust smokiness and exhaust gas emissions (nitrogen oxides, unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide). Processing of the measurements provides important performance parameters such as maximum combustion pressure, dynamic injection timing, ignition delay, combustion irregularity and knocking tendency. The differences in the measured performance and exhaust emission parameters are determined for engine operation with JP-8 fuel, against baseline engine operation using diesel fuel. The study shows that the exhaust emission levels are not much different for operation with the two fuels. On the contrary, operation with JP-8 fuel increases combustion pressures, combustion intensity and irregularity. This is caused mainly by high pressure fluctuations present in the fuel injection system due to the different physical properties of JP-8 fuel (compared to diesel fuel), which totally change the injection characteristics. Retardation of the static injection timing is one means of improving this situation, while using the same fuel injection equipment. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.