二氧化硅气凝胶复合材料热导率优化研究进展

二氧化硅气凝胶复合材料由于具有良好的力学和隔热性能,在建筑、航空和其他工业领域展现出良好的节能应用前景。从增强材料的几何特征、含量、排列方式等方面概述了二氧化硅气凝胶复合材料热导率的规律,综述了二氧化硅气凝胶复合材料热导率的实验和理论优化研究进展,分析了现阶段实验和理论模型优化二氧化硅气凝胶复合材料热导率存在的问题,并提出了优化二氧化硅气凝胶复合材料热导率的方法,为制备高隔热性能的二氧化硅气凝胶复合材料提供理论指导。     

陶瓷纤维增强氧化硅气凝胶隔热复合材料的力学性能

将陶瓷纤维与氧化硅溶胶复合经超临界干燥得到陶瓷纤维增强氧化硅气凝胶隔热复合材料.研究了陶瓷纤维体积分数以及气凝胶密度对材料力学性能的影响,分析了纤维对气凝胶隔热复合材料的增强机制.结果表明:纤维与气凝胶复合后,气凝胶充分填充纤维之间的空隙,复合材料力学性能得到显著改善.气凝胶隔热复合材料的力学性能随纤维体积分数的增大先增后减,随气凝胶密度的增大则逐渐增大.当纤维体积分数为7.6%,气凝胶密度为0.202g/cm3时,材料抗拉强度、抗弯强度分别为1.44,1.31 MPa,抗压强度可达0.59MPa(10%形变)、1.28MPa(25%变).     

纤维复合SiO2气凝胶的研究进展

SiO2气凝胶因其纳米尺度的多孔结构,具有低密度、低热导率的特性,因此广泛应用于保温绝热领域.然而,SiO2气凝胶脆性大、易碎的缺点限制了其在实际中的应用范围.纤维增强法制备的SiO2气凝胶,不仅极大改善了这一缺点,且制备工艺简单、力学性能优异,是目前最常见的一类复合气凝胶.介绍了纤维复合SiO2气凝胶的制备工艺,综述了几种纤维复合SiO2气凝胶力学性能增强方法的研究进展.     

纤维改善SiO2气凝胶的力学和隔热性能研究进展

纤维/SiO2气凝胶复合材料因良好的力学和隔热性能具有广泛的节能应用前景,是当今国内外建筑、能源及材料等领域的研究热点.根据尺寸及形貌特征将纤维分为常规束状纤维、预制件纤维和纳米纤维三种类型,分析概述了不同类型的纤维与SiO2气凝胶复合材料的制备工艺、形貌特征以及力学和隔热性能,讨论了纤维改善SiO2气凝胶性能所存在的问题,并对以后的研究和发展趋势进行了展望.     

二氧化硅气凝胶的疏水化改性及其复合材料的研究进展

二氧化硅(Si O2)气凝胶是一种由SiO2粒子堆积而成的具有三维多孔网络结构的纳米材料,具有低密度、低热导率、高比表面积和高孔隙率等特点,在众多领域应用价值巨大而备受关注。Si O2气凝胶的疏水改性直接关系到其在制备或使用过程的结构稳定性。文章介绍了SiO2气凝胶疏水改性常用的两种方法:表面改性法和原位改性法,并且重点展示了SiO2气凝胶复合材料在隔热、催化、吸附、电化学等方面的最新研究进展。     

SiO2气凝胶增强碳泡沫复合材料的制备工艺及性能

碳泡沫复合材料因其特有的多孔结构,在隔热、储能、吸附等领域具有广阔的应用前景.为进一步改善其力学、隔热性能,本工作以锆改性酚醛树脂、酚醛空心微球为原料,SiO2气凝胶为增强相,通过模压成型-碳化工艺制得SiO2气凝胶改性碳泡沫复合材料.采用扫描电子显微镜、万能试验机、比表面积及孔径分布测试仪等研究了SiO2气凝胶含量对...     

氧化硅气凝胶隔热复合材料在建筑节能应用中的研究进展

氧化硅(SiO_2)气凝胶是一种隔热纳米非晶固体材料,具有极低的热导率、低声阻抗性和强透光性等,其独特的性能在建筑节能等领域具有一定的应用价值。综述了SiO_2气凝胶隔热复合材料的制备方法及其在建筑节能应用中的研究进展,重点分析了SiO_2气凝胶隔热复合材料的类型及性能,并指出存在的问题,对今后的研究提出了展望。     

硅酸铝纤维增强SiO_2气凝胶复合材料的力学与隔热性能研究

SiO_2气凝胶由于其独特的纳米多孔结构而具有优异的保温隔热性能,但其力学性能较差限制了其在很多工业领域内的应用。以硅酸铝纤维作为增强材料,采用溶胶凝胶法以及常压干燥法制备出完整的块状硅酸铝纤维/SiO_2气凝胶复合隔热材料,并分别用电子万能试验机、SEM、热导率测试仪、BET等检测方法表征了该复合隔热材料的性能。结果显示,纤维的加入提供了一种新的能量消耗机制,硅酸铝纤维/SiO_2气凝胶复合隔热材料的力学性能明显优于纯气凝胶材料。该复合材料的比表面积和平均孔径分别为383.5 m2/g和8.4 nm,孔隙率高达87%,是典型的介孔材料,热导率低至0.02 W/(m·K)~0.04W/(m·K),具备良好的保温隔热性能。     

SiO_2气凝胶/短切石英纤维多孔骨架复合材料的制备与性能

以短切石英纤维、硅溶胶、B4C粉烧结制备多孔刚性骨架,以正硅酸乙酯、去离子水和乙醇配制SiO2溶胶,多孔骨架浸渍SiO2溶胶后经超临界干燥制备了SiO2气凝胶/多孔骨架复合材料.对隔热瓦的高温热导率、比表面积和孔径分布进行了测试并且观察了微观形貌.结果表明:SiO2气凝胶复合的石英纤维刚性隔热瓦具有纳米孔结构,平均孔径为39.5nm,在600℃和800℃,其热导率分别仅为0.033 5 W/(m·K)和0.0404W/(m·K),与未复合气凝胶的刚性骨架相比,高温热导率下降了40%～50%.此外,SiO2气凝胶填充了隔热瓦骨架中的大部分的宏孔,抗弯强度提高了30%,并且使刚性隔热瓦的脆性有一定改善.     

还原氧化石墨烯气凝胶/二十烷相变材料的制备及性能

以氧化石墨烯(GO)为原料,采用胶体团聚法制备了还原氧化石墨烯气凝胶,再通过自扩散获得了还原氧化石墨烯气凝胶/二十烷(r-GO aerogel/eicosane)复合相变材料,研究了复合材料结构与性能的关系.采用热重分析仪(TGA)和差示扫描量热仪(DSC)测试了二十烷和复合材料的热性能,确认了二十烷质量分数与复合材料焓值的关系,探讨了相变循环次数对材料稳定性的影响.结果表明,复合材料的焓值与二十烷的质量分数成正比;经过50次相变循环后,二十烷的理论质量分数为95％的样品(PCM4)的储能性能仍然保持稳定.热导性能分析表明,还原氧化石墨烯气凝胶可以改善二十烷的热导率.此外,通过太阳光模拟测试计算出复合材料的光热转换效率为55％.     

Mechanical,thermal, and hydrophobic properties of silica aerogel–epoxy composites

Epoxy composites were prepared with different contents of hydrophobic silica aerogel particles to investigate their mechanical, thermal, and hydrophobic properties. The composites, particularly the one containing 1 wt % silica aerogel, showed remarkable toughness and yielding behaviors compared to neat epoxy, with its brittle behavior. As the content of silica aerogel increased, the thermal properties of the composites (e.g., thermal conductivity and thermal stability) improved. This was due to the very low thermal conductivity and high thermal stability of the silica aerogel particles. Moreover, the use of the hydrophobic silica aerogel led to the development of composites with hydrophobic properties. To examine the hydrophobicity more deeply, a series of water‐uptake tests were performed, and the results show that the composite with 3 wt % silica aerogel absorbed 50% less water than the neat epoxy. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 45706.     

Preparation and high-temperature service performance of hierarchically pore-structured BN fiber aerogels

Multifunctional aerogels with high porosity and good thermal insulation have attracted much attention in the field of energy and aerospace engineering. In this work, a three-dimensional BN fiber aerogel with hierarchically porous structure was prepared through a freeze-drying combined with in-situ carbothermal reduction nitridation route. The synthesized BN fiber aerogel exhibits a specific surface area of 154.3 m²/g, a high porosity of 96.8% and hydrophobicity. Moreover, the BN fiber aerogel shows a low thermal conductivity of 0.051 W/(m·K) and excellent thermal insulation properties owing to its hierarchical porous structure. Particularly, the BN fiber aerogel still maintains its low thermal conductivity and a rather high mechanical strength after re-heated at 1473 K for 3 h in Ar atmosphere, suggesting excellent high-temperature service performance. The successfully developed multifunctional BN fiber aerogel holds promising potential in high-temperature thermal insulation fields.     

Elytra-mimetic ceramic fiber aerogel with excellent mechanical,anti-oxidation,and thermal insulation properties

High-performance thermally insulating aerogel with low density, high porosity, and low thermal conductivity characteristics was widely used in heat insulation. However, the large-scale application of aerogel was still limited by its brittleness and infrared radiation transparency at high-temperature. Fiber composite aerogel had achieved significant progress, but its anti-oxidation ability was poor, and its thermal insulation required further improvement at ultra-high temperatures. Herein, inspired by the structure of elytra, nanoparticle fiber (NF) was prepared by electrospinning of coaxial fiber loaded with opacifier and antioxidant nanoparticles. The NF was incorporated into the SiBCN aerogel to prepare NF/SiBCN ceramic fiber aerogel. The mechanical properties were improved by fiber networks. The shell structure increased the antioxidant properties. Heat conduction and heat convection were suppressed by the aerogel, while heat radiation was reduced by the coaxial fiber. The results showed that the ceramic fiber aerogel exhibited superior mechanical, antioxidant, and ultra-low thermal conductivity properties.     

纤维增强Al2O3-SiO2气凝胶隔热复合材料研究进展

Al₂O₃-SiO₂气凝胶是一种低密度、高比表面积、高孔隙率、低热导率的三维结构纳米多孔材料,在航空航天、建筑保温、石油化工等领域具有广泛的应用前景,是理想的高温隔热基体之一。但纯Al₂O₃-SiO₂气凝胶力学性能和抑制高温辐射传热能力较弱,限制了自身在隔热领域的应用。采用纤维作为增强体,制备的Al₂O₃-SiO₂气凝胶复合材料同时具有较好的力学和隔热性能,是目前国内外高温隔热材料方向的研究热点之一。本文介绍了纤维增强Al₂O₃-SiO₂气凝胶隔热复合材料的制备方法,综述了目前国内外该材料的研究进展,并对其未来发展趋势做了展望。     

Thermal and mechanical behavior of natural rubber latex‐silica aerogel film

A major problem in most natural rubber latex (NRL) commonly encountered like other polymer is susceptibility to mechanical properties and thermal degradation; particularly in thin film due to the presence of double bonds in the main chain. Therefore, it is desirable to seek for ways of improving these properties. Silica aerogel is a material with extraordinary properties was believed to have potential enhance properties in NRL films because of its high specific surface area. Therefore, based on the unique character of silica aerogel, NRL‐silica aerogel film was developed by latex compounding and dry coagulant dipping to form thin film where silica aerogel acts as filler. Silica aerogel, synthesized from rice husk was dispersed in a ball‐mill using distilled water for NRL compounding. Results indicate that increasing silica aerogel loading enhances the mechanical properties of the NRL‐silica aerogel film. Effects of postvulcanization processes were also investigated, whereby the best reinforcing effect was obtained at 4 phr silica aerogel loading with leaching postvulcanization condition. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

SiO2气凝胶纤维隔热复合材料的常压制备及性能表征

SiO₂气凝胶的力学性能较差,隔热性能较强,为了使其成为良好的隔热材料,本文提出一种SiO₂气凝胶纤维隔热复合材料的制备方法。以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为前驱体,玻璃纤维和陶瓷纤维为增强体,硅烷偶联剂KH550和KH570为纤维处理剂,在常压条件下制备SiO₂气凝胶纤维隔热复合材料,并对材料性能进行表征。结果表明:前驱体中十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)含量越高,复合材料中SiO₂气凝胶导热系数越低,低至0.028 W/(m·K);使用硅烷偶联剂KH550时,基体和纤维之间结合的紧密程度更高;纤维的加入使SiO₂气凝胶的力学性能达到很高水平;当前驱体中TEOS与CTAB摩尔比为1∶0.022时,经KH550处理的玻璃纤维/SiO₂气凝胶复合材料导热系数为0.054 W/(m·K),力学性能良好,隔热性能最优。     

二氧化硅气凝胶及其在保温隔热领域应用进展

二氧化硅气凝胶是目前已知最轻的固体材料，具有热导率低、孔隙率高和比表面积大等优点，被誉为新型超级保温隔热材料。然而，二氧化硅气凝胶自身存在力学性能差和制备成本高的问题，大大限制了其在保温隔热领域大规模推广应用。本文简述了二氧化硅气凝胶合成技术和力学性能增强方法，从制备过程控制、老化条件优化、热处理、纤维复合和高分子聚合物复合等方面分析了其对气凝胶性能和工艺的影响，重点介绍了近年来二氧化硅气凝胶保温隔热材料应用在航空航天、军工领域、工业管道、建筑保温以及新能源汽车等领域的研究进展，总结了其在各领域应用的技术挑战。指出未来需进一步拓展二氧化硅气凝胶的使用温区，利用共前体和化学交联等方法增强高温下的隔热性能，同时解决气凝胶纤维复材“掉粉”和微米级粉体分散不均匀等难题，尤其是新能源汽车等新兴应用领域发展迅猛，未来仍需针对新的应用需求对其合成技术进行设计和优化。     

Novel self-reinforcing ZrO2–SiO2 aerogels with high mechanical strength and ultralow thermal conductivity

Novel self-reinforcing ZrO₂–SiO₂ aerogels with high mechanical strength and ultralow thermal conductivity are fabricated by impregnating hydrolyzed ZrO₂–SiO₂ sol into wet gel matrix and drying. The ZrO₂–SiO₂ sol fills the macropores and defects of ZrO₂–SiO₂ aerogel matrix generating during the gelation process, which contributes to the improvement of the mechanical properties of the ZrO₂–SiO₂ aerogel matrix. The mechanical and thermal properties of the as-prepared ZrO₂–SiO₂ aerogel are investigated and discussed. The results show that the mechanical strength of the self-reinforcing aerogels obviously increases from 0.51 to 3.11?MPa with the increase of impregnation times, while the thermal conductivity of the aerogels slightly increases from 0.0235 to 0.0306?W?m^?1 K^?1. The novel self-reinforcing ZrO₂–SiO₂ aerogel could have interesting applications in aerospace and energy because of its outstanding mechanical and thermal properties.     

硅酸铝纤维和玻璃纤维复合二氧化硅气凝胶材料的制备与性能

分别以硅酸铝纤维和玻璃纤维为骨架材料,采用溶胶-凝胶、常压干燥制得纤维复合二氧化硅气凝胶材料,并对材料进行了结构和性能的测试分析。结果表明,二氧化硅气凝胶附着于纤维表面,提高了材料力学强度。硅酸铝纤维复合二氧化硅气凝胶材料的隔音性能优于玻璃纤维复合二氧化硅气凝胶材料。两种纤维复合二氧化硅气凝胶材料耐高温、燃烧性能均达到A级。硅酸铝纤维复合二氧化硅气凝胶材料和玻璃纤维复合二氧化硅气凝胶材料的产烟毒性分别为AQ₁级和AQ₂级,导热系数分别为0.034 W/（m·K）和0.033 W/（m·K）。