1-甲基环丙烯处理对采后甜瓜活性氧代谢的影响

研究1- 甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)处理对甜瓜(Cucuis melo L.ssp.melo pang)果实在贮藏过程中对其活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)相关代谢的影响,在室温 (22～25℃)条件下,用1μL/L 1-MCP 处理早熟甜瓜“早黄蜜” 24h,贮藏于22℃,对果实中活性氧代谢的相关酶：超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性及超氧阴离子(O2 － ·)和丙二醛(MDA)含量进行测定。结果表明：1-MCP 处理抑制了甜瓜果实CAT 活性的下降,贮藏前期提高了SOD 活性,促进POD 活性迅速升高,并使其在第4 天达到峰值,贮藏过程高于对照果实。1-MCP 处理可显著降低果实中O2 － ·的产生速率,抑制MDA 的产生,延缓甜瓜果实采后衰老。     

1-MCP常温处理对库尔勒香梨活性氧相关代谢的影响

以库尔勒香梨为试验材料,采用1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)处理,研究其对库尔勒香梨在常温贮藏过程中对活性氧相关代谢的影响,探讨1-MCP处理对库尔勒香梨衰老的影响。库尔勒香梨经1μL/L 1-MCP处理后,放置在室温(20±1)℃、80%⁸5%RH的条件下,对果实中活性氧超氧阴离子自由基(O2-·)、过氧化氢(H2O2)含量及代谢的相关酶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量进行测定。结果表明:常温贮藏下,1μL/L 1-MCP处理能够延缓香梨果实CAT、POD活性的下降,保持SOD酶活性,降低O2-·产生和H2O2积累,抑制膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛的积累,从而减少活性氧对细胞膜的破坏,延缓了香梨果实采后衰老。     

1-MCP和乙烯利处理对采后‘金冠’苹果常温贮藏过程中生理变化及活性氧代谢的影响

以‘金冠’苹果为试材,研究1μL/L 1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)和0.2 mmol/L乙烯利处理对其采后常温贮藏过程中生理变化及活性氧相关代谢的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,1-MCP处理有效延缓果实软化、可滴定酸(TA)含量下降及可溶性固形物(TSS)含量上升,明显抑制叶绿素降解、呼吸强度及乙烯生成,提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性,减缓O-2·产生速率、H2O2及丙二醛(MDA)的积累;乙烯利处理主要在前期促进果实软化和TA含量下降,促进叶绿素降解及乙烯生成,使呼吸高峰提前,对上述活性氧相关代谢有相反效果,但对TSS无显著影响。结论:1-MCP处理保持了采后苹果果实的常温贮藏品质,而乙烯利处理则相反,苹果果实采后贮藏过程中活性氧的代谢与乙烯有关。     

1-MCP和真空预冷对树莓果实贮藏效果及活性氧代谢的影响

“三冠王”黑莓果实分别用5μg/L 1-MCP 和真空预冷(10℃)处理,然后于0℃贮藏21d,并测定黑莓果实的贮藏效果及活性氧代谢。1-MCP 和真空预冷处理均抑制黑莓果实色泽L*、a*、b* 值和可溶性固形物的升高,其中真空预冷作用效果优于1-MCP。虽然1-MCP 和真空预冷处理均推迟了LOX 活性、花青素含量的上升,但1-MCP 处理还具有降低膜脂过氧化产物MDA 的积累和对总还原能力的推迟作用,而真空预冷处理能够提高总还原能力,但也诱导MDA 含量升高。结果表明1-MCP 和真空预冷处理均可有效延缓黑莓果实的品质劣变,但对活性氧代谢的影响出现明显差异。     

乙烯与1-MCP处理对伯谢克辛甜瓜采后活性氧代谢的影响

为研究贮藏期间乙烯与1-MCP对伯谢克辛甜瓜采后活性氧代谢的影响,在已有研究的基础上,对伯谢克辛甜瓜采用500 mg/L的乙烯喷洒和2μL/L 1-MCP熏蒸24 h,于7℃冷库贮藏。每隔24 h,检测甜瓜果实超氧阴离子(O-2)产生速率、丙二醛(MDA)含量和活性氧代谢相关酶活性变化。结果表明:乙烯处理组甜瓜果实中O-2产生速率在贮藏3~9 d高于对照组,MDA含量在贮藏0~9 d高于对照组;1-MCP处理组O-2产生速率和MDA含量在贮藏期间均低于对照组。乙烯处理组超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性在贮藏期间均低于对照组,且CAT、POD、APX活性在第4 d达到峰值,分别比对照组低17.42%、29.61%、3.25%;1-MCP处理组CAT、SOD活性在贮藏3~9 d高于对照组,POD、APX活性在第4 d达到峰值,分别比对照组高36.50%、18.97%。说明乙烯与1-MCP对伯谢克辛甜瓜采后衰老具有调控作用。     

1-MCP处理对西葫芦果实线粒体抗氧化作用和能量代谢的影响

为探究1-甲基环丙烯(1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP)处理对西葫芦果实常温贮藏条件下线粒体活性氧代谢和能量代谢的影响,以‘泰山绿’西葫芦为试材,采用20μL·L^-1的1-MCP在室温下熏蒸24 h后将其置于常温(20±1)℃下贮藏12d,贮藏期间每3d测定西葫芦果实的生理品质、线粒体抗氧化特性和能量代谢变化。结果表明,贮藏结束时的第12d,1-MCP处理西葫芦果实失重仅为对照的54.6%,总酚含量为对照的1.44倍;贮藏期间,果实的呼吸强度显著(P<0.05)低于同时期对照果实(>10 mg·kg^-1·h^-1),1-MCP处理还降低了西葫芦线粒体丙二醛和过氧化氢含量、抑制了超氧阴离子产生速率,在第6、9 d,处理果实的过氧化氢含量、超氧阴离子产生的速率分别比对照组低了17.45%、23.29%和10.51%、7.62%。1-MCP处理使西葫芦果实线粒体维持了较高的超氧化物歧化酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性,降低了脂氧合酶的活性,贮藏至第3d和第6 d,处理组线粒体超氧化物歧化酶活性是对照组的...     

1-MCP处理和打蜡处理对‘早红考密斯’西洋梨贮藏期和货架期保护性酶活性的影响

目的:研究1-甲基环丙烯(1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP)和打蜡等采后处理措施对‘早红考密斯’西洋梨保护性酶活性的影响,为西洋梨果实的贮藏提供理论指导。方法:对‘早红考密斯’西洋梨做打蜡和不同剂量(0.5、1μL/L)的1-MCP处理,研究其果肉和果皮组织在为期90 d的低温(0±0.5)℃贮藏,并在冷藏60、90 d后取样,在25℃进行货架期实验期间保护性酶活性代谢的变化。结果:在低温贮藏期间,1-MCP处理和打蜡处理均提高果肉组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,降低果肉组织抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性,降低果皮组织过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性。在冷藏60、90 d后的货架期间,打蜡处理增加果肉组织SOD活性,提高果皮组织POD活性。结论:1-MCP处理对改善果实低温贮藏期间的生理状态有积极意义,0.5μL/L 1-MCP处理作用于果肉组织的效果好于1μL/L 1-MCP处理,而1μL/L 1-MCP处理作用于果皮组织的效果好于0.5μL/L 1-MCP处理。打蜡处理更好地提高货架期果皮组织的效果。另外,在低温贮藏90 d期间和常温货架5 d期间,果皮组织的SOD、CAT、APX、POD的保护性酶活性远高于果肉组织。     

采后1-MCP和乙烯利处理对茭白呼吸代谢及细胞结构的影响

为探索茭白采后衰老的调控机制,研究了采后10μL/L 1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)和1.25 mg/L乙烯利(ET)处理对茭白常温(25℃)贮藏期间呼吸代谢和细胞超微结构的影响。结果显示,1-MCP处理显著抑制了茭白贮藏期间色差L、a*值、b*值和失重率的上升;呼吸强度和还原糖含量显著低于对照;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在贮藏第1 d高于对照,其余贮藏时间低于对照,琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性在整个贮藏期间低于对照而细胞色素c氧化酶(CCO)活性高于对照,维持较低的相对电导率和丙二醛(MDA)含量;贮藏6 d后细胞壁完整、线粒体清晰。乙烯利处理对呼吸和活性氧相关代谢与1-MCP处理有相反效果。以上结果表明,采后1-MCP处理可显著抑制茭白采后呼吸代谢和活性氧产生,从而有效保持能量代谢平衡和细胞结构的完整性,延缓茭白组织的衰老和品质劣变。     

1-MCP处理对杨桃果实采后生理和贮藏品质的影响

该文探讨1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)处理对"香蜜"甜杨桃果实采后生理和贮藏品质的影响。采后"香蜜"甜杨桃果实用0.6μL/L的1-MCP处理12 h后,在(15±1)℃、相对湿度90%下贮藏。贮藏期间测定果实呼吸强度、细胞膜相对渗透率、果皮叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量、果实硬度、可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量、果实好果率、失重率及感官品质等指标的变化。结果表明:与对照果实相比,1-MCP处理能有效降低杨桃果实的呼吸强度和呼吸峰值,抑制果实外观颜色转变,保持较高的果实硬度和可滴定酸含量,延缓果实细胞膜相对渗透率升高,减少果实失重和腐烂。经1-MCP处理的果实在(15±1)℃、相对湿度90%下贮藏20 d时的好果率为78%,而对照果实只有63%。因此认为,0.6μL/L 1-MCP处理可延缓采后‘香蜜’甜杨桃果实成熟衰老和保持果实贮藏品质。     

1-甲基环丙烯对岳冠苹果采后生理及抗氧化酶活性的影响

以优新品种"岳冠"苹果为试材,用不同浓度的1-甲基环丙烯(1-methylecyclopropene,1-MCP)处理采后果实,并用0.04 mm保鲜袋包装,低温(0±1)℃环境下贮藏,探究1-MCP处理对‘岳冠’苹果采后生理变化和抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,1-MCP处理有效降低了呼吸强度和乙烯释放率,其中1.0、1.5和2.0μL/L 1-MCP处理的果实呼吸高峰和乙烯峰均延迟了15 d出现,1-MCP还增加了脯氨酸的积累,贮藏120 d时,处理组分别是对照的1.10、1.53、1.39倍和1.36倍,同时,1-MCP抑制了细胞膜相对电导率的升高,在贮藏后期,维持了果实较高的抗氧化酶(过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶)的活性,后3个处理活性高峰比对照分别晚15、15、30 d出现,从而延缓了果实衰老,综合各指标分析得出,用1.0μL/L的1-MCP处理岳冠苹果,其贮藏效果最好。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.