氢氧化铝表面改性对阻燃硅橡胶性能的影响

研究了改性氢氧化铝(ATH)对阻燃硅橡胶性能的影响。结果发现:以六甲基二硅氮烷(HMDS)为表面改性剂可以使ATH实现表面有机化,增加ATH与硅橡胶的相容性,有效提高阻燃硅橡胶的力学性能。其中,采用工艺3获得的活性ATH 3#对硅橡胶的力学性能影响显著,拉伸强度提高18%。表面改性有效提高了ATH在硅橡胶中的分散均匀性。氧指数测试结果表明,氢氧化铝表面改性对硅橡胶阻燃性能基本没有影响。采用改性ATH与聚磷酸铵作为复配阻燃剂,显著提高了硅橡胶的阻燃性能。当复合阻燃剂的用量60份时,硅橡胶的氧指数为40%,离火自熄时间由63 s缩短至2 s。     

硅烷改性氢氧化铝对阻燃硅橡胶性能的影响

分别以二甲基二乙氧基硅烷、甲基三甲氧基硅烷、乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷为表面改性剂对氢氧化铝进行表面改性,然后以其为阻燃填料制得阻燃硅橡胶。探讨了硅烷改性氢氧化铝对阻燃硅橡胶性能的影响。结果表明,采用乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷改性氢氧化铝时,阻燃硅橡胶获得了理想的力学强度和阻燃性,当乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷改性氢氧化铝的用量为100份时,其在硅橡胶连续相中基本没有团聚颗粒存在,制得的硅橡胶撕裂强度为15 kN/m,阻燃等级为UL-94 V-0级。     

粘度法表征氢氧化铝阻燃剂的改性效果

文章采用了十二烷基苯磺酸钠阴离子表面活性剂对氢氧化铝阻燃剂进行湿法表面改性研究,考察了改性剂用量、改性时间、改性温度对粉体改性效果的影响,通过对改性前后氢氧化铝粉体粘度和红外光谱等性能测试,从而确定最佳改性条件。研究结果表明,最佳的改性工艺条件为：改性剂用量为3%,改性温度为85℃,改性时间为1.0 h。由红外光谱分析可知,十二烷基苯磺酸钠与氢氧化铝之间属于化学吸附。     

高性能阻燃硅橡胶的研制

以甲基乙烯基硅橡胶为基胶,氢氧化铝等为阻燃剂,制得高性能阻燃硅橡胶。研究了氢氧化铝表面改性剂、铂、苯并三氮唑及氢氧化铁对阻燃硅橡胶力学性能和阻燃性能的影响。结果表明:在添加氢氧化铝的阻燃硅橡胶体系中,当铂用量为12×10~(-6),苯并三氮唑用量为0.06份,氢氧化铁用量为4份时,硅橡胶的拉伸强度达到6.5 MPa,阻燃等级为FV-0(2 mm),垂直燃烧时间0 s,具有优异的力学性能和阻燃性能。     

司班表面活性剂对氢氧化铝表面改性的研究

对司班表面活性剂湿法改性氢氧化铝的工艺条件进行了探讨,并利用接触角测试、粒径分析、红外光谱（IR）及热重-差示扫描量热（TG-DSC）等测试表征手段,对氢氧化铝的改性效果进行了分析。结果表明,改性剂用量、改性温度及时间等工艺条件对氢氧化铝的改性效果有显著影响,且不同司班表面活性剂对应的最佳工艺条件也有差别,其中以S-60作为改性剂,在用量为0.03（与氢氧化铝的质量比）,温度为85 ℃时,经60 min改性得到的氢氧化铝效果最好。通过改性,氢氧化铝的粒径分布变得更加均匀,颗粒表面的润湿性由亲水转变为亲油。司班表面活性剂主要通过物理吸附作用实现对氢氧化铝的改性,因此氢氧化铝的化学结构没有发生变化,热稳定性也未受到明显影响。     

三聚氰胺及氢氧化铝在阻燃硅橡胶中的应用

以硅橡胶混炼胶为基料、三聚氰胺和氢氧化铝为阻燃剂,加入铂硫化剂,制成阻燃硅橡胶。研究了三聚氰胺用量、氢氧化铝用量以及氢氧化铝表面改性剂钛酸酯偶联剂用量对硅橡胶阻燃性能及力学性能的影响。结果表明,当三聚氰胺膏状物用量为混炼胶质量的100%,粒径8μm、且经钛酸酯偶联剂(其用量为氢氧化铝质量的0.5%)表面改性的氢氧化铝的用量为混炼胶质量的80%时,硅橡胶的阻燃性能达到FV-0级、拉伸强度为4.38 MPa、撕裂强度为16.6 k N/m、拉断伸长率为353%、邵尔A硬度为71度;与空白样相比,拉伸强度、撕裂强度和拉断伸长率分别提高0.7%、5.1%和45.9%。     

含异氰酸基表面改性剂制备及其在PVC/木粉材料中的应用

以异氰酸酯与脂肪醇为原料,制备了含异氰酸基表面改性剂,并研究了该改性剂对聚氯乙烯（PVC）/木粉复合材料力学性能及加工性能的影响。结果表明,通过3 %表面改性剂改性以后的木粉,其表面接触角能够达到146.0 °;相对于由未改性木粉制备的PVC/木粉复合材料,由改性木粉制备的PVC/木粉复合材料,拉伸强度提高了32.6 %,断裂伸长率提高了42.1 %;PVC/改性木粉复合材料的塑化时间从57.5 s缩短至46.7 s,平衡扭矩从24.7 N·m减小到18.2 N·m,塑化温度从147.3 ℃降低到了140.4 ℃;随着碳链的增长,改性剂的改性效果也随之优化。     

氢氧化铝阻燃剂的表面改性

为改善氢氧化铝阻燃剂与聚合物间的相容性,对氢氧化铝进行了改性研究,确定了量佳工艺条件,并对改性后的氢氧化铝粉体进行了性能测试。结果表明,最佳改性剂为硬脂酸,改性剂的量佳用量为1.5%。改性后的氢氧化铝粉体的表面性质发生了明显变化,沉降速度减慢,吸油值降低,活化指数增大,分散性好。     

DOPO-氢氧化铝复合型阻燃剂的研究与制备

为了提高不饱和树脂的阻燃性能,根据含磷化合物DOPO中活泼的P—H可与硅烷偶联剂(KH-560)的环氧基团反应的原理,合成DOPO型硅烷偶联剂,并采用球磨方法将DOPO型硅烷偶联剂接枝到氢氧化铝(ATH)表面。对改性后的ATH进行红外光谱分析(FT-IR),结果表明DOPO型硅烷偶联剂已成功接枝到氢氧化铝的表面。用扫描电镜(SEM)和纳米粒度测试仪分析了改性氢氧化铝的微观形貌和粒径分布情况。结果表明球磨改性氢氧化铝的最佳改性条件是改性剂质量分数为5%,球磨时间为3 h。极限氧指数值(LOI)的结果表明,球磨改性氢氧化铝的阻燃效果随着球磨时间和改性剂质量分数的增加而改善。     

超细种分氢氧化铝微粉的表面改性

结合工厂铝酸钠溶液种分制备超细氢氧化铝粉工艺,研究了表面改性温度、改性方式、表面改性剂的复配等对表面改性产品活化指数、吸油值、电导率的影响规律。结果表明,在小于130℃内提高表面改性温度、强化表面改性搅拌强度和采用表面改性剂的复配,均有利于提高氢氧化铝微粉表面改性效果;而太高温度(130℃)会降低表面改性效果。表面改性效果主要取决于表面改性剂官能团性质。与硬脂酸复配还能降低产品的电导率,减少硅烷偶联剂用量。改性氢氧化铝的吸油值和活化指数变化规律不完全一致。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.