本有蚕桑利田野 行看衣被遍寰瀛——纪念郑辟疆先生诞辰110周年

郑辟疆开创了蚕丝实业教育,改良土种土丝,普及科学育蚕,在农村推行集约化生产经营——蚕丝合作社,将现代机械和技术引进农村工业经济的先河。文章记述了郑辟疆为振兴中国蚕丝业贡献毕生的经历与业绩。     

民国三十一年大有蚕种场之技术考成

<正>创建于民国十五年(1926年)的大有蚕种制造场是江苏省浒关蚕种场的前身。当时,蚕桑志士郑辟疆先生担任位于苏州吴县浒墅关镇的江苏省立女子蚕业学校校长,彼时,学校所产改良蚕种,已深得农村信仰。郑校长与在蚕业学校任教的邵申培先生达成共识,深切明瞭改良蚕种于蚕丝之影响,以及以后之供不敷求,意欲鼓励校友,以自身资金,创办一独立蚕种场,以为毕业同学倡。于是,他俩     

重振蚕桑丝绸之雄风

中国是蚕丝业的发祥地,创造了举世闻名的丝绸之路,创造了丝绸之路的辉煌。蚕业生产的劳动密集性和茧丝开发的单一性,导致蚕桑丝绸业发展波折大,起伏不定。要促进处在十字路口的中国蚕丝业可持续发展,需要提高认识,发挥政策指导作用,拓展国内市场;通过科技攻关,研究开发先进高效的生产技术和装备,提高生产效率,降低生产成本;调整产业结构,对桑、蚕、茧、丝及其副产物、废弃物进行综合开发利用,增加全行业经济效益,提高抗风险能力。     

中国蚕丝业主体纷争与主体演变趋势研究

应用主体结构研究法,解析了中国蚕丝业发生主体纷争和主体演变的主要原因,认为在由计划向市场转换过程中,产业链结构改变是诱发主体纷争的主因,主体结构中的非蚕业经济功效干涉了主体演变趋向,使蚕丝业主体承载出现尴尬状态。提出了以主体结构要素(即蚕农)的"主体性本质"属性还原主体结构本质,促成农村社会体系与蚕丝业体系有效分离,选择适合的主体结构构型,构建本质化环节主体,引导蚕丝业主体演变趋向,最终解决主体纷争和主体演变问题的路径和方法。对完善市场主导下中国蚕丝业的主体结构和发展理论具有探索作用。     

全面抗战时期四川蚕丝业治理研究北大核心CSCD

20世纪30年代前中期四川蚕丝业几乎陷入绝境。全面抗战爆发后,随着中国蚕丝业活动中心从东南转移到西南,国内对于生丝的需求骤然增加,四川蚕丝在全国出口贸易中的地位日趋重要,地方、中央政府相继出手治理四川蚕丝业,设置治理机构,构建管理制度,改进生产技术等。其治理固然对四川蚕丝业的复兴起了一定的作用,然而国民政府战时生丝统制经济政策运用失当、蚕业生产技术进步迟缓、业内核心人才短缺、整体治理理念缺乏,使得四川蚕丝业的治理终未起到预期效果,导致抗战后期四川蚕丝业缺乏后劲,不进反退。     

因特网上蚕丝业信息资源的利用

结合自身工作实践 ,对蚕业研究人员如何利用搜索引擎查找信息作了简要的说明 ,同时也介绍了一些有关蚕丝业的站点和文献数据库。     

畅想21世纪的蚕丝业

蚕丝 ,这个古老的产业 ,今天遇到了新世纪浪潮的冲击 ,会成为夕阳产业吗 ?我在本文畅想 2 1世纪的蚕丝业 ,感到前途无限好 ,充满光明。我的想法是否合乎自然发展的规律 ,让时间来检验吧 !一、蚕丝业是不会被遗弃的蚕丝是蛋白质纤维 ,至今还没有任何一种纤维的服用性能可以胜过它 ;栽桑系绿化工程 ,有利保护环境。蚕丝是可再生的资源 ,可持续发展 ,合符人类 2 1世纪发展的要求。故人类会选择蚕丝 ,而不会遗弃它。中国是发展中国家 ,2 1世纪将会成为世界经济贸易大国 ,蚕丝及其制品是我国外贸的重要商品。我国的特点是人口多 ,又有适合发展蚕…     

蚕学馆在纺织丝绸教育发展中的重要作用

中国是世界蚕业的发源地,蚕丝业在中国有着数千年的历史,而蚕丝业教育直到鸦片战争之后才逐渐引起人们的重视,且发端于蚕业教育,1897年林启创建的蚕学馆正是这样一个例子。纺织丝绸教育由蚕学馆开始可谓是从无到有,从仅有两门专业课程到独立设置科系,再逐渐发展出完善的教学实践体系与养蚕系并重,是随着蚕业教育的完善而逐步兴起并发展壮大。经过百余年的风雨洗礼,蚕学馆现已发展成以纺织学科闻名全国的理工科大学——浙江理工大学。由此可见,蚕学馆的兴建对中国纺织丝绸教育的发展起到了举足轻重的作用。     

日本蚕丝业的现状与未来展望

島崎昭典先生是日本蚕业界的著名学者。现为日本信州大学、苏州丝绸工学院、西南农业大学名誉教授,罔谷市立蚕丝博物馆名誉馆长。今年八月二十六日来我院进行了以日本蚕丝业现状与未来为题的讲演。现将讲演的主要内容整理选出,并请白伦教授和周本立教授校阅修改,刊登于下,以供参考。     

精于治学的东瀛老人——池田先生二三事

1993年,笔者赴杭州参加国际丝绸文化经济研讨会,头天报到尚无活动。晚上在客房里闲聊,外面响起几下轻叩门声。进来的是位耄耋老者,个子不高,头发稀疏,身穿棕色西服。进来后先向诸君躬身,然后问哪位是周先生。原来他到秘书处看了签到簿,才按图索骥而来。寒喧之后,他自我介绍在战前曾到过吴江,认识郑辟疆、郑蓉镜(郑辟疆胞妹)及费达生等。考察过吴江的蚕种场和缫丝厂。之后,又连连     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.